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Cited by 100Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNursing care and researchFamily Caregiving in Mental Illness

Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence

Open access
Kaddour, Laura, Kishita, Naoko·2020·Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology
DOI 10.1177/0891988719868313
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Abstract

Much of the carer literature has focused on depression and burden as primary outcomes and anxiety appear somewhat neglected. Providing evidence on the prevalence of carer anxiety is critical as it can enhance awareness among professionals, which in turn can lead to improved access to efficacious treatments. This meta-analysis updated the previous review conducted in 2007 to estimate the up-to-date prevalence of anxiety in informal carers for people with dementia. Literature searches were conducted in databases of published and unpublished literature. Events and sample size data were pooled using a random effects model to obtain an overall prevalence percentage. A total of 10 studies were included, resulting in a pooled estimate of anxiety prevalence at 32.1% (95% confidence interval: 20.6%-46.2%, P = .01). Significant heterogeneity was found, which was not reduced following sensitivity analysis. This study suggests anxiety is a prevalent difficulty experienced by dementia carers. Additional research recommendations and clinical implications are discussed.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This meta-analysis updated a 2007 review and pooled 10 studies to estimate anxiety prevalence in informal dementia carers, finding a pooled prevalence of 32.1% (95% CI 20.6% to 46.2%). Anxiety appears as prevalent as depression in this population, but heterogeneity was high and few studies were included.

Key findings

  • Pooled anxiety prevalence was 32.1% (95% CI 20.6% to 46.2%, p=0.01) across 10 studies comprising 918 participants; individual study prevalence rates ranged from 3.7% to 76.5%.
  • Significant heterogeneity was found (I²=92.9%, p<0.01); sensitivity analysis excluding three studies reduced the pooled estimate to 27.0% (95% CI 15.4% to 42.9%, p<0.01) but heterogeneity remained significant (I²=94.0%, p<0.01).
  • Subgroup analysis by measurement type found pooled prevalence of 5.6% (95% CI 2.7% to 11.3%, p<0.01) for diagnostic tools and 42.6% (95% CI 30.96% to 55.3%, p<0.25) for self-report symptom measures.
  • Trim-and-fill imputed one missing study, giving an adjusted prevalence of 27.64% (95% CI 16.73% to 42.07%); Rosenthal’s fail-safe N was 115 missing studies required to raise the two-tailed p-value above .05.

Methods

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis; protocol registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018087895). Searches covered PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, Open Grey, ProQuest, and reference lists, limited to English-language publications from database inception to December 31, 2017.
  • Eligible studies included unpaid adult carers of people with dementia and reported current anxiety prevalence, assessed by a reliable/valid diagnostic tool or a self-report symptom measure with a clinical cut-off. The search yielded 768 articles; 10 studies were included.
  • Data were pooled using a random-effects model with events and sample size data. Heterogeneity was assessed via forest plot and I²; planned sensitivity analyses removed outliers, high-risk-of-bias studies, and uncertain cut-off studies; planned subgroup analyses examined measurement tool type, specific tool, dementia type, and country HDI category. Publication bias was assessed with funnel plot, trim-and-fill, and Rosenthal’s fail-safe N.

Limitations

  • Stated by the authors: only 10 studies were included, reduced to 7 in sensitivity analysis; substantial heterogeneity could not be conclusively explained, limiting reliable conclusions about moderators; the search was limited to English-language articles; experts were not contacted and unpublished data were not sought; data extraction and quality rating were mainly conducted by a single author; dementia diagnosis could be based on formal diagnosis or carer report.
  • Evident from the text: most included studies did not seek representative samples, no study conducted a sample size calculation, only two studies had an adequate sample size, and several studies poorly described participant characteristics or dropouts.
  • Evident from the text: subgroup analyses for dementia type and country development status could not be conducted because almost all studies involved Alzheimer’s or mixed samples and all but one country was rated “very high” on HDI; the diagnostic-tool subgroup contained only two studies.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0891988719868313

Cites

61 of 61 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 34 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The quality of included studies varied, with studies achieving between three and seven positive items out of ten on the PCAI.

    “The quality of included studies varied, with studies achieving between three and seven positive items out of a total of ten.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    All included studies used objective and reliable prevalence measurement tools.

    “All included studies used objective and reliable prevalence measurement tools, as doing so formed part of the inclusion criteria for this review.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Sensitivity analysis excluding three studies yielded a pooled anxiety prevalence of 27.0% (95% CI 15.4% to 42.9%, p<0.01).

    “The sensitivity analysis yielded a reduced though comparable pooled prevalence rate of 27.0 percent (95% CI 15.4% to 42.9%, p<0.01).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “Excluding Sansoni et al 45 , Medrano et al 43 and Ostojić et al 44 in sensitivity analysis reduced the prevalence estimate to 27 percent but did not reduce heterogeneity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis.

    “A total of 10 studies were included, resulting in a pooled estimate of anxiety prevalence at 32.1 percent (95%CI 20.6% to 46.2%, p=0.01).”
    • Also stated in: § Study Selection · plain
      “Thirty-seven articles were subject to full eligibility screening, resulting in a total of ten eligible studies 12,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    Only one included study sought a participant sample representative of the dementia carer population as a whole.

    “Only one study sought a participant sample which could be described as representative of the dementia carer population as a whole 12 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 24
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 22
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Pooled anxiety prevalence measured by self-report symptom measures was 42.6% (95% CI 30.96% to 55.3%, p<0.25) with significant heterogeneity (I2=89.6%, p<0.01).

    “The pooled prevalence rate as measured by a self-report symptom measure was 42.6 percent (95% CI 30.96% to 55.3%, p<0.25) with statistically significant heterogeneity between studies (I 2 =89.6%, p<0.01).”
    • Also stated in: § Diagnostic Tools Versus Self-report Symptom Measures · plain
      “The self-report symptom measure prevalence was significantly higher at 42.6 percent with statistically significant heterogeneity between studies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Three studies achieved fewer than five positive PCAI items and were excluded in sensitivity analysis.

    “Three studies achieved less than five positive items and were selected for exclusion in sensitivity analysis [43][44][45] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43][44][45]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The majority of included studies used Alzheimer's-only or mixed samples with a majority of Alzheimer's carers, which prevented exploration of dementia type as a moderator.

    “The majority of studies included participants caring for a person with Alzheimer's dementia only or used a mixed sample comprising a majority of Alzheimer's carers.Whilst this reflects the prevalence of different types of dementia, it did not allow for the moderating impact of care-recipient dementia type on anxiety prevalence to be explored in this metaanalysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Eight included studies employed a cross-sectional design, one used a retrospective case-control design, and one used a descriptive repeated measures design.

    “Eight studies employed a crosssectional design and one study used a retrospective case-control design which also reported current cross-sectional prevalence.Another study used a descriptive repeated measures design where the anxiety symptom measure was administered over nine weeks 45 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Pooled anxiety prevalence measured by diagnostic tools was 5.6% (95% CI 2.7% to 11.3%, p<0.01) with no significant heterogeneity (I2=28.2%, p=0.24).

    “The pooled prevalence rate as measured by a diagnostic tool was 5.6 percent (95% CI 2.7% to 11.3%, p<0.01) with no statistically significant heterogeneity between studies (I 2 =28.2%, p=0.24).”
    • Also stated in: § Diagnostic Tools Versus Self-report Symptom Measures · hedged
      “The pooled prevalence rate when a diagnostic tool was used was 5.6 percent and whilst no significant heterogeneity was found, it is possible that the small number of studies in the diagnostic tool group (n = 2) did not allow for the detection of heterogeneity 32 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The majority of included studies used self-report symptom measures to determine anxiety prevalence, with only two using diagnostic tools.

    “The majority of studies used self-report symptom measures to determine the prevalence of anxiety with only two studies reporting the prevalence based on a diagnostic tool.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Significant heterogeneity was found among included studies (I2=92.9%, p<0.01), and it was not reduced by sensitivity analysis.

    “Significant heterogeneity was found, which was not reduced following sensitivity analysis.”
    • Also stated in: § Synthesis of Anxiety Prevalence · plain
      “Visual inspection of the forest plot presented in Figure 2 suggested possible heterogeneity between studies which was found to be statistically significant (I 2 =92.9%, p<0.01).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The pooled prevalence rate contained significant heterogeneity across individual study prevalence rates in the current study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After sensitivity exclusions, pooled prevalence was 5.6% for diagnostic tools and 41.2% for self-report symptom measures.

    “The obtained prevalence rates were similar when the subgroup analysis was conducted after sensitivity exclusions (diagnostic tool=5.6%prevalence, 95% CI 2.7% to 11.3%, p<0.01; selfreport symptom measure=41.2%prevalence, 95% CI 28.6% to 55.1%, p<0.22).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    All included studies except Medrano et al. (2014) drew samples from very highly developed countries; Medrano et al. (2014) drew from a highly developed country according to HDI categories.

    “All of the studies included in this meta-analysis included samples from countries categorised as very highly developed apart from Medrano et al 43 which included a sample from a highly developed country based on the HDI category of each country 33 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The quality and risk of bias of included studies was assessed using the Prevalence Critical Appraisal Instrument (PCAI).

    “The quality and risk of bias of included studies was assessed using the Prevalence Critical Appraisal Instrument (PCAI) which is designed specifically for assessing prevalence studies 25 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The results suggest that diagnostic and self-report tools may be measuring different constructs, with diagnosable anxiety disorders less prevalent than clinically significant symptoms.

    “These results may appear to suggest that the different measurement tools were measuring different constructs and that the prevalence of diagnosable anxiety disorders was lower than the prevalence of clinically significant level of symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Two authors independently extracted data from a randomly selected paper, with no discrepancies found.

    “Two authors (LK, NK) read a randomly selected paper from the final dataset and independently completed an electronic data extraction sheet in order to ensure accurate understanding of the coding process.Data extraction was considered reliable as there were no discrepancies found between the two reviewers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Coope et al. and Dura et al. participants may have engaged in less caregiving for people with less severe dementia, which may explain lower prevalence in the diagnostic group.

    “It is possible that the Coope et al 38 and Dura et al 39 participants engaged in less caregiving for people with less severe dementia and both factors postulated to impact on psychological difficulties in carers 5,61 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] source

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    • cites [61] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    It is possible that anxiety prevalence differs in carers of people with different dementia types.

    “However, it is possible that prevalence of anxiety is higher or lower in carers of people with different types of dementia given the varying challenges associated with different dementia illnesses 1 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The review protocol was published on PROSPERO (registration number CRD42018087895).

    “The review protocol was published on the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (registration number: CRD42018087895; accessed via www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Two authors independently screened a random 10% sample of articles using an electronic checklist to ensure accurate selection.

    “First, two authors (LK, NK) read randomly selected four papers (ten percent of identified articles) and independently completed an electronic screening checklist in order to ensure accurate selection of the eligible papers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Two authors evaluated the methodological quality of one paper to calibrate rating, after which the first author assessed the remaining nine.

    “Two authors (LK, NK) evaluated the methodological quality of one paper from the final dataset in order to ensure accurate understanding of the rating process.Following this, the first author (LK) assessed the methodological quality of the remaining nine articles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The authors did not contact experts to identify additional studies or seek unpublished data from identified studies.

    “The authors did not contact experts in the field for identifying additional studies or seeking unpublished data from the identified studies (e.g., the authors did not seek data from those that reported on carer mean anxiety levels but did not give prevalence data).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Data extraction and quality rating were mainly done by a single author, which could have led to reporting bias.

    “Data extraction and quality rating were mainly conducted by a single author, which could have led to reporting bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The electronic search was limited to English-language articles.

    “The electronic search was limited to English-language articles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The large amount of statistically significant heterogeneity could not be conclusively explained, so reliable conclusions about moderating factors could not be drawn.

    “Another limitation is the large amount of statistically significant heterogeneity which could not be conclusively explained and thus it was not possible to subsequently draw reliable conclusions with regards to moderating factors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Strong evidence indicates that transdiagnostic factors such as psychological flexibility play a critical role in explaining difficulties across various populations, including chronic pain, psychosis, and substance use disorders.

    “For example, there is a strong evidence that the transdiagonstic factors such as psychological flexibility (the ability to engage in constructive, value-oriented actions despite the presence of unpleasant thoughts and feelings) plays a critical role in explaining the range of difficulties experienced by various populations including chronic pain 64 , psychosis 65 , and substance use disorders 66 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [64] source

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    • cites [65] source

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    • cites [66] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior literature indicates that factors such as time spent caregiving, role conflicts, and types of caregiving tasks may affect psychological difficulties in carers.

    “The current literature also highlights that there may be some other potential factors which may have an impact on psychological difficulties experienced by carers such as the time spent on caregiving, role conflicts (e.g., being mother, employee, and carer), and types of caregiving tasks involved (i.e., the level of impairment and independence) 57 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The scarcity of studies from less developed countries may indicate a lack of research there, but language bias may also contribute because only English-language studies were included.

    “The lack of studies from less developed countries may reflect a lack of research in these areas though it is important to acknowledge that language bias may be a contributing factor as only studies reported in English were included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A recent meta-analysis estimated global prevalence of anxiety symptoms among carers of stroke survivors at 21.4%.

    “The recent meta-analysis on global prevalence of anxiety symptoms among carers of stroke survivor estimated the prevalence rate at 21.4 percent 56 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Ten studies were included, and this number fell to seven after high risk-of-bias studies were excluded in sensitivity analysis.

    “A total of ten studies were included, which was reduced to seven following exclusion of studies with high risk of bias in sensitivity analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Anxiety prevalence was assessed using reliable and valid diagnostic tools or self-report measures with clinical cut-offs.

    “(c) anxiety prevalence is assessed as the presence of any anxiety disorder using a reliable and valid anxiety diagnostic tool OR the presence of a clinical level of anxiety symptoms, as assessed using a reliable and valid self-report symptom measure with a clinical cut-off score”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Studies that identified dementia based on formal health-professional diagnosis and carer report were eligible, which could have affected anxiety prevalence.

    “In addition, studies that identified people with dementia based on a formal diagnosis by a health professional and report of the carer were eligible for the current review which could also have had an impact on the prevalence of anxiety.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emerging evidence indicates that psychological flexibility predicts both anxiety and depression in dementia carers.

    “There is now emerging evidence that psychological flexibility predicts both anxiety 67 and depression 68 in carers of people with dementia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [67] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [68] source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The NICE guideline for dementia care in the UK states that healthcare professionals should be aware that dementia carers are at increased risk of depression and should familiarise themselves with guidance on identifying and managing depression.

    “The current national guideline such as the NICE guideline for dementia care in the UK 63 states that healthcare professionals need to be aware that carers of people with dementia are at an increased risk of depression and that they need to familiarise themselves with further guidance on identifying and managing depression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A recent meta-analysis found that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, which targets psychological flexibility, is efficacious for treating both depression and anxiety in dementia carers and is particularly beneficial for carers with anxiety symptoms.

    “Indeed, the recent meta-analysis on different types of carer interventions demonstrated that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy which targets psychological flexibility is efficacious for treating both depression and anxiety in carers of people with dementia and that it is particularly beneficial for carers experiencing anxiety symptoms 69 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies reported prevalence of anxiety disorders in older people as 1.2% to 14%.

    “Previous studies reported that the prevalence rate of anxiety disorders in older people as measured by diagnostic tools or self-report symptom measures to be 1.2-14 percent 55 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There may be greater demand for informal care in less developed countries.

    “Given that dementia is a global difficulty and that there may be a greater demand for informal care in less developed countries, it is important that dementia carer research does not neglect the carer population in less developed countries 62 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These omissions may have led to exclusion of potentially relevant studies.

    “These may have led to the exclusion of potentially relevant studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Dementia is a global difficulty.

    “Given that dementia is a global difficulty and that there may be a greater demand for informal care in less developed countries, it is important that dementia carer research does not neglect the carer population in less developed countries 62 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior research suggests female carers spend more time caregiving and have multiple conflicting roles, resulting in greater psychological distress than male carers.

    “Prior research suggests that female carers tend to spend more time in caregiving and often have to play multiple conflicting roles 57 resulting in greater psychological distress compared to male carers 11,58,59 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [57] source

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    • cites [11] source

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    • cites [58] source

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    • cites [59] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    A search of unpublished literature was conducted to address potential publication bias.

    “A search of unpublished literature was conducted to address potential publication bias, using Open Grey and ProQuest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
37 of 37

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The random-effects model assumes each study contains its own variance due to variation in study characteristics.

    “The random effects model is arguably the most appropriate model as it assumes each study contains its own variance as a result of variation in study characteristics 31 .”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All items on the PCAI are of equal importance for this review.

    “It was decided that all items on the tool were of equal importance for this review, therefore a study was defined as having a high risk of bias if the total number of 'yes' items achieved was less than half.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A higher than usual symptom cut-off score on an anxiety measurement tool underestimates prevalence.

    “Sansoni et al 45 used a higher symptom cut-off score than usual for the anxiety measurement tool used meaning that the study may have underestimated the prevalence rate compared to studies using a lower cut-off score.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Self-report measure counts imply 11 studies

    Minor

    The paper includes 10 studies and says two used diagnostic tools, leaving eight using self-report measures. Its breakdown of self-report tools counts four HADS, three STAI, one HAM-A and one DASS study-a total of nine.

  • Fail-safe N significance direction is reversed

    Minor

    The methods say the missing studies would reduce the p-value below .05, whereas the results say they would increase it above .05.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Janssen A, 2013, Patient and Spouse Perceptions of Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease: Implications for Distress, Quality of Life and Relationship Satisfaction [Thesis]
  2. Shaji KS, 2009, Indian J Psychiatry, 51, 5
  3. Borenstein M, 2013, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3
  4. Cuijpers P, 2016, Meta-Analyses in Mental Health Research. A Practical Guide
  5. Ostojić D, 2014, Acta Clin Croat, 53, 17
  6. Naing L, 2006, Arch Orofacial Sci, 1, 9
  7. Collins R, 2018, Ageing Soc

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Kaddour, L., & Kishita, N.
Affiliations
University of East Anglia (GB)
Corresponding author
Kishita, Naoko
ORCID
Kishita, Naoko
Venue
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2019-08-13
Volume
33
Issue
3
Pages
161-172
ISSN
  • 0891-9887 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-5708
DOI
10.1177/0891988719868313
OpenAlex
W2953088482
Semantic Scholar
6b58bac38b9d1edcdd6c54c35d1d5f831fc41a5b
Cited by
98
References
61
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2
FWCI
1.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Keywords
anxiety, informal caregivers, dementia, prevalence, caregiver burden, caregiver depression, family caregivers
MeSH terms
Anxiety, Dementia, Depression, Humans, Quality of Life, Prevalence, Caregivers

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