Cited by 751COVID-19 and Mental HealthSleep and related disordersObstructive Sleep Apnea Research

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Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Jahrami, Haitham, BaHammam, Ahmed S., Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Saif, Zahra, Faris, MoezAlIslam, Vitiello, Michael V.·2021·Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

DOI 10.5664/jcsm.8930PMC PMC7853219

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Abstract

Study objectives No systematic review or meta-analysis has yet been conducted to examine the impact of the pandemic on the prevalence of sleep problems among the general population, health care workers, or patients with COVID-19. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to assess the impact and prevalence of sleep problems among those categories.Methods American Psychological Association PsycINFO, Cochrane, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCOhost, EMBASE, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, ProQuest Medical, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science from November 1, 2019 to July 5, 2020 were used. Additionally, 5 preprints servers (medRxiv.org; preprints.org; psyarxiv.com; arXiv.org; biorxiv.org) were also searched for papers accepted after peer review but not yet published and indexed. There was no language restriction. The random-effect models meta-analysis model was used with the DerSimonian and Laird methodology.Results Forty-four papers, involving a total of 54,231 participants from 13 countries, were judged relevant and contributed to the systematic review and meta-analysis of sleep problems during COVID-19. The global pooled prevalence rate of sleep problems among all populations was 35.7% (95% confidence interval, 29.4-42.4%). Patients with COVID-19 appeared to be the most affected group, with a pooled rate of 74.8% (95% confidence interval, 28.7-95.6%). Health care workers and the general population had comparative rates of sleep problems, with rates of 36.0% (95% confidence interval, 21.1-54.2%) and 32.3% (95% confidence interval, 25.3-40.2%), respectively.Conclusions The prevalence of sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic is high and affects approximately 40% of people from the general and health care populations. Patients with active COVID-19 appeared to have a higher prevalence rates of sleep problems.

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Retirement Center Worker Sleep Health Assessment During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hittle, B. M., Norrell, R. M., Omololu, S. O., & Ulrich, M. G. (2022) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/21650799211054863 · Cited by 3
COVID-19 and Mental Health: What do Current Research Show Us
Gürcan, G., Korkmaz, Ş. A., Bıçakcı, Ş., & Gürcan, A. (2022) · Eskisehir Medical Journal Eskisehir City Hospital · doi:10.48176/esmj.2022.57 · Cited by 1
Prevalence of physical and verbal violence against physicians and nurses in primary health care centres, Buraidah, Qassim province
Almutairi, M. R., & Jahan, S. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525038 · Cited by 2
COVID-related stress and substance use: examining the role of sleep disturbance
Vujanovic, A. A., Kauffman, B. Y., Zegel, M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2022) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2022.2079557 · Cited by 2
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, sleep disturbances have been well-documented across numerous populations (Jahrami et al., 2021; Marelli et al., 2021).”
Background
COVID-19’UN POSTMENOPOZAL KADINLARDA UYKU DURUMU ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ
Nacar, G., TÜRKMEN, S., SİNEN, R., & Taşhan, Ş. T. (2022) · Karya Journal of Health Science · doi:10.52831/kjhs.1084443 · Cited by 2
Sleepless Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Insomnia Symptoms among Professionally Active Romanians during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ionescu, T. C., Fetecau, B. I., Zaharia, S., Mînecan, E.-M., & Tudose, C. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15021191 · Cited by 4
Interplay of environmental and clinical factors in psychiatric disorders
Serretti, A. (2023) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000471 · Cited by 2
Impacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Sleep Pattern
Rabiei, S., & Nazari, M. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2022.01557 · Cited by 2
Equivalent Improvements in Sleep Duration and Sleep Quality Regardless of Program Delivery Modality: The SLeep Education for Everyone Program (SLEEP)
Contreras, D. A., Williams, E., & Tucker, R. M. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep5020018 · Cited by 4
“Further, several studies reported the pandemic was detrimental to sleep in multiple countries [6–9], with approximately 40% of the individuals surveyed across 13 countries reporting sleep issues [9].”
Background
Impact of COVID-19 Mobility Restrictions on Sleep and Well-Being
Massar, S. A. A., Ong, J. L., & Chee, M. W. L. (2023) · Progress in Sleep Research · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0240-8_8 · Cited by 2
Sleep Disturbances Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sakkas, N., & Pappa, S. (2023) · Progress in Sleep Research · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0240-8_5 · Cited by 2
Routine Disruption Predicts Stress During the 2020 COVID-19 Lockdowns in the U.S.
Ayers, L. W., Cooper, L. D., & Mayer, V. (2023) · JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH · doi:10.24297/jssr.v19i.9428 · Cited by 2
Program to Support Child Sleep from the Occupational Therapy Perspective during the COVID-19 pandemic
Leive, L., Melfi, D., Lipovetzky, J., Cukier, S., Abelenda, J., & Rodolfo Morrison, J. (2023) · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria · doi:10.5546/aap.2023-03029.eng · Cited by 2
Programa de Acompañamiento del Sueño en la Infancia con Terapia Ocupacional durante la pandemia por COVID-19
(2023) · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria · doi:10.5546/aap.2023-03029 · Cited by 2
Sleep disorders after COVID-19 in Czech population: Post-lockdown national online survey
Dvořáková, T., Měrková, R., & Bušková, J. (2023) · Sleep Medicine X · doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2023.100087 · Cited by 2
Potentially traumatic pandemic stressors and anxiety‐related sleep disturbance among Latinx persons
Buitron, V., Mayorga, N. A., Vujanovic, A. A., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22976 · Cited by 2
Working from home is associated with changes in sleep hygiene practice
Hrehová, L., Bušková, J., Seifert, B., & Mezian, K. (2023) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-230074 · Cited by 2
“%) in the same period, during the COVID-19 pandemic [25].”
Revenge Bedtime Procrastination: A Self-Love Phenomenon or Revenge Against Yourself?
Alqo'idah, W., Nabila, T. Z., Ar-raza, M. F., & Supradewi, R. (2023) · Jurnal Psikologi Perseptual · doi:10.24176/perseptual.v8i2.10229 · Cited by 2
Association of COVID-19 preventive behavior and job-related stress with the sleep quality of healthcare workers one year into the COVID-19 outbreak: a Japanese cross-sectional survey
Izuhara, M., Matsui, K., Okubo, R., Yoshiike, T., Nagao, K., Kawamura, A., Tsuru, A., Utsumi, T., Hazumi, M., Sasaki, Y., et al. (2024) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-024-00304-w · Cited by 2
“Various studies have consistently reported the increased prevalence of disrupted sleep, especially among healthcare workers (HCWs) during the pandemic [3, 4].”
Background
Comparison of sleep quality, diet quality, and weight change between COVID‐19‐recovered patients and healthy controls: A matched case‐control study
Muzaffar, F. A. S., & Tan, S. T. (2024) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.70042 · Cited by 2
Quality of sleep after COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional study in the Southern Italy
Sansone, V., Angelillo, S., Paduano, G., Pileggi, C., Nobile, C. G. A., & Giuseppe, G. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1428423 · Cited by 2
Insufficient Sleep Syndrome in Childhood
Miike, T. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12010019 · Cited by 2
“Compared with several decades ago, people’s sleep start times have become significantly later in recent years, and it has been reported that more people are staying up late, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic [59–61].”
Does fear of death mediate the link between intolerance of uncertainty and sleep quality? Insights from earthquake survivors in containers
Bulut, M. B., & Kaygas, Y. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251321774 · Cited by 2
“Studies (e.g., Beck et al., 2021; Jahrami et al., 2021) have elucidated a decline in sleep quality and a heightened incidence of sleep disorders amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.”
Parallel mediating effects of anxiety and depression on the relationship between sleep quality and fear of progression in individuals recovering from COVID-19
Chen, F., Jia, R., Wang, Q., Li, M., Su, H., Lan, M., & Zheng, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1528189 · Cited by 3
Sleep duration and quality trajectories during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic: a Canadian nationally representative study
Levasseur, A., Pelletier‐Dumas, M., Lacourse, É., Lina, J., Simonelli, G., & de la Sablonnière, R. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22617-3 · Cited by 2
“…39–41], being isolated or quarantined [42, 19, 33, 38, 43], being exposed to a high COVID-19 threat [40, 44], working in healthcare [39, 40, 45], being concerned with COVID-19 [30, 33, 34, 46], being diagnosed with COVID-19 [40, 43, 47], and experiencing financial difficulties [19, 33, 39, 40].”
Deterioration of sleep and mental health in individuals with insomnia during South Africa’s COVID-19 lockdown
Bentley, A., Roden, L. C., Davy, J., Iacovides, S., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Scheuermaier, K. D., Lewis, R., Lipinska, G., Roche, J., Christie, C. J.-A., et al. (2025) · South African Journal of Science · doi:10.17159/sajs.2025/16682 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Quarantine on Pain Sensation among the General Population in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sun, J., Zheng, Y., Liu, L., Li, S., Zhao, Y., Zhu, X.-M., Que, J., Li, M., Liu, W.-J., Yuan, K., et al. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12010079 · Cited by 2
“No social obligations and the lack of communication during quarantines did not result in more sleep; conversely, most people actually experienced worse quality sleep due to their damaged sleep schedules, stress and anxiety [39].”
Background
A Survey of Living Conditions and Psychological Distress in Japanese University Freshmen during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Iio, Y., Mori, Y., Aoyama, Y., Kozai, H., Tanaka, M., Aoike, M., Kawamura, H., Seguchi, M., Tsurudome, M., & Ito, M. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11010094 · Cited by 3
Advances in research on sleep disorders promoting the deterioration of novel coronaviruses
Li, H. (2023) · Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.54097/hset.v36i.6203 · Cited by 2
Psychological and sleep-related factors among quarantined Omani students returning from abroad
Mukhaini, A. A., Al‐Huseini, S., Al-Kaabi, S., Chan, M. F., Balushi, R. A., Ganguly, S. S., Al‐Adawi, S., & Anwar, H. (2021) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2021.1922826 · Cited by 2
“Despite a plethora of studies focusing on insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic (Cénat et al., 2020; Jahrami et al. 2021). few studies have been conduction in the Arabian Gulf countries among individuals who have undergone institutional isolation including lockdown, quarantine and/or have…”
Background
Insomnia in COVID-19 Survivors: A Cross Sectional Study Among Healthcare Workers
Uvais, N. A., Moideen, S., Hafi, B. N., Rajagopal, S., Maheshwari, V., & Gafoor, T. A. (2021) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2021.0016 · Cited by 2
Identification Performance During Quarantine by COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Emotional Variables and Sleep Quality
Benítez, F. A. U., León, C. S., Bonilla, M., Flores-Kanter, P. E., & Forcato, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691583 · Cited by 1
Sleep Disorders in Patients After COVID-19
Akhmetyanov, M. A., Рейхерт, Л. И., Kicherova, O. A., Deeva, M. V., & Makarova, D. V. (2021) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2021121121119 · Cited by 2
“[8] established that sleep disorders during the pandemic were found in 35.”
Background
Psychiatric and neurological aspects of sleep disturbance after coronavirus infection (COVID-19)
Spektor, E. D., & Poluektov, M. G. (2022) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-2-70-75 · Cited by 2
Management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections with focus on patients with chronic lung diseases (as of 10 January 2022)
Olschewski, H., Eber, E., Bucher, B., Hackner, K., Handzhiev, S., Höetzenecker, K., Idzko, M., Klepetko, W., Kovács, G., Lamprecht, B., et al. (2022) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-022-02018-x · Cited by 2
Knowledge of Amblyopia among Primary Health Care Physicians and Family Medicine Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia
Aldekhail, N. D., & Sulaiman, A. A. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525022 · Cited by 3
Clinical Aspects of Breast Cancer
Karrar, H. R., Nouh, M. I., Alanazi, B. M., Hakami, A. O. A., Alzahrani, W. J. S., Aldoweirah, W. K., Alanazi, W. S., Alshammari, N. E., Alanazi, B. M., Alharbi, R. A., et al. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525148 · Cited by 2
Patient Awareness about the indications for and complications of sleeve gastrectomy in the western region of Saudi Arabia
Alzahrani, K. M., Faydh, J. A., Althuwaybi, S. E., Dakhil, S. S. F., Althobaiti, F. D. A., & Althagafi, B. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525132 · Cited by 2
Lessons for sleep medicine learned from the COVID-19 pandemic
Grote, L. (2022) · Breathe · doi:10.1183/20734735.0146-2022 · Cited by 2
Insomnia Severity Mediates the Association between COVID-19 Related Anxiety and Increase in Tobacco Smoking During the COVID-19 Pandemic among Adults
Cohen, A., Szepsenwol, O., & Haimov, I. (2022) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2022.2147934 · Cited by 2
“, 2014; Fluharty et al., 2017; Jahrami et al., 2021).”
A nationwide cross-sectional study to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lifestyle and manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome among clinically diagnosed polycystic ovarian syndrome cases aged 15-49 years
Shah, S. M., Mohanty, S., Kaduluri, C. S., Bhatt, G. S., Ninama, P. G., & Bapat, N. K. (2022) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20223551 · Cited by 2
Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Individuals with Eating Disorders in Saudi Arabia: A Thematic Analysis
Jawed, A., Lim, M., Harrison, A., Esposito, G., Adusumilli, N., & Dimitriou, D. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13010069 · Cited by 2
“Generally, it was agreed by all that sleep quality had suffered during the pandemic, supporting a large meta-analysis that found up to 40% of the general population experiencing sleep issues during COVID-19 [31].”
Sleep quality and associated factors in the context of COVID-19, among prehospital emergency personnel, in North-Eastern Greece.
Arvaniti, A., Steiropoulos, P., Panousis, C., Kalamara, E., Samakouri, M. A., Constantinidis, T. C., & Nena, E. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2
The effects of COVID-19 on sleep and general health of Czech patients with epilepsy
Slonková, J., Chudy, M., Togtokhjargal, A., Tomášková, H., Vacovská, H., Rytířová, G., & Doležalová, I. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13413 · Cited by 2
“Patients with COVID-19 illness also appeared to have higher prevalence rates of sleep problems [12].”
Background
Sleep and Circadian Rhythm in Post-COVID-19 Patients
Mahmud, R. (2023) · Progress in Sleep Research · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0240-8_12 · Cited by 2
Sleep quality and in-person versus online social interaction during the early COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: Impact on affect and interpersonal needs among young adults
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“Sleep disturbances, including insomnia and poor sleep quality, have been repeatedly found to impact emotional well-being, including risk for STBs, and preliminary evidence suggests there were high levels of sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic (Breslau et al., 1996; Fernandes et al., 2021; Jahrami et al., 2…”
Background
How can sleep disorders affect our reaction towards external stressors: a lesson from the COVID-19 outbreak
Castelletti, G., Misirocchi, F., Zilioli, A., Salvatelli, M. L., Rausa, F., Pizzarotti, S., Zinno, L., Florindo, I., Pedrazzi, G., Parrino, L., et al. (2023) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-023-06938-y · Cited by 2
“…pandemia: according to a recently published meta-analysis, the current global pooled prevalence rate of sleep disturbances is around 35.7% and rising up to 74.8% among COVID-19 survivors [4], with Italy and France presenting the highest prevalence rate (around 55% and 50.8%, respectively) [4, 5].”
Influential
Associação entre a capacidade funcional, transtorno do sono e nível de atividade física em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson durante o período de pandemia de covid-19: um estudo transversal
de Alencar, M. S., Lima, D. P., Gomes, V. C., Júnior, A. B. V., Braga‐Neto, P., & Lima, L. A. O. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/1981-22562023026.220167.pt · Cited by 2

Authors: Jahrami, H., BaHammam, A. S., Bragazzi, N. L., Saif, Z., Faris, M., & Vitiello, M. V.
Affiliations: Ministry of Health (BH)
King Saud University (SA)
York University (CA)
University of Sharjah (AE)
University of Washington (US)
ORCID: Jahrami, Haitham
BaHammam, Ahmed S.
Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi
Saif, Zahra
Faris, MoezAlIslam
Vitiello, Michael V.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-02
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 299-313
ISSN: 1550-9389 (ISSN-L)
1550-9397
DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8930
PMC: PMC7853219
OpenAlex: W3097605919
Cited by: 751
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 180 · 2022: 268 · 2021: 124
FWCI: 11.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Keywords: sleep disorders, COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers, COVID-19 patients, general population
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Quarantine, Sleep Wake Disorders, Pandemics

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Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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