Cited by 751COVID-19 and Mental HealthSleep and related disordersObstructive Sleep Apnea Research

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Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Jahrami, Haitham, BaHammam, Ahmed S., Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Saif, Zahra, Faris, MoezAlIslam, Vitiello, Michael V.·2021·Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

DOI 10.5664/jcsm.8930PMC PMC7853219

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Abstract

Study objectives No systematic review or meta-analysis has yet been conducted to examine the impact of the pandemic on the prevalence of sleep problems among the general population, health care workers, or patients with COVID-19. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to assess the impact and prevalence of sleep problems among those categories.Methods American Psychological Association PsycINFO, Cochrane, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCOhost, EMBASE, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, ProQuest Medical, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science from November 1, 2019 to July 5, 2020 were used. Additionally, 5 preprints servers (medRxiv.org; preprints.org; psyarxiv.com; arXiv.org; biorxiv.org) were also searched for papers accepted after peer review but not yet published and indexed. There was no language restriction. The random-effect models meta-analysis model was used with the DerSimonian and Laird methodology.Results Forty-four papers, involving a total of 54,231 participants from 13 countries, were judged relevant and contributed to the systematic review and meta-analysis of sleep problems during COVID-19. The global pooled prevalence rate of sleep problems among all populations was 35.7% (95% confidence interval, 29.4-42.4%). Patients with COVID-19 appeared to be the most affected group, with a pooled rate of 74.8% (95% confidence interval, 28.7-95.6%). Health care workers and the general population had comparative rates of sleep problems, with rates of 36.0% (95% confidence interval, 21.1-54.2%) and 32.3% (95% confidence interval, 25.3-40.2%), respectively.Conclusions The prevalence of sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic is high and affects approximately 40% of people from the general and health care populations. Patients with active COVID-19 appeared to have a higher prevalence rates of sleep problems.

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Zhang, X. L., Wang, W., & Xiao, Y. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s292373 · Cited by 11
Day-to-day associations between nightly sleep and next-day well-being amid the COVID-19 pandemic in North America
Wen, J., Klaiber, P., DeLongis, A., Slavish, D. C., & Sin, N. L. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.09.007 · Cited by 14
Sleep quality and mental health in coronavirus disease 2019 patients and general population during the pandemic
ALSHUMRANI, R. A., Qanash, S. A., Aldobyany, A., Alhejaili, F. F., AlQassas, I., Shabrawishi, M., Al-Nashiwaty, O., Badghaish, M., Adnan, M., Afeef, A. B., et al. (2022) · Annals of Thoracic Medicine · doi:10.4103/atm.atm_191_21 · Cited by 12
“6%).[12] They also concluded that the prevalence of sleep problems among the general population, comprising a total of 54,231 participants from 13 countries, was 32.”
BackgroundInfluential
COVID-19 hardships and self-reported sleep quality among American adults in March and April 2020: Results from a nationally representative panel study
Cobb, R. J., Sheehan, C. M., Nguyen, A. W., & Johnson, D. A. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.01.001 · Cited by 11
“First, most research regarding the association between COVID-19-related outcomes and sleep has addressed the unique challenges of data collection during the COVID-19 outbreak by utilizing surveys from a range of sources and/or by focusing on specific segments of certain populations.(22) In contrast, the present study…”
Result
Sleep quality and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea
Spicuzza, L., Mancuso, S., Campisi, R., & Vancheri, C. (2022) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-022-00454-x · Cited by 11
“During this period approximately one third of previously good sleepers complained the occurrence of sleep disturbance across all continents [2, 3].”
Background
Sleep Disorder During the Third Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic among Malaysian AdultsPreprint
Marzo, R. R., Shekhawat, K. S., Chauhan, S., Patel, R., Kyaw, T. M., Amran, B. B., bin Mat, M. A. I., Rajendiran, V. A. P., Noor, M. A. B. M., Acharya, S., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-596311/v1 · Cited by 11
“One of the facets highly affected by the coronavirus pandemic was sleep [22] and studies noted that adversities and worries during coronavirus were associated with poor sleep quality [23] and have also identi ed several risk factors for poor sleep quality during the coronavirus pandemic [24].”
Background
Sleep, Dreams, and Nightmares During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kennedy, K. E. R., & Grandner, M. A. (2021) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171211055312 · Cited by 11
“when contracting COVID-19,(10) and those diagnosed with COVID-19 have reported many sleep complaints.(11)”
Background
Beyond stress: altered sleep-wake patterns are a key behavioral risk factor for acute insomnia during times of crisis
Meaklim, H., Junge, M. F., Varma, P., Finck, W. A., & Jackson, M. L. (2023) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2022.2074996 · Cited by 9
“…COVID-19 pandemic, a time of major crisis, the prevalence of sleep disturbances increased to approximately 40%, compared to pre-pandemic estimates of 25–30% (Bartlett et al., 2008; Gureje et al., 2011; Jahrami et al., 2021; LeBlanc et al., 2009; Morin et al., 2006, 2021; Perlis et al., 2020).”
Background
Cognitive fitness modulates gender differences in sleep and mental health among competitive athletes under chronic stress
Mascaro, L., Drummond, S. P. A., Leota, J., Boardman, J. M., Hoffman, D., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Aidman, E., & Facer-Childs, E. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1118822 · Cited by 10
“In the general population, about one in three individuals experienced poor sleep or mental health during the pandemic (Jahrami et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021).”
Background
Association of Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate with Sleep-Related Problems in a General Population
Lin, G., Luo, J., Zhang, L., Kang, X., & Zhang, D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14173516 · Cited by 10
“However, millions of people around the world suffer from sleep-related problems, especially with the COVID-19 pandemic bringing many new challenges to sleep problems [6,7].”
Background
Generalized stress and sleep hygiene explain the relationship between sexual/gender identity and sleep quality
Campbell, J., Hokett, E., & Duarte, A. (2023) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2023.2204825 · Cited by 10
“Emerging research shows that people have experienced increased sleep problems during the pandemic and associated these problems with increased psychological distress (Alimoradi et al., 2021; Jahrami et al., 2021).”
Background
Assessment of sleep patterns in dementia and general population cohorts using passive in-home monitoring technologies
Rigny, L., Fletcher‐Lloyd, N., Capstick, A., Nilforooshan, R., & Barnaghi, P. M. (2024) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-024-00646-0 · Cited by 12
“65,68 – 70 .”
Associations of sleep quality with war-related anxiety, childhood stressors, and war-related stressors in a sample of adult Israeli civilians during the Hamas-Israel war
Cohen, A., Haimov, I., & Szepsenwol, O. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.11.003 · Cited by 10
SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with increased odds of insomnia, RLS and dream enactment behavior
Kumar, N., Goyal, A., Hussain, A., Saini, L. K., Chawla, O., Arora, P. K., Daga, R., Tikka, S. K., Goyal, S., Kanchan, S., et al. (2022) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_586_21 · Cited by 10
“[2] 6] A previous study from our group showed that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with changes in circadian timing of sleep; however, prevalence of poor sleep quality remained unchanged.”
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality in healthcare workers in Turkey
Erdoğan, A., Tunçel, D., Öksüz, A. N., Şahin, A. R., & Koçyiğit, B. F. (2022) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-022-00489-3 · Cited by 10
“Moreover, inadequate and poor sleep affects the immune system and mental health, impairs the immune response, facilitates the spread of infectious diseases, and worsens mental health and quality of life [1, 11, 14].”
Background
COVID-19-Related News Consumption Linked with Stress and Worry, but Not Sleep Quality, Early in the Pandemic
Ladis, I., Gao, C., & Scullin, M. K. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2141281 · Cited by 12
“For instance, a recent meta-analysis showed that COVID-19 patients experience more sleep problems than both the general population and health care workers (Jahrami et al., 2021).”
Background
Sleep Patterns and Sleep Alignment in Remote Teams during COVID-19
Breideband, T., Martinez, G. J., Sukumar, P. T., Caruso, M., D’Mello, S. K., Striegel, A., & Mark, G. J. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555217 · Cited by 10
Age-Based Differences in Sleep Quality, Pre-Sleep Arousal, and Psychosocial Factors during the Second Wave Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Georgia—A Higher Vulnerability of Younger People
Tsaava, M., Oniani, N., Eliozishvili, M., Sakhelashvili, I., Tkemaladze, N., Aladashvili, T., Basishvili, T., & Darchia, N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316221 · Cited by 11
“Therefore, the study findings, in line with other studies, are suggestive of a higher vulnerability of younger individuals’ sleep quality to adverse consequences of the pandemic-related lockdowns [1,7,16,19].”
BackgroundResult
Biofeedback as an Adjunct or Alternative Intervention to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Kremer, S., & Blue, T. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.10.003 · Cited by 11
Time Spent Outdoors and Associations with Sleep, Optimism, Happiness and Health before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Austria
Schamilow, S., Santonja, I., Weitzer, J., Strohmaier, S., Klösch, G., Seidel, S., Schernhammer, E. S., & Papantoniou, K. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep5030027 · Cited by 15
People with dyssomnia showed increased vulnerability to CoVID-19 pandemic: a questionnaire-based study exploring the patterns and predictors of sleep quality using the latent class analysis technique in Indian population
Radhakrishnan, A., Govindaraj, R., Sasidharan, A., Ravindra, P. N., Yadav, R., & Kutty, B. M. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.041 · Cited by 10
“7%); with CoVID-19 patients being the most affected group [18].”
Background
Efficacy, Safety, and Drug–Drug Interactions for Insomnia Therapy in COVID-19 Patients
Saputra, B. D., Levita, J., & Mustarichie, R. (2022) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s337053 · Cited by 10
“8%, followed by an increase in the use of sleeping pills.(6,7) Anti-insomnia drugs such as hypnotics, sedatives, and anxiolytics are the easiest option to treat insomnia.”
Background
COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Sleep and Mental Health Disparities among Students at a Hispanic and Minority-Serving Institution
Becerra, M. B., Gumasana, R. J., Mitchell, J. A., Truong, J. B., & Becerra, B. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116900 · Cited by 10
“[17] noted a nearly 36% global pooled prevalence of reporting sleep problems, with the highest rate found among those with COVID-19.”
Result
How Has COVID-19 Affected Mental Health and Lifestyle Behaviors after 2 Years? The Third Step of a Longitudinal Study of Italian Citizens
Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Colasanti, M., Cardinale, A., Bosco, F., Biondi, S., Tambelli, R., Di Domenico, A., Verrocchio, M. C., & Roma, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010759 · Cited by 9
“In fact, one of the most consistent results was a negative effect on the quality of sleep [16–18]; indeed, a meta-analysis [19] on sleep problems during the COVID-19 outbreak indicated that approximately 40% of the general and healthcare populations were affected.”
Result
The relationship between COVID-19 stress and test anxiety in art students: the chain mediating roles of intolerance of uncertainty and sleep quality
Liu, R. F., Qiu, Q., & Ye, B. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18684-7 · Cited by 12
Mapping of the network connection between sleep quality symptoms, depression, generalized anxiety, and burnout in the general population of Peru and El Salvador
Yupanqui-Lorenzo, D. E., Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Baños-Chaparro, J., Arauco-Lozada, T., Palao-Loayza, L., Lobos-Rivera, M. E., Barrios, I., & Torales, J. C. (2024) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-024-00312-3 · Cited by 9
Gender inequality and cultural values in explaining gender differences in positive and negative emotions: A comparison of 24 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic
Wollast, R., Lueders, A., Nugier, A., Guimond, S., Phillips, J. B., Sutton, R. M., Douglas, K. M., Sengupta, N. K., Lemay, E. P., Zand, S., et al. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06989-0 · Cited by 10
“…symptoms (Ettman et al., 2020; Salari et al., 2020), increased loneliness (Buecker & Horstmann, 2021; Ernst et al., 2022), increased anxiety symptoms (Sal-ari et al., 2020), heightened general negative emotionality (Jahrami et al., 2021), and reduced sleep quality (Oliveira Carvalho et al., 2021).”
Mental Disorders and Level of Resilience in Eight High-Altitude Cities of Peru during the Second Pandemic Wave: A Multicenter Population-Based Study
Zila-Velasque, J. P., Grados‐Espinoza, P., Coba-Villan, N., Quispe, J., Taipe-Guilln, Y. F., Pacheco, E., Ccasa-Valero, L., Failoc‐Rojas, V. E., Díaz-Vélez, C., & Valladares-Garrido, M. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010519 · Cited by 10
Fatigue in Post-Acute Sequelae of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Abbott, Z., Summers, W., & Niehaus, W. (2023) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2023.04.006 · Cited by 9
Within-person relationships of sleep duration with next-day stress and affect in the daily life of adults with Type-1 diabetes
Jin, H., Gonzalez, J. S., Pyatak, E. A., Schneider, S., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Hernandez, R., Lee, P.-J., & Spruijt‐Metz, D. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111442 · Cited by 9
Examining the impact of employment status on sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic in two low-income neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, PA
Baird, M., Dubowitz, T., Cantor, J. H., & Troxel, W. (2022) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab303 · Cited by 11
“Increased risk and incidence of these events may also negatively impact sleep quality.(18,40)”
BackgroundInfluential
Sleep Quality Among Informal Caregivers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Greaney, M. L., Kunicki, Z. J., Drohan, M. M., Nash, C. C., & Cohen, S. A. (2022) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/23337214211057387 · Cited by 11
“Some research indicates it is associated with increased sleep problems (Jahrami et al., 2021) and reduced sleep quality (Casagrande et al.”
Background
Young people and adolescents have more irregular meals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nested case-control study on chrono-nutrition before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Saals, B. A. D. F., Boss, H. M., & Pot, G. K. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2054347 · Cited by 14
“(Jahrami et al. 2021).”
The Relationship between Acceptance and Sleep–Wake Quality before, during, and after the First Italian COVID-19 Lockdown
Fabbri, M., Simione, L., Martoni, M., & Mirolli, M. (2022) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep4010016 · Cited by 9
“Interestingly, it has been reported that the spread of the coronavirus disease in 2019 (known as COVID-19) showed wide-ranging disruptions to personal schedules, psychological health, and sleep, throughout the world [3,4].”
Background
Loneliness patterns and sleep problems after the initial outbreak of COVID-19: Findings from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)
Shiovitz‐Ezra, S., & Erlich, B. (2022) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2022.2067960 · Cited by 9
“A metaanalysis and systematic review (Jahrami et al., 2021) of sleep problems during the pandemic that included 44 studies of 54,231 participants from 13 countries, found a global pooled sleep problem prevalence rate of 35.7%.”
BackgroundInfluential
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on mental health among the general population in Poland and on the availability of psychological support
Paczkowska, A., Nowakowska, E., Michalska, J., Ficner, H., Tyrchniewicz, J., Szymański, A., Wańkowicz, K., Namyślak, K., Gala, A., Michalak, S. S., et al. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2061719 · Cited by 9
“Moreover, patients with COVID-19 appeared to be the most affected group, with a pooled rate of 74.8% (Jahrami et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluential
Parental burnout and sleep problems in Iranian mothers of primary school‐aged children: Exploring the mediation effect of emotional schemas
Kalantar‐Hormozi, B., Khosravi, Z., & Sabzi, N. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2688 · Cited by 11
Prevalence of anxiety, depressive and insomnia symptoms among the different groups of people during COVID-19 pandemic: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Zou, Q., Tang, Y., Jiang, C., Lin, P., Tian, J., & Sun, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1024668 · Cited by 10
“, anxiety and depression), which suggests that sleep specialists treating this suggests that sleep specialists should consider psychiatric co-morbidities when treating sleep problems, and vice versa (Jahrami et al., 2021).”
Background
National trends in prevalence of sadness, counseling for sadness, and sleep time among Koreans amid pandemic, 2009–2021: A nationwide representative study of over 2.8 million individuals
Choi, J., Kim, M., Lee, S. W., Rhee, S. Y., Yang, H., Kim, H. J., Kwon, R., Koyanagi, A., Smith, L., Kim, M. S., et al. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103695 · Cited by 9
Associations between Social Media Use and Sleep Quality in China: Exploring the Mediating Role of Social Media Addiction
Ye, Y., Wang, H., Ye, L., & Gao, H. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2024.049606 · Cited by 10
“However, research indicates that sleep problems were widespread during the COVID-19 pandemic [6,7], affecting about 40% of the general population and healthcare workers, with an even higher incidence rate among COVID-19 patients [8].”
Tracking Happiness in Times of COVID-19: A Bibliometric Exploration
Jigani, A.-I., Delcea, C., Florescu, M., & Cotfas, L. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16124918 · Cited by 8
“Subsequent investigations have revealed that such restrictions have been associated with adverse psychological effects, including anxiety and depression [28–32], sleep disturbances [33–37], and alterations in physical activity levels [36,38,39].”
Background
Lifetime prevalence and characteristics of sleep paralysis in Italian university students population
Colombo, C., & Cellini, N. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.08.013 · Cited by 8
Promoting sustained access to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in Australia: a system-level implementation program
Sweetman, A., McEvoy, R. D., Frommer, M. S., Adams, R., Chai‐Coetzer, C. L., Newell, S., Moxham-Hall, V. L., & Redman, S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11374 · Cited by 8
“52 In this environment, stakeholders were willing to prioritize the management of insomnia, and participate in the Stakeholder Advisory Committee.”
Examining the role of the occupational safety and health professional in supporting the control of the risks of multiple psychosocial stressors generated during the COVID-19 pandemic
Gold, D., Sharman, A., & Thomas, D. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01079-7 · Cited by 11
“Here are a few examples from the literature: ● Stress: Lakhan et al. (2020); Pandey et al. (2020); Serafini et al. (2020); Han et al. (2020) ● Violence: Devi (2020); Han et al. (2020) ● Addictions: Jemberie et al. (2020); Han et al. (2020); Kirzinger et al. (2020) ● Lack of exercise: Kaur et al. (2020) ● Inadequate nu…”
Influential
Associations Between Childhood Stressors, COVID-19-Related Anxiety, and Sleep Quality of Adults During the Third Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel
Haimov, I., Szepsenwol, O., & Cohen, A. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s378271 · Cited by 8
Changes in contamination-related obsessions and compulsions during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Norwegian longitudinal study
Grøtte, T., Hagen, K., Eid, J., Kvale, G., Hellard, S. L., & Solem, S. (2022) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2022.100758 · Cited by 9
Temporal changes in health-related lifestyle during the COVID-19 epidemic in Finland – a series of cross-sectional surveys
Jääskeläinen, T., Härkänen, T., Haario, P., Isosaari, E., & Lundqvist, A. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14574-y · Cited by 8
Factors that protect against poor sleep quality in an adult lifespan sample of non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adults during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study
Hokett, E., Arunmozhi, A., Campbell, J., & Duarte, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.949364 · Cited by 8
“Sleep problems during COVID-19 have been reviewed (Alimoradi et al., 2021; Jahrami et al., 2021).”
Background

Authors: Jahrami, H., BaHammam, A. S., Bragazzi, N. L., Saif, Z., Faris, M., & Vitiello, M. V.
Affiliations: Ministry of Health (BH)
King Saud University (SA)
York University (CA)
University of Sharjah (AE)
University of Washington (US)
ORCID: Jahrami, Haitham
BaHammam, Ahmed S.
Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi
Saif, Zahra
Faris, MoezAlIslam
Vitiello, Michael V.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-02
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 299-313
ISSN: 1550-9389 (ISSN-L)
1550-9397
DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8930
PMC: PMC7853219
OpenAlex: W3097605919
Cited by: 751
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 180 · 2022: 268 · 2021: 124
FWCI: 11.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Keywords: sleep disorders, COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers, COVID-19 patients, general population
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Quarantine, Sleep Wake Disorders, Pandemics

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Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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