The DOI matches its Crossref record; 121 of the 123 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender differences in caregiving among family - caregivers of people with mental illnesses
Open accessAbstract
All over the world women are the predominant providers of informal care for family members with chronic medical conditions or disabilities, including the elderly and adults with mental illnesses. It has been suggested that there are several societal and cultural demands on women to adopt the role of a family-caregiver. Stress-coping theories propose that women are more likely to be exposed to caregiving stressors, and are likely to perceive, report and cope with these stressors differently from men. Many studies, which have examined gender differences among family-caregivers of people with mental illnesses, have concluded that women spend more time in providing care and carry out personal-care tasks more often than men. These studies have also found that women experience greater mental and physical strain, greater caregiver-burden, and higher levels of psychological distress while providing care. However, almost an equal number of studies have not found any differences between men and women on these aspects. This has led to the view that though there may be certain differences between male and female caregivers, most of these are small in magnitude and of doubtful clinical significance. Accordingly, caregiver-gender is thought to explain only a minor proportion of the variance in negative caregiving outcomes. A similar inconsistency characterizes the explanations provided for gender differences in caregiving such as role expectations, differences in stress, coping and social support, and response biases in reporting distress. Apart from the equivocal and inconsistent evidence, there are other problems in the literature on gender differences in caregiving. Most of the evidence has been derived from studies on caregivers of elderly people who either suffer from dementia or other physical conditions. Similar research on other mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or mood disorders is relatively scarce. With changing demographics and social norms men are increasingly assuming roles as caregivers. However, the experience of men while providing care has not been explored adequately. The impact of gender on caregiving outcomes may be mediated by several other variables including patient-related factors, socio-demographic variables, and effects of kinship status, culture and ethnicity, but these have seldom been considered in the research on gender differences. Finally, it is apparent that methodological variations in samples, designs and assessments between studies contribute a great deal to the observed gender differences. This review highlights all these issues and concludes that there is much need for further research in this area if the true nature of gender differences in family-caregiving of mental illnesses is to be discerned.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the burgeoning recent literature on informal caregiving has highlighted that this role is mostly assumed by females in a wide array of conditions including advanced cancer [28,29,30,31].”
From Failures in Reflective Functioning and Reported Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Bereaved Individuals: A Study on a Sample of Family Caregivers of Palliative Care Patients (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Prior research suggests that female carers tend to spend more time in caregiving and often have to play multiple conflicting roles 57 resulting in greater psychological distress compared to male carers 11,58,59 .”
From Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence (2020) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“The current literature also highlights that there may be some other potential factors which may have an impact on psychological difficulties experienced by carers such as the time spent on caregiving, role conflicts (e.g., being mother, employee, and carer), and types of caregiving tasks involved (i.e., the level of impairment and independence) 57 .”
From Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence (2020) · cites this paper as [57]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2003) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.250 · Cited by 2,857
Schulz, R., O'Brien, A. T., Bookwala, J., & Fleissner, K. (1995) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/35.6.771 · Cited by 1,765
Is caregiving hazardous to one’s physical health? A meta-analysis
Vitaliano, P. P., Zhang, J., & Scanlan, J. M. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.946 · Cited by 1,734
Caregivers of the Frail Elderly: A National Profile
Stone, R., Cafferata, G. L., & Sangl, J. A. (1987) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/27.5.616 · Cited by 1,216
Gender Differences in Caregiver Stressors, Social Resources, and Health: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/61.1.p33 · Cited by 1,213
Correlates of Physical Health of Informal Caregivers: A Meta-Analysis
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/62.2.p126 · Cited by 1,132
Caregiver burden among dementia patient caregivers: A review of the literature
Etters, L., Goodall, D., & Harrison, B. E. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00342.x · Cited by 1,112
Ory, M. G., Hoffman, R. R., Yee, J. L., Tennstedt, S., & Schulz, R. (1999) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/39.2.177 · Cited by 991
Gender Differences in Psychiatric Morbidity Among Family Caregivers
Yee, J. L., & Schulz, R. (2000) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/40.2.147 · Cited by 660
Cultural values and caregiving: The updated sociocultural stress and coping model
Knight, B. G., & Sayegh, P. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp096 · Cited by 585
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 123 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Bush EC. Gender differences in specific caregiver burdens. Master’s thesis. The University of Utah. 1997. Available from: http://content.lib.utah.edu/utils/getfile/collection/etd1/id/960/.../700.pdf.
- Mathiowetz NA, Oliker S. The gender gap in caregiving to adults. Manuscript prepared for presentation at the American Time Use Survey Early Results Conference. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 2005-09. Available from: http://www.atususers.umd.edu/wip2/papers/Oliker.pdf.
- Dupuis SL, Epp T, Smale B. Caregivers of persons with dementia: roles, experiences, supports and coping: a literature review In: Murray Alzheimer Research and Education Program, University of Waterloo, MAREP; 2004; Available from: http://uwaterloo.ca/...research...research.../InTheirOwnVoices-Literature.
- Lovelace LMK. The effect of coping strategies on burden among male Alzheimer’s caregivers. MSW thesis. Louisiana State University, 2012. Available from: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04262012-170458/.../Lovelace_Thesis.pdf.
- Donius M. Gender differences in caregiving role strain among spouse caregivers to frail older persons. Master’s Thesis. Oregon Health and Science University. Student Scholar Archive. 1985. Available from: http://www.digitalcommons.ohsu.edu/etd.
- Almada AZ. Gender and caregiving: a study among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white frail elders. Master’s Thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 2001. Available from: http://www. scholar.lib.vt.edu.
- Gilligan C. In a different voice Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press; 1982;.
- Ola BA. The influence of burden of care and perceived stigma on expressed emotions of relatives of stable persons with schizophrenia in Nigerian semi-urban/urban settings. Masters dissertation in international mental health. Universidade Nova de Lisboa. 2013. Available from: http//run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/9673/.../Ola Bolanle TM 2013.pdf.
- Pike B. Caregiver experiences of parents who support adult children with schizophrenia. Master of Health Science thesis. Auckland University of Technology. [accessed 2015 May 13]. Available from: http//www.supportingfamilies.org.nz/.../Supporting_a_Person_with_Schizophrenia.sflb.ashx.
- Kumar S, Mohanty S. Spousal burden of care in schizophrenia. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol 2007;33:189-194.
- Kaushik P, Bhatia MS. Burden and quality of life in spouses of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Delhi Psychiatry J 2013;16:83-88.
- Seng BK. The impact of schizophrenia: the burden of care. PhD Thesis. Department of Social Work, National University of Singapore. 2005-05-15. Available from: http//scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/bitstream/handle/.../full thesis final.pdf.
- Barman N, Chakravorty P. A descriptive study to assess the level of stress among family members of selected mentally ill clients attending psychiatry OPD of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Open J Psych All Sci 2012;3:65-73.
- Sharma N. The relationship of gender and burden among caregivers of patients with chronic mental illnesses. MD Psychiatry thesis Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh: India; 2014;.
- Nehra R, Kulhara P, Verma SK. Adaptation of the Social Support Questionnaire in Hindi: Indian setting. Ind J Clin Psychol 1996;23:33-39.
- Antonucci TC. Social support and social relationships. Handbook of aging and the social sciences Orlando, FL: Academic Press; 1990;205-225.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sex differences in Alzheimer disease — the gateway to precision medicine
for the Women’s Brain Project and the Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative, Ferretti, M. T., Iulita, M. F., Cavedo, E., Chiesa, P. A., Schumacher Dimech, A., Santuccione Chadha, A., Baracchi, F., Girouard, H., Misoch, S., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-018-0032-9 · Cited by 1,009
Xiong, C., Biscardi, M., Astell, A., Nalder, E., Cameron, J. I., Mihailidis, A., & Colantonio, A. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231848 · Cited by 290
“While females remain the predominant caregivers at present, there has been a surge in males taking on the role of caregiving in recent years [23, 61].”
Haakenstad, A., Yearwood, J. A., Fullman, N., Bintz, C., Bienhoff, K., Weaver, M. R., Nandakumar, V., LeGrand, K. E., Knight, M., Abbafati, C., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00429-6 · Cited by 258
“71,72 If lack of access to high-quality health care depresses labour force participation or productivity among the working age group, countries going through the demographic transition might be unable to benefit from the demographic dividend, 73 with implications for tax revenue, intra-family…”
Zygouri, I., Cowdell, F., Ploumis, A., Gouva, M., & Mantzoukas, S. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06736-2 · Cited by 165
“Following previous reviews, affection, reciprocity, feelings of compassion, and the duty to provide care appeared as common motivators for both women and men [13, 76].”
BackgroundCardinali, P., Migliorini, L., & Rania, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01780 · Cited by 142
Koschorke, M., Padmavati, R., Kumar, S., Cohen, A., Weiss, H. A., Chatterjee, S., Pereira, J., Naik, S., John, S., Dabholkar, H., et al. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.061 · Cited by 144
“Similar findings have been reported for other LAMIC (Chien et al., 2014; Phillips et al., 2002; Shibre et al., 2001) and several HIC (Larson and Corrigan, 2008).”
ResultThe impact of caring for family members with mental illnesses on the caregiver: a scoping review
Phillips, R., Durkin, M. A., Engward, H., Cable, G., & Iancu, M. (2022) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daac049 · Cited by 129
“…c 049 / 6574394 b y T he R obe r t G o r don U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y S e r v i c e u s e r on 06 J u l y 2022 and socially while providing care for family members with mental health conditions (Sharma et al., 2016; Akbari et al. , 2018; Norris et al. , 2018; Özgönül and Bademli, 2022).”
Gender Differences in Family Caregiving. Do female caregivers do more or undertake different tasks?
Barzallo, D. P., Schnyder, A., Zanini, C., & Gemperli, A. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11191-w · Cited by 118
Indoor PM2.5, VOCs and asthma outcomes: A systematic review in adults and their home environments
Paterson, C., Sharpe, R. A., Taylor, T., & Morrissey, K. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111631 · Cited by 122
“Given that the majority of caregivers are women (Sharma et al., 2016) and individuals spend a significant proportion of their time in the indoor environment, future investigations should attempt to address any gendered differences in risk reporting so targeted interventions can be implemented where…”
BackgroundEquity and the financial costs of informal caregiving in palliative care: a critical debate
Gardiner, C., Robinson, J., Connolly, M., Hulme, C. T., Kang, K., Rowland, C., Larkin, P. J., Meads, D. M., Morgan, T., & Gott, M. (2020) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-020-00577-2 · Cited by 107
Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence
Kaddour, L., & Kishita, N. (2020) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988719868313 · Cited by 98
“The current literature also highlights that there may be some other potential factors which may have an impact on psychological difficulties experienced by carers such as the time spent on caregiving, role conflicts (eg, being mother, employee, and carer), and types of caregiving tasks involved (ie, the level of impai…”
BackgroundGender effects on components of burden and depression among dementia caregivers
Pillemer, S., Davis, J., & Tremont, G. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1337718 · Cited by 100
Dynamics of psychological responses to COVID-19 in India: A longitudinal study
Gopal, A., Sharma, A. J., & Subramanyam, M. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240650 · Cited by 100
“First, it was found that women in the Indian context have significantly more household responsibilities during the lockdown primarily because of the skewed gendered division of household labor in India [39, 40].”
BackgroundCaregiving Burden Among Caregivers of People With Dementia Through the Lens of Intersectionality
Liu, R., Chi, I., & Wu, S. (2022) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnab146 · Cited by 92
Núñez-Naveira, L., Alonso-Búa, B., de Labra, C., Gregersen, R., Maibom, K., Mojs, E., Krawczyk-Wasielewska, A., & Millán-Calenti, J. C. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/5726465 · Cited by 92
D’Amen, B., Socci, M., & Santini, S. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01976-z · Cited by 83
“Despite the increasing number of male caregivers [15] the primary family caregiver is typically an adult and almost always a middle-aged woman [16, 17].”
BackgroundRuisoto, P., Contador, I., Fernández-Calvo, B., Serra, L., Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Ramos, F., & Rivera-Navarro, J. (2020) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.103952 · Cited by 80
Resilience in Familial Caregivers of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Meta-analysis
Iacob, C. I., Avram, E., Cojocaru, D., & Podina, I. R. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04473-9 · Cited by 92
Human Factors Effecting Forensic Decision Making: Workplace Stress and Well‐being
Jeanguenat, A. M., & Dror, I. E. (2017) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13533 · Cited by 82
Uccheddu, D., Gauthier, A., Steverink, N., & Emery, T. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112517 · Cited by 64
“Although the proportion of older men assuming roles as caregivers is increasing (Patterson and Margolis, 2019; Sharma et al., 2016), informal care responsibilities are often uniquely shouldered by women (Bertogg and Strauss, 2018; Calasanti, 2010; Pinquart and Sörensen, 2011, 2006; Yee and Schulz, 2000).”
BackgroundEbrahim, O. S., Al-Attar, G. S. T., Gabra, R. H., & Osman, D. (2020) · Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · doi:10.1186/s42506-020-00059-6 · Cited by 79
“Caregiver gender explains only a minor proportion of the variance in the caregiving burden [31].”
BackgroundSpouse and Adult-Child Dementia Caregivers in Chinese American Families: Who Are More Stressed Out?
Liu, J. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.12.012 · Cited by 74
Hernández‐Padilla, J. M., Fernández, M. D. R., Granero‐Molina, J., Amo, R. O., López‐Rodriguez, M. M., & Fernández‐Sola, C. (2020) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13134 · Cited by 69
Atkins, J., & Padgett, C. R. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02790-6 · Cited by 63
“…household patterns over the past few decades, women still frequently shoulder the primary responsibility for household tasks and childcare (Cunha et al., 2016) and are often the main providers of informal care for family members with chronic medical conditions or disabilities (Sharma et al., 2016).”
Introduction to large language models (LLMs) for dementia care and research
Treder, M. S., Lee, S., & Tsvetanov, K. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Dementia · doi:10.3389/frdem.2024.1385303 · Cited by 63
Caring for Dementia Caregivers in Times of the COVID-19 Crisis: A Systematic Review
Aledeh, M., & Adam, P. H. (2020) · American journal of nursing research · doi:10.12691/ajnr-8-5-8 · Cited by 63
“such as close relatives, friends, spouses and daughters [7,14].”
BackgroundPhilip, R. R., Philip, S., Tripathy, J. P., Manima, A., & Venables, E. C. (2018) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-018-0278-4 · Cited by 63
Bhan, N., Rao, N., & Raj, A. (2020) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2019.7769 · Cited by 62
“8 Female caregivers often experience social pressures such as the obligation to value the needs of a family member over one’s own.”
mHealth Interventions to Support Caregivers of Older Adults: Equity-Focused Systematic Review
Garnett, A., Northwood, M., Ting, J. J., & Sangrar, R. (2022) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/33085 · Cited by 60
“The included studies had samples primarily made up of women, validating the literature that suggests women are most likely to provide caregiving support, corroborating cultural norms across a range of identities [76].”
BackgroundFu, X. B., Yang, J., Liao, X., Lin, J., Peng, Y., Shen, Y., Ou, J., Li, Y., & Chen, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00651 · Cited by 59
“This is influenced by the culture, that is, women are the main providers of informal care for family members (35).”
BackgroundA Comprehensive Review of Motherhood and Mental Health: Postpartum Mood Disorders in Focus
Modak, A., Ronghe, V., Gomase, K., Mahakalkar, M., & Taksande, V. D. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.46209 · Cited by 59
“This clash between cultural expectations and emotional challenges can deter women from seeking desperately needed support [45].”
BackgroundGilmore‐Bykovskyi, A. L., Johnson, R. E., Walljasper, L., Block, L., & Werner, N. E. (2017) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317517749465 · Cited by 59
“These differences could be due in part to different coping processes engaged in light of the caregiver’s gender identity and perception of their caregiving role.(8,13) Gender differences in dementia caregiving experiences may also partially reflect underlying differences in vulnerability and risk of depressive disorde…”
Interventions to Improve the Preparedness to Care for Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients
Bilgin, A., & Özdemir, L. (2021) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000001014 · Cited by 64
Zwar, L., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2022) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000523846 · Cited by 58
Park, J., Tolea, M. I., Arcay, V., Lopes, Y., & Galvin, J. E. (2018) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2018.1526756 · Cited by 57
How Information Sharing about Care Recipients by Family Caregivers Impacts Family Communication
Yamashita, N., Kuzuoka, H., Kudo, T., Hirata, K., Aramaki, E., & Hattori, K. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173796 · Cited by 54
“Since men and women experience different types of caregiver burden [43], the generalizability of our findings may be limited.”
BackgroundKuliukas, L. J., Hauck, Y. L., Sweet, L. P., Vasilevski, V., Homer, C., Wynter, K. H., Wilson, A. N., Szabo, R. A., & Bradfield, Z. (2021) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2021.102988 · Cited by 56
Feei, Z., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Li, X., Li, Y., Liu, S., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020935489 · Cited by 52
“Therefore, they were more likely to experience more emotional stressors than males (Sharma et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGautron, J. M. C., Thanh, G. T., Barasa, V., & Voltolina, G. (2023) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czad054 · Cited by 58
“In addition to the exposure to drug-resistant pathogens, children of all genders, parents and particularly women are at further risk of infections and acquiring a DRO, due to their caregiving role (Evans, 2010; Sharma et al., 2016).”
BackgroundYao, H., Li, K., Li, C., Hu, S., Huang, Z., Chen, J., & Xu, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06239-4 · Cited by 63
“In China, as in many other countries, females often bear the primary responsibility for family caregiving of PwMI [77].”
Häikiö, K., Cloutier, D., & Rugkåsa, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241982 · Cited by 52
“Much of the literature confirms that females participate more in informal care, and spend significantly more time on caregiving for older people living with dementia compared to men [68, 69], but much of the caregiving literature is criticized for reflecting the female perspective [68, 70, 71], which may marginalize,…”
BackgroundOhno, S., Chen, Y., Sakamaki, H., Matsumaru, N., Yoshino, M., & Tsukamoto, K. (2021) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.1080/13696998.2021.1877149 · Cited by 49
Needs of Dementia Family Caregivers in Spain During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Carcavilla-González, N., Vico, A. S. P., González, B., Cuesta, D. M., Roldán, J. J., Erice, V., & Remírez, A. D. G. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201430 · Cited by 46
Guilcher, S. J. T., Craven, B. C., Bassett-Gunter, R. L., Cimino, S. R., & Hitzig, S. L. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1616328 · Cited by 53
Challenges and coping strategies faced by female scientists—A multicentric cross sectional study
Fathima, F. N., Awor, P., Yen, Y.-C., Gnanaselvam, N. A., & Zakham, F. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238635 · Cited by 47
“In most societies, women, by default have to assume caregiver’s role for circumstances such as child-care, elderly-care and during any sickness in the family [39].”
BackgroundAydın, A., Işık, A., & Kahraman, N. (2020) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12613 · Cited by 45
Bank, W. (2019) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/32552 · Cited by 49
Pacifico, D., Fiordelli, M., Fadda, M., Serena, S., Piumatti, G., Carlevaro, F., Magno, F., Franscella, G., & Albanese, E. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14578-8 · Cited by 42
“This might be due to the fact that caregivers of people living with dementia are typically women [31, 32], but it might be related to gender differences in health information behavior and health literacy in general: women may be more prone to actively seek information about healthrelated topics [33].”
BackgroundGoto, Y., Morita, K., Suematsu, M., Imaizumi, T., & Suzuki, Y. (2023) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.0911-22 · Cited by 52
“…under traditional culture, where women’s work roles are viewed as being centered in their own home, and female caregivers tend to spend more time caregiving, assume more caregiving tasks, and care for someone with cognitive, functional and/or behavioral problems than male caregivers (2, 22, 23).”
BackgroundYu, Y., Liu, Z.-W., Li, T., Zhou, W., Xi, S., Xiao, S.-Y., & Tebes, J. K. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01335-x · Cited by 43
Carers’ views on autism and eating disorders comorbidity: qualitative study
Adamson, J., Kinnaird, E., Glennon, D., Oakley, M., & Tchanturia, K. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.36 · Cited by 43
“33 Additionally, all carers in the study were providing care for their daughter with anorexia nervosa.”
Influence of caregiver burden on well-being of family member caregivers of older adults
OR, R., & Kartal, A. (2019) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12421 · Cited by 42
Chakrabarti, S. (2016) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0971-9962.176762 · Cited by 42
Self-citationGolinelli, D., Sanmarchi, F., Guarducci, G., Palombarini, J., Benetti, P., Rosa, S., & Lenzi, J. (2025) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105448 · Cited by 51
García‐Mochón, L., Peña-Longobardo, L. M., del Río‐Lozano, M., Oliva, J., Larrañaga-Padilla, I., & García‐Calvente, M. D. M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16224378 · Cited by 42
“These discrepancies, however, are probably due to the use of different methodologies and uncertainly about which variables influence gender differences and to what extent [18].”
BackgroundResultBurden of Care, Depression, and Anxiety Among Family Caregivers of People With Dementia
Abdelhalim, D., Ahmed, M., Hussein, H. A., Khalaf, O. O., & Sarhan, M. D. (2024) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319241288029 · Cited by 42
“According to Sharma et al, 34 the results highlighted that among many countries of the globe, female elder caregivers formed the highest portion (73%).”
BackgroundCaregiver burden in older Indian patients with cancer- Experience from a tertiary care center
Menon, N. S., Patil, V., Ramaswamy, A., Gattani, S. C., Castelino, R., Dhekale, R., Gota, V., Sekar, A., Deodhar, J. K., Mahajan, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2022.05.008 · Cited by 40
Watson, J., Giebel, C., Green, M., Darlington‐Pollock, F., & Akpan, A. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5419 · Cited by 39
Soh, X. C., Hartanto, A., Ling, N., Reyes, M., Sim, L., & Majeed, N. M. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus · doi:10.1016/j.aggp.2025.100197 · Cited by 44
Ohno, S., Chen, Y., Sakamaki, H., Matsumaru, N., Yoshino, M., & Tsukamoto, K. (2021) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.1080/13696998.2021.1880801 · Cited by 38
Kong, Y., Anis-Syakira, J., Jawahir, S., Tan, Y.-R., Rahman, N. H. A., & Tan, E. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11022-1 · Cited by 47
“Female caregivers were more often obligated to care for the needs of the family rather than themselves [40, 80, 81] and often receive less social support than male caregivers [82–84].”
BackgroundYates, S., Carey, G. E., Malbon, E., & Hargrave, J. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13669 · Cited by 39
Lorenz, F., Whittaker, L., Tazzeo, J., & Williams, A. (2021) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-10-2019-0136 · Cited by 39
“Although global estimates vary by country, women account for anywhere from 57% to 81% of older caregivers and are more likely than ever to be simultaneously employed (Sharma et al., 2016).”
BackgroundZwar, L., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.048 · Cited by 36
Blanken, A. E., & Nation, D. A. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200245 · Cited by 37
“…within their family units which may provide challenges for occupational attainment earlier in life and may actually convey risk later in life, as it is well documented that women are more likely to take on caregiving burden with dementia patients and care-giving may increase risk of dementia [170].”
Schaffler‐Schaden, D., Krutter, S., Seymer, A., Eßl‐Maurer, R., Flamm, M., & Osterbrink, J. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111511 · Cited by 39
Vicente, J., McKee, K., Magnusson, L., Johansson, P. E., Ekman, B., & Hanson, E. J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263396 · Cited by 37
“These findings correspond with the existing literature on the role of female informal carers in providing personal care and more complex care activities [53,54], compared to male informal carers who, more commonly, support the care-receiver ́s instrumental activities and provide financial support[55,56].”
ResultCaring for a centenarian parent: an exploratory study on role strains and psychological distress
Brandão, D., Ribeiro, Ó. M., Oliveira, M., & Paúl, C. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.12423 · Cited by 37
Woodham, N. S., Taneepanichskul, S., Somrongthong, R., & Auamkul, N. (2018) · Journal of Health Research · doi:10.1108/jhr-11-2018-085 · Cited by 38
Left-Behind Women in the Context of International Migration: A Scoping Review
Sánchez, H. F., Salma, J., Márquez-Vargas, P. M., & Salami, B. O. (2020) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659620935962 · Cited by 42
“This is particularly important as many women live in cultural contexts where they are expected to provide informal care for the family (FernándezSánchez et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2016; Ullah, 2017) in addition to their roles and responsibilities as mothers and wives.”
BackgroundValuing the Contributions of Family Caregivers to the Care Economy
Fast, J., Duncan, K. A., Keating, N. C., & Kim, C. (2024) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-023-09899-8 · Cited by 35
“However, Sharma et al. (2016) argue that failing to examine men’s caregiving means that we may know less about gender differences than we assume.”
Kokorelias, K. M., Naglie, G., Gignac, M. A., Rittenberg, N., & Cameron, J. I. (2021) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/14713012211019502 · Cited by 39
“These characteristics seldom have been considered in the research on gender differences in caregiving (Sharma et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEffects of Positive Thinking on Dementia Caregivers’ Burden and Care-Recipients’ Behavioral Problems
Bekhet, A. K., & Garnier‐Villarreal, M. (2019) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945919861970 · Cited by 35
Xiong, C., Ye, B., Mihailidis, A., Cameron, J. I., Astell, A. J., Nalder, E. J., & Colantonio, A. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01548-1 · Cited by 36
“8 been much study with respect to the sex and gender gap in general technologies, there remains a lack of research on technology perception informal caregivers despite considerable sex and gender differences with respect to well-being, psychosocial and overall health [24-27].”
BackgroundTypology of Family Support in Home Care for Iranian Older People: A Qualitative Study
Shamsikhani, S., Ahmadi, F., Kazemnejad, A., & Vaismoradi, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126361 · Cited by 38
“Therefore, they experience a greater burden of care because of the greater physical strain and psychological distress [67].”
BackgroundA solution to gender inequity in surgery? Better caregiving policies
Acai, A., Steyn, C., Reid, S. E., & Sonnadara, R. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1503/cjs.010717 · Cited by 35
Mehta, K. M., Gallagher-Thompson, D. E., Varghese, M., Loganathan, S., Baruah, U., Seeher, K. M., Zandi, D., Dua, T., & Pot, A. M. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2604-9 · Cited by 35
“Most people with dementia (at least 95%) are cared for at home by their family only [4, 24, 25].”
BackgroundThe integration of sex and gender considerations in health policymaking: a scoping review
Williams, A., Lyeo, J. S., Geffros, S., & Mouriopoulos, A. (2021) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01411-8 · Cited by 37
Spatuzzi, R., Giulietti, M. V., Ricciuti, M., Merico, F., Romito, F., Reggiardo, G., Birgolotti, L., Fabbietti, P., Raucci, L., Rosati, G., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909119890840 · Cited by 34
Our dreams, our selves: automatic analysis of dream reports
Fogli, A., Aiello, L. M., & Quercia, D. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.192080 · Cited by 36
Göttgens, I., van Halteren, A. D., de Vries, N. M., Meinders, M. J., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Bloem, B. R., Darweesh, S. K. L., & Oertelt‐Prigione, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.576121 · Cited by 34
“Women worldwide are still more frequently active caregivers than men, although this is changing in younger generations (63).”
BackgroundCaregiver burden by treatment and clinical characteristics of patients with glioblastoma
Au, T. H., Willis, C., Reblin, M., Peters, K. B., Nghiemphu, P. L., Taylor, J. W., Colman, H., Cohen, A. L., Ormond, D. R., Chakravarti, A., et al. (2022) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06514-0 · Cited by 34
“1 3 Characteristics of caregivers of patients with glioblastoma in this study were mostly similar to those of other cancer caregivers; most caregivers were female and related to the patient, but they were older than the average cancer caregiver by 5 years and had achieved a higher level of education [23, 30].”
ResultSharma, R., Sc, S., & Pradhan, S. N. (2018) · Journal of Nepal Health Research Council · doi:10.3126/jnhrc.v15i3.18851 · Cited by 33
Test of the stress process model of family caregivers of people living with schizophrenia in China
Yu, Y., Liu, Z., Li, T., Li, Y., Xiao, S.-Y., & Tebes, J. K. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113113 · Cited by 35
Gender Differences in Caring for Children with Genetic or Rare Diseases: A Mixed-Methods Study
Chu, S., Wen, C.-C., & Weng, C.-Y. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9050627 · Cited by 32
“According to traditional gender roles, women are socially and morally expected to serve as primary informal care providers for family members with illnesses [18], and consequently face higher levels of caregiving burdens and psychological distress [19].”
BackgroundJaldin, M., Balbim, G. M., Colin, S. J., Marques, I. G., Mejia, J., Magallanes, M., Rocha, J. S., & Márquez, D. X. (2022) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2022.2115018 · Cited by 32
“Societal and cultural demands target women to adopt the role of being a family caregiver (Sharma, Chakrabarti, and Grover 2016).”
BackgroundExploring the positive aspects of caregiving among family caregivers of the older adults in India
Mishra, N., Datti, R. S., Tewari, A. K., & Sirisety, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1059459 · Cited by 40
“It is essential to highlight the fact that though most of the caregivers are women who are in their 40s and have reported more distress, strain, and burden than men, studies point out that only a small part of the variation in the caregiving outcomes may be attributed to gender (8, 23).”
BackgroundCaprioli, T., Martindale, S., Mengiste, A., Assefa, D., Kiros, F. H., Tamiru, M., Negussu, N., Taylor, M. J., Betts, H., & Kelly‐Hope, L. A. (2020) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008058 · Cited by 32
“Studies in comparable settings have documented similar caregiving tasks and related to traditional feminine role [49,50].”
BackgroundChidiac, C., Feuer, D. J., Flatley, M., Rodgerson, A., Grayson, K., & Preston, N. J. (2020) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216320946688 · Cited by 34
Duangjina, T., Jeamjitvibool, T., Park, C., Raszewski, R., Gruss, V. A., & Fritschi, C. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.105977 · Cited by 31
The role of sex and gender in the selection of Alzheimer patients for clinical trial pre-screening
Rosende‐Roca, M., Ruiz, C. A., Esteban, E., Tartari, J. P., Alarcón‐Martín, E., Martínez‐Atienza, J., González‐Pérez, A., Sáez, M. E., Lafuente, A., Buendía, M., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00833-4 · Cited by 32
“For instance, women typically assume the responsibilities of balancing work and family [43], which may have a negative impact on obtaining trial consent or interfere with their ability to comply with protocol visits.”
BackgroundWatson, J. B., Green, M. A., Giebel, C. M., Darlington‐Pollock, F., & Akpan, A. (2022) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2022.2107176 · Cited by 37
“Men have greater healthcare needs due to greater illhealth (Bertogg and Strauss, 2020; Sharma et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBai, X., Liu, C., Baladón, L., & Rubio-Valera, M. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1330872 · Cited by 30
“…number of studies have regarded gender as an independent variable and have examined gender differences in almost every caregiving domain (e.g. a meta-analysis conducted by Sharma et al. (2016)), few have investigated individual differences among male caregivers (Baker, Robertson, & Connelly, 2010).”
BackgroundPopulation attributable fraction of modifiable risk factors for dementia in Chile
Vergara, R. C., Pedro Zitko, M., Slachevsky, A., Martín, C. S., & Delgado, C. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12273 · Cited by 33
Toledano‐Toledano, F., de la Rubia, J. M., McCubbin, L. D., Cauley, B., & Luna, D. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01357-5 · Cited by 30
A mixed method study exploring gender differences in dementia caregiving
Poisson, V. O., Poulos, R. G., Withall, A. L., Reilly, A., Emerson, L., & O’Connor, C. M. C. (2023) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/14713012231201595 · Cited by 30
“…was driven by the research questions and the available literature on how male carers approach the caring role (Baker & Robertson, 2008; Fee et al., 2020, 2021; Greenwood & Smith, 2015; Houde, 2002; McDonnell & Ryan, 2013; Milligan & Morbey, 2013; Robinson et al., 2014; Sharma et al., 2016).”
Rahmani, F., Ebrahimi, H., Seyedfatemi, N., Areshtanab, H. N., Ranjbar, F., & Whitehead, B. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14286 · Cited by 29
Association between comfort and needs of ICU patients’ family members: A cross‐sectional study
Meneguin, S., Matos, T. D. D. S., Miot, H. A., & Pollo, C. F. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14644 · Cited by 29
Burden on caregivers of ventilator-dependent patients
Liu, J.-F., Lu, M.-C., Fang, T., Yu, H., Lin, H., & Fang, D.-L. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000007396 · Cited by 29
Women involvement in the informal caregiving field: A perspective review
Rexhaj, S., Nguyen, A., Favrod, J., Coloni-Terrapon, C., Buisson, L., Drainville, A.-L., & Martinez, D. C. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1113587 · Cited by 28
“Concerning personal characteristics, women are often mentioned as primary caregivers (7).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Sharma, N., Chakrabarti, S., & Grover, S.
- Affiliations
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Chakrabarti, Subho
- Venue
- World Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7
- ISSN
- 2220-3206 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4804270
- OpenAlex
- W2311849209
- Cited by
- 865
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 43.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- World Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Nursing care and research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
- Keywords
- gender differences, family caregivers, mental illness, informal care, caregiver burden, psychological distress, caregiving stress, stress coping, schizophrenia, mood disorders, role expectations, social support, response bias
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
