Cited by 186Genetics and Neurodevelopmental DisordersGenetic Neurodegenerative DiseasesDown syndrome and intellectual disability research

Fragile X spectrum disorders

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Lozano, Reymundo, Rosero, Carolina Alba, Hagerman, Randi J·2014·Intractable & Rare Diseases Research

Abstract

The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1), which codes for the fragile X mental retardation 1 protein (FMRP), is located at Xp27.3. The normal allele of the FMR1 gene typically has 5 to 40 CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region; abnormal alleles of dynamic mutations include the full mutation (> 200 CGG repeats), premutation (55-200 CGG repeats) and the gray zone mutation (45-54 CGG repeats). Premutation carriers are common in the general population with approximately 1 in 130-250 females and 1 in 250-810 males, whereas the full mutation and Fragile X syndrome (FXS) occur in approximately 1 in 4000 to 1 in 7000. FMR1 mutations account for a variety of phenotypes including the most common monogenetic cause of inherited intellectual disability (ID) and autism (FXS), the most common genetic form of ovarian failure, the fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI, premutation); and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS, premutation). The premutation can also cause developmental problems including ASD and ADHD especially in boys and psychopathology including anxiety and depression in children and adults. Some premutation carriers can have a deficit of FMRP and some unmethylated full mutation individuals can have elevated FMR1 mRNA that is considered a premutation problem. Therefore the term "Fragile X Spectrum Disorder" (FXSD) should be used to include the wide range of overlapping phenotypes observed in affected individuals with FMR1 mutations. In this review we focus on the phenotypes and genotypes of children with FXSD.

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  1. Gatto CL, Broadie K. Genetic controls balancing e x c i t a t o r y a n d i n h i b i t o r y s y n a p t o e n e s i s i n neurodevelopmental disorder models. Front Synaptic Neurosci. 2010; 2:4.

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Authors
Lozano, R., Rosero, C. A., & Hagerman, R. J.
Affiliations
  • University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
  • Instituto Colombiano del Sistema Nervioso - Clínica Montserrat (CO)
Venue
Intractable & Rare Diseases Research
Published
2014
Volume
3
Issue
4
Pages
134-146
ISSN
  • 2186-361X (ISSN-L)
  • 2186-3644
OpenAlex
W2028943546
Cited by
186
References
160
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 9
FWCI
2.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Intractable & Rare Diseases Research (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute on Aging (P30AG043097, HD036071)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD036071)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Keywords
fragile X syndrome, FMR1 gene, FMRP, CGG repeat expansion, premutation, full mutation, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, FMR1 mRNA, genotype-phenotype correlation, children

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