Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Employees' trust in their leader is robustly related to important outcomes.
“Engendering trust has been a central tenet of different organisational leadership theories and robust relationships have been found between employees' trust in their leader and important outcomes (e.g., Ng, 2017; Podsakoff et al., 1990; Schaubroeck et al., 2011).”
From A meta-analysis of the role of trust in the leadership- performance relationship (2021) · cites this paper as Podsakoff et al., 1990
Common method variance is not a concern in the current study.
“The extracted factor explained only 22 percent of the variation. Therefore, CMV is not a concern in the current study [65].”
From The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
OCB contributions include enhancing the organization's ability to attract and retain skilled employees and enhancing the stability of the organization's performance and its ability to adapt to environmental changes.
“Additional contributions include enhancing the organization's ability to attract and retain skilled employees and enhancing the stability of the organization's performance and its ability to adapt to environmental changes.[21][22][23]”
From Revisiting Faculty Citizenship (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
OCB may contribute to success by enhancing coworker or managerial productivity, freeing resources for productive purposes, reducing the need to allocate resources to maintenance, and serving as a means of coordinating activities.
“Other studies have determined OCB may contribute to success by enhancing coworker or managerial productivity, freeing resources for productive purposes, reducing the need to allocate resources to maintenance, and serving as a means of coordinating activities. [21]1][22][23]”
From Revisiting Faculty Citizenship (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
Cites
Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920638601200408 · Cited by 17,102 · see citing works
Self-citationA Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Churchill, G. A. (1979) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377901600110 · Cited by 16,549 · see citing works
Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81 · Cited by 6,404 · see citing works
Distributive and procedural justice in the workplace
Folger, R. (1987) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf01048013 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 · Cited by 82,194 · see citing works
Self-citationAffect and Cognition Based Trust as Foundations for Interpersonal Cooperation in Organizations
McAllister, D. J. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256727 · Cited by 7,346 · see citing works
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920630002600307 · Cited by 5,897 · see citing works
Self-citationTwo decades of research and development in transformational leadership
Bass, B. M. (1999) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/135943299398410 · Cited by 3,254 · see citing works
Moorman, R. H. (1991) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.76.6.845 · Cited by 3,422 · see citing works
Self-citationParkhe, A. (1993) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256759 · Cited by 2,698 · see citing works
Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., & LePine, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.909 · Cited by 2,606 · see citing works
Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013079 · Cited by 2,356 · see citing works
Self-citationLeadership Behavior and Employee Voice: Is the Door Really Open?
Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.26279183 · Cited by 2,250 · see citing works
Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.891 · Cited by 2,159 · see citing works
Psychological Antecedents of Promotive and Prohibitive Voice: A Two-Wave Examination
Liang, J., Farh, C. I. C., & Farh, J.-L. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0176 · Cited by 1,647 · see citing works
NISHII, L. H., LEPAK, D. P., & SCHNEIDER, B. (2008) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00121.x · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
DERUE, D. S., NAHRGANG, J. D., WELLMAN, N., & HUMPHREY, S. E. (2011) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01201.x · Cited by 1,356 · see citing works
Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2018) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206316665461 · Cited by 1,364 · see citing works
EHRHART, M. G. (2004) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.tb02484.x · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works
Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.751 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
Wang, G., Oh, I.-S., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. (2011) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601111401017 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
van Knippenberg, D., & Sitkin, S. B. (2013) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2013.759433 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Kirkman, B. L., Chen, G., Farh, J.-L., Chen, Z. X., & Lowe, K. B. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.43669971 · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
Implicit Voice Theories: Taken-for-Granted Rules of Self-Censorship at Work
Detert, J. R., & Edmondson, A. C. (2011) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.61967925 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
A Hierarchical Taxonomy of Leadership Behavior: Integrating a Half Century of Behavior Research
Yukl, G., Gordon, A., & Taber, T. (2002) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/107179190200900102 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Schaubroeck, J., Lam, S. S. K., & Peng, A. C. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022625 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Carmeli, A. (2003) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940310511881 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) and Performance: A Meta‐Analytic Review
Martin, R., Guillaume, Y., Thomas, G., Lee, A., & Epitropaki, O. (2016) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12100 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Charismatic and transformational leadership in organizations
Conger, J. A. (1999) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00012-0 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Judge, T. A., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.762 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Gabriel, A. S., Podsakoff, N. P., Beal, D. J., Scott, B. A., Sonnentag, S., Trougakos, J. P., & Butts, M. M. (2019) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428118802626 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., Wu, J., & Liao, C. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.12.002 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Cummings, G. G., Tate, K., Lee, S., Wong, C. A., Paananen, T., Micaroni, S. P. M., & Chatterjee, G. E. (2018) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.04.016 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
A model of knowledge‐sharing motivation
Gagné, M. (2009) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.20298 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Transformational Leadership, Conservation, and Creativity: Evidence From Korea
(2003) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/30040662 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Rubin, R. S., Munz, D. C., & Bommer, W. H. (2005) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2005.18803926 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Koh, W. L., Steers, R. M., & Terborg, J. R. (1995) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030160404 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Liu, W., Zhu, R., & Yang, Y. (2010) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.10.014 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
van Dierendonck, D., Stam, D., Boersma, P., de Windt, N., & Alkema, J. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.014 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Bommer, W. H., Rich, G. A., & Rubin, R. S. (2005) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.342 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Leadership, organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospital nursing staff
Stordeur, S., D'Hoore, W., & Vandenberghe, C. (2001) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01885.x · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Fast, N. J., Burris, E. R., & Bartel, C. A. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2012.0393 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
The customer value proposition: evolution, development, and application in marketing
Payne, A., Frow, P., & Eggert, A. (2017) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-017-0523-z · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Authentic Leadership: An Empirical Test of Its Antecedents, Consequences, and Mediating Mechanisms
Peus, C., Wesche, J. S., Streicher, B., Braun, S., & Frey, D. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1042-3 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Shoss, M. K., Eisenberger, R., Restubog, S. L. D., & Zagenczyk, T. J. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030687 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Campbell, W. K., & Campbell, S. M. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802505129 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Chen, Z., Zhu, J., & Zhou, M. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038036 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Leadership Styles: A Comprehensive Assessment and Way Forward
Fischer, T., & Sitkin, S. B. (2023) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2020.0340 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Schmitt, A., Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2016) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12143 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Abusive Supervision Climate: A Multiple-Mediation Model of its Impact on Group Outcomes
Priesemuth, M., Schminke, M., Ambrose, M. L., & Folger, R. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0237 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Michaelis, B., Stegmaier, R., & Sonntag, K. (2010) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683941011035304 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Vigoda-Gadot, E., & Beeri, I. (2012) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mur036 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The role of transformational leadership in enhancing team reflexivity
Schippers, M. C., Den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., & van Knippenberg, D. (2008) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708096639 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
GALVIN, B. M., WALDMAN, D. A., & BALTHAZARD, P. (2010) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01179.x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Transformational leadership as a mediator between emotional intelligence and team outcomes
Hur, Y., van den Berg, P. T., & Wilderom, C. P. M. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.002 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Leadership styles and group organizational citizenship behavior across cultures
Euwema, M. C., Wendt, H., & van Emmerik, H. (2007) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.496 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Hill, N. S., Seo, M.-G., Kang, J. H., & Taylor, M. S. (2012) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1110.0662 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Careless responding in questionnaire measures: Detection, impact, and remedies
Goldammer, P., Annen, H., Stöckli, P. L., & Jonas, K. (2020) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101384 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the role of trust in the leadership- performance relationship
Legood, A., van der Werff, L., Lee, A., & Den Hartog, D. (2021) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2020.1819241 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Sun, J., & Leithwood, K. (2015) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2015.1005106 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Panaccio, A., Henderson, D. J., Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Cao, X. (2015) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9388-z · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Transformational and Transactional Leadership in Virtual and Physical Environments
Hoyt, C. L., & Blascovich, J. (2003) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496403257527 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Lapidot, Y., Kark, R., & Shamir, B. (2007) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.11.004 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Leadership and fulfillment of the three basic psychological needs at work
Hetland, H., Hetland, J., Schou Andreassen, C., Pallesen, S., & Notelaers, G. (2011) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/13620431111168903 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Mahmood, M., Uddin, M. A., & Fan, L. (2019) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-07-2017-0707 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The folly of theorizing “A” but testing “B”
Schriesheim, C. A., Castro, S. L., Zhou, X. (., & Yammarino, F. J. (2001) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00095-9 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Servant leadership and commitment to change, the mediating role of justice and optimism
Kool, M., & van Dierendonck, D. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/09534811211228139 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Syrek, C. J., & Antoni, C. H. (2014) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037127 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Monitoring what and how: psychological implications of electronic performance monitoring
Jeske, D., & Santuzzi, A. M. (2015) · New Technology, Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12039 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Abusive supervision and subordinates’ organizational citizenship behavior.
Zellars, K. L., Tepper, B. J., & Duffy, M. K. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.87.6.1068 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Please accept my sincerest apologies: examining follower reactions to leader apology
Basford, T. E., Offermann, L. R., & Behrend, T. S. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1613-y · Cited by 133 · see citing works
How leaders' emotional displays shape followers' organizational citizenship behavior
Koning, L. F., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.03.001 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Fan, L., Mahmood, M., & Uddin, M. A. (2019) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-018-9572-3 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Duty orientation: Theoretical development and preliminary construct testing
Hannah, S. T., Jennings, P. L., Bluhm, D., Peng, A. C., & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.10.007 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Clinton-McHarg, T., Yoong, S. L., Tzelepis, F., Regan, T., Fielding, A., Skelton, E., Kingsland, M., Ooi, J. Y., & Wolfenden, L. (2016) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0512-5 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Team Dispersion and Performance: The Role of Team Communication and Transformational Leadership
Eisenberg, J., Post, C., & DiTomaso, N. (2019) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496419827376 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
A cross-cultural test of the ‘five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership’
Shao, L., & Webber, S. (2006) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.02.005 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Connelly, S., & Ruark, G. (2010) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.07.005 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Diebig, M., Bormann, K. C., & Rowold, J. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.04.001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Transformational leadership effects on salespeople’s attitudes, striving, and performance
Gao, R. (. R., Murphy, W. H., & Anderson, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.023 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Patnaik, P., & Bakkar, M. (2024) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102750 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Meza, R. D., Triplett, N. S., Woodard, G. S., Martin, P., Khairuzzaman, A. N., Jamora, G., & Dorsey, S. (2021) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-021-01104-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia
Elshaer, I., Sobaih, A. E. E., Alyahya, M., & Abu Elnasr, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13116473 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Nostalgia buffers the negative impact of low procedural justice on cooperation
van Dijke, M., Wildschut, T., Leunissen, J. M., & Sedikides, C. (2015) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.11.005 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Transformational leadership and depressive symptoms among employees: mediating factors
Perko, K., Kinnunen, U., & Feldt, T. (2014) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-07-2012-0082 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Does Ethical Leadership Motivate Followers to Participate in Delivering Compassion?
Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, P., & Viera-Armas, M. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3454-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Supported Supervisors Are More Supportive, but Why? A Multilevel Study of Mechanisms and Outcomes
Frear, K. A., Donsbach, J., Theilgard, N., & Shanock, L. R. (2018) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-016-9485-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Transformational leadership: does it really decrease work-related stress?
Parveen, M., & Adeinat, I. (2019) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-01-2019-0023 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Does humble leadership behavior promote employees’ voice behavior?—A dual mediating model
Liu, C. (2016) · Open Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.4236/ojbm.2016.44071 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Employees’ trust in supervisor is formed after the long-term interaction, and will produce dynamic changes within the interaction [10].”
BackgroundThe relationship between transformational leadership and effort-reward imbalance
Weiß, E.-E., & Süß, S. (2016) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-08-2014-0146 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ying, L., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Philippou, J., Huang, W., & Rafferty, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15486 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mindful leadership: Evaluation of a mindfulness-based leader intervention
Lange, S., & Rowold, J. (2019) · Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) · doi:10.1007/s11612-019-00482-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Taxman, F. S., & Kitsantas, P. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Revisiting Faculty Citizenship
Hammer, D. P., Bynum, L. A., Carter, J., Hagemeier, N. E., Kennedy, D. R., Khansari, P., Stamm, P., & Crabtree, B. (2019) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe7378 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Desselle, S. P., & Semsick, G. R. (2016) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe8010168 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Leader Inconsistency, Subjective Ambivalence, and Follower Outcomes
Suurd Ralph, C., & Barling, J. (2023) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09852-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Liu, S., Mao, J., Li, N., & Yue, Z. (2025) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.13137 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Indiana University (US)
- West Virginia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Podsakoff, Philip M.
- Venue
- The Leadership Quarterly
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1990-06
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 107-142
- ISSN
- 1048-9843 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2048226819
- Cited by
- 5,628
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 184 · 2025: 214 · 2024: 271 · 2023: 285 · 2022: 293 · 2021: 300 · 2020: 310 · 2019: 289 · 2018: 278 · 2017: 268 · 2016: 303 · 2015: 286 · 2014: 292 · 2013: 274 · 2012: 311
- FWCI
- 20.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Leadership Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Education › School Leadership and Teacher Performance
- Keywords
- transformational leadership, leadership behavior, organizational citizenship behavior, trust in leadership, job satisfaction, contingent reward, intellectual stimulation, individualized support, altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, civic virtue, sportsmanship, mediating effect, common method bias, petrochemical industry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review