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Gender differences in caregiving among family - caregivers of people with mental illnesses
Open accessAbstract
All over the world women are the predominant providers of informal care for family members with chronic medical conditions or disabilities, including the elderly and adults with mental illnesses. It has been suggested that there are several societal and cultural demands on women to adopt the role of a family-caregiver. Stress-coping theories propose that women are more likely to be exposed to caregiving stressors, and are likely to perceive, report and cope with these stressors differently from men. Many studies, which have examined gender differences among family-caregivers of people with mental illnesses, have concluded that women spend more time in providing care and carry out personal-care tasks more often than men. These studies have also found that women experience greater mental and physical strain, greater caregiver-burden, and higher levels of psychological distress while providing care. However, almost an equal number of studies have not found any differences between men and women on these aspects. This has led to the view that though there may be certain differences between male and female caregivers, most of these are small in magnitude and of doubtful clinical significance. Accordingly, caregiver-gender is thought to explain only a minor proportion of the variance in negative caregiving outcomes. A similar inconsistency characterizes the explanations provided for gender differences in caregiving such as role expectations, differences in stress, coping and social support, and response biases in reporting distress. Apart from the equivocal and inconsistent evidence, there are other problems in the literature on gender differences in caregiving. Most of the evidence has been derived from studies on caregivers of elderly people who either suffer from dementia or other physical conditions. Similar research on other mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or mood disorders is relatively scarce. With changing demographics and social norms men are increasingly assuming roles as caregivers. However, the experience of men while providing care has not been explored adequately. The impact of gender on caregiving outcomes may be mediated by several other variables including patient-related factors, socio-demographic variables, and effects of kinship status, culture and ethnicity, but these have seldom been considered in the research on gender differences. Finally, it is apparent that methodological variations in samples, designs and assessments between studies contribute a great deal to the observed gender differences. This review highlights all these issues and concludes that there is much need for further research in this area if the true nature of gender differences in family-caregiving of mental illnesses is to be discerned.
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In the citing paper
“the burgeoning recent literature on informal caregiving has highlighted that this role is mostly assumed by females in a wide array of conditions including advanced cancer [28,29,30,31].”
From Failures in Reflective Functioning and Reported Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Bereaved Individuals: A Study on a Sample of Family Caregivers of Palliative Care Patients (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Prior research suggests that female carers tend to spend more time in caregiving and often have to play multiple conflicting roles 57 resulting in greater psychological distress compared to male carers 11,58,59 .”
From Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence (2020) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“The current literature also highlights that there may be some other potential factors which may have an impact on psychological difficulties experienced by carers such as the time spent on caregiving, role conflicts (e.g., being mother, employee, and carer), and types of caregiving tasks involved (i.e., the level of impairment and independence) 57 .”
From Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence (2020) · cites this paper as [57]
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Nautiyal, R., & Malviya, A. (2023) · GFNPSS-International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.46376/ijmr/4.7.2023.2334-2338
Gramaglia, C. M., Marangon, D., Scotti, L., GATTONI, E., & Zeppegno, P. (2023) · Minerva Psychiatry · doi:10.23736/s2724-6612.22.02345-4
The burden of care among caregivers: a comparison between home care and palliative care
Korkut, Y. (2023) · Family practice and palliative care · doi:10.22391/fppc.1245397
Sociodemographic Association of Caregivers Burden with Schizophrenia Disorder
Ishaque, F., Emad, F., Masooma, S., Hasan, S. M., Zaidi, S. M. Z., & Azmat, S. F. (2024) · Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.3329/bjms.v23i1.70691
“While some previous researches have found no gender differences in caregiver depression and mental health, 12 Most of the current research indicates that female caretakers are in a worse situation than male caretakers, It’s evident.”
BackgroundASUHAN KEPERAWATAN DENGAN STUDI KASUS ISOLASI SOSIAL DENGAN PENDEKATAN CARING TEORI JEAN WATSON
Eva, T. Y., Rosdiana, Y., & Trishinta, S. M. (2023) · ASSYIFA Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan · doi:10.62085/ajk.v1i1.2
Rosell, J. (2024) · International Journal of Care and Caring · doi:10.1332/239788224x17047161316260
Autismo: uma abordagem multiprofissional
Almeida, F. A. D. (2024) · Editora Científica Digital eBooks · doi:10.37885/978-65-5360-541-1
Sex differences in brain aging
Goyal, M. S., Gordon, B. A., & Resnick, S. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00090-5
Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of new fear of the coronavirus questionnaire
Zha, P., Zhang, C., Qureshi, R. I., Cai, G., Huang, L., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037282
“[13,16] Additionally, women’s socialization may lead them to be more open about expressing fears and anxieties, whereas societal expectations often encourage men to suppress or underreport their fears.”
BackgroundNeetha, N. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198885979.003.0006
Biben, V., Arisanti, F., Fitriana, E., Maklun, E., Miguna, V. M., & Alviani, N. F. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993154/v1
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Caregiver Burden for Carers of Chronically Mentally Ill Patients: A Study With Families in Cyprus
Erotocritou, K., & Demetriou, L. (2024) · International Journal of Social Science and Human Research · doi:10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i05-38
“Numerous research looking at gender disparities among family caregivers of individuals with mental illnesses have found that women are more likely than men to spend more time providing care and performing personal care duties (Sharma et al., 2016; Xiong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-control fatigue in family caregivers of stroke survivors: a scoping review protocol (Preprint)Preprint
Xu, C.-Y., Zou, P., Wang, Q., Wang, Q., He, Z.-Q., You, J.-C., Yang, J., Huang, Y., & Huang, Y. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.64165
Cheng, J.-C., Yang, C., Chou, C.-C., Shu, Y., Liu, P., Lo, K.-W., & Chen, C. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2024.08.008
Appraising Haemophilia Caregivers Burden in the Resource-limited Setting: A Nigerian Survey
Nwagha, T. U., Okoye, H. C., Nonyelu, C. E., Ejezie, C. S., Obodo, O. I., & Adediran, M. (2023) · Nigerian Journal of Medicine · doi:10.4103/njm.njm_17_24
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“7 This can be explained by the social expectation that female individuals would serve as caregivers, whereas male individuals are not typically expected to become caregivers.”
BackgroundXiong, J., Zhang, H., & Ma, H. (2024) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s484608
“Women were generally regarded as family caregivers and financial managers, 33 so they were more inclined to choose medical services with lower prices to ensure the financial stability of their families.”
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Percepciones sobre los cuidados en la familia en Chile
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Gumede, S., Singh, S., & Radebe, M. (2024) · South African Dental Journal · doi:10.17159/adj.v79i05.17144
“12 This aligns with Stats SA data, which also indicates that women make up 63.8% of all educators in South Africa.”
InfluentialEvidence-led pathways adapting life course approaches to healthy ageing
Ugargol, A. P., Swain, A., & Sivaramakrishnan, K. (2025) · Journal of Social and Economic Development · doi:10.1007/s40847-025-00428-x
Contributors to Gender Disparities in Parkinson’s Disease Caregiving
Horn, S., Dai, Y. E., Wu, S. S., & Dahodwala, N. A. (2025) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887251329957
Case management of mpox: Where we are and where we desire to be
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sharma, N., Chakrabarti, S., & Grover, S.
- Affiliations
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Chakrabarti, Subho
- Venue
- World Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7
- ISSN
- 2220-3206 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4804270
- OpenAlex
- W2311849209
- Cited by
- 865
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 43.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- World Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Nursing care and research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
- Keywords
- gender differences, family caregivers, mental illness, informal care, caregiver burden, psychological distress, caregiving stress, stress coping, schizophrenia, mood disorders, role expectations, social support, response bias
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