Cited by 2,172Sleep and related disordersObstructive Sleep Apnea ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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The Consensus Sleep Diary: Standardizing Prospective Sleep Self-Monitoring

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Carney, Colleen E., Buysse, Daniel J., Ancoli-Israel, Sonia, Edinger, Jack D., Krystal, Andrew D., Lichstein, Kenneth L., Morin, Charles M.·2012·Sleep

DOI 10.5665/sleep.1642PMC PMC3250369

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Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To present an expert consensus, standardized, patient-informed sleep diary. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sleep diaries from the original expert panel of 25 attendees of the Pittsburgh Assessment Conference(1) were collected and reviewed. A smaller subset of experts formed a committee and reviewed the compiled diaries. Items deemed essential were included in a Core sleep diary, and those deemed optional were retained for an expanded diary. Secondly, optional items would be available in other versions. A draft of the Core and optional versions along with a feedback questionnaire were sent to members of the Pittsburgh Assessment Conference. The feedback from the group was integrated and the diary drafts were subjected to 6 focus groups composed of good sleepers, people with insomnia, and people with sleep apnea. The data were summarized into themes and changes to the drafts were made in response to the focus groups. The resultant draft was evaluated by another focus group and subjected to lexile analyses. The lexile analyses suggested that the Core diary instructions are at a sixth-grade reading level and the Core diary was written at a third-grade reading level. CONCLUSIONS: The Consensus Sleep Diary was the result of collaborations with insomnia experts and potential users. The adoption of a standard sleep diary for insomnia will facilitate comparisons across studies and advance the field. The proposed diary is intended as a living document which still needs to be tested, refined, and validated.

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Background
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Background
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Method
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Method
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Method
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Method
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Method
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Method
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Background
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Method
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Method
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Chasens, E. R., Atwood, C. W., Burke, L. E., Korytkowski, M. T., Stansbury, R. C., Strollo, P. J., & Sereika, S. M. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.11.014 · Cited by 12
Primary care treatment of insomnia: study protocol for a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial comparing nurse-delivered sleep restriction therapy to sleep hygiene (the HABIT trial)
Kyle, S. D., Madigan, C. D., Begum, N., Abel, L., Armstrong, S., Aveyard, P. N., Bower, P., Ogburn, E., Siriwardena, A. N., Yu, L., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036248 · Cited by 12
Insomnia
Deak, M. C., & Winkelman, J. W. (2012) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.012 · Cited by 13
How can light be used to optimize sleep and health in older adults?
Elder, G. J., & Flo, E. (2022) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.04.002 · Cited by 12
Usability of Smart Home Thermostat to Evaluate the Impact of Weekdays and Seasons on Sleep Patterns and Indoor Stay: Observational Study
Jalali, N., Sahu, K. S., Oetomo, A., & Morita, P. P. (2022) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/28811 · Cited by 11
“Strengths of IoT-Based Public Health Monitoring Previous studies used self-reported surveys [57], sleep diaries [58], accelerometers [59], wearables [60], and social media [61] to calculate different sleep parameters at the individual and population levels.”
Method
Patient-nurse agreement on inpatient sleep and sleep disturbing factors
van den Ende, E. S., Burger, P. C., Keesenberg, M., Merten, H., Gemke, R. J. B. J., & Nanayakkara, P. W. B. (2022) · Sleep Medicine X · doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2022.100047 · Cited by 15
“The CSD was used to quantify sleep; sleep time, wake time, sleep latency, number of awakenings, and wake after sleep onset (WASO) [17].”
Method
A Delayed Evening Meal Enhances Sleep Quality in Young Rugby Players
Lehmann, L., Saidi, O., Giacomoni, M., Sordo, G. C. D., Maso, F., Margaritis, I., & Duché, P. (2022) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0014 · Cited by 11
The top 100 most cited papers in insomnia: A bibliometric analysis
Wan, Q., Liu, K., Wang, X., Luo, S., Yuan, X., Wang, C., Jiang, J., & Wu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1040807 · Cited by 12
Sex differences in endocannabinoid tone in a pilot study of cannabis use disorder and acute cannabis abstinence
Martin, E. L., Baker, N. L., Sempio, C., Christians, U., Klawitter, J., & McRae‐Clark, A. L. (2023) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13337 · Cited by 11
Cognitive function, self-management, and outcomes among liver transplant recipients: LivCog, a multicenter, prospective study
Serper, M., Chafale, A., Burdzy, A., Kim, M., Asrani, S. K., Benavente, J. Y., Gershon, R. C., Reese, P. P., Schaubel, D. E., Boike, J. R., et al. (2023) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000000259 · Cited by 11
“[48] Participants will wear the device on their nondominant wrist, uncovered, and return it after 8 days and nights, along with a completed consensus sleep diary.[49] Deidentified data will then be analyzed for at least 5 days of activity/ light data, <2 hours of off-wrist time per 24-hour period, uploaded to secure s…”
Method
The neurobehavioural effects of cannabidiol in alcohol use disorder: Study protocol for a double-blind, randomised, cross over, placebo-controlled trial
Hurzeler, T. P., Logge, W., Watt, J., DeMayo, M. M., Suraev, A. S., McGregor, I. S., Haber, P., & Morley, K. C. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101341 · Cited by 11
“Additionally, Participants will also be required to answer 10 questions from the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ [51]; and 17 questions from the Consensus Sleep Diary (CSD-M [52]; administered through the SEMA3 application [53].”
Method
Co-occurring mental health problems in adolescents with ADHD and sleep problems
Marten, F., Keuppens, L., Baeyens, D., Boyer, B. E., Danckaerts, M., Cortese, S., Vandycke, W., & der Oord, S. V. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.12.008 · Cited by 12
Subjective sleep quality and characteristics across the menstrual cycle in women with and without Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Li, S., Lloyd, A. R., & Graham, B. M. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110570 · Cited by 13
Development of an artificial intelligence system to identify hypoglycaemia via ECG in adults with type 1 diabetes: protocol for data collection under controlled and free-living conditions
Cisuelo, O., Stokes, K., Oronti, I. B., Haleem, M. S., Barber, T. M., Weickert, M. O., Pecchia, L., & Hattersley, J. G. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067899 · Cited by 11
Assessing the Feasibility of Replacing Subjective Questionnaire-Based Sleep Measurement with an Objective Approach Using a Smartwatch
Gaiduk, M., Seepold, R., Madrid, N. M., & Ortega, J. A. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23136145 · Cited by 13
“Nevertheless, in the practice of sleep medicine, a sleep diary is one of the most commonly used methods for subjective assessment of sleep [23].”
BackgroundMethod
Heat tolerance after total and partial acute sleep deprivation
Muginshtein-Simkovitch, E., Dagan, Y., Cohen‐Zion, M., Waissengrin, B., Ketko, I., & Heled, Y. (2015) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1030409 · Cited by 11
“Between visits 1 and 5, the participants filled out the sleep diaries each morning immediately after waking up and each evening before bed time (Carney et al., 2012).”
Background
Sleep the night before and after a treatment session: A critical ingredient for treatment adherence?
Dolsen, E. A., Soehner, A. M., Morin, C. M., Bélanger, L., Walker, M. P., & Harvey, A. G. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000184 · Cited by 11
“T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. Morin, 2006; Carney et al., 2012).”
Self-citation
Insomnia in elderly: A neglected epidemic
P.Sivakumar, P. S., Mukku, S. S. R., & Harbishettar, V. (2018) · Journal of Geriatric Mental Health · doi:10.4103/jgmh.jgmh_15_18 · Cited by 12
Short and long-term effects of unguided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia in morning and evening persons: a post-hoc analysis
Lien, M., Bredeli, E., Sivertsen, B., Kallestad, H., Pallesen, S., Smith, O. R. F., Faaland, P. M., Ritterband, L. M., Thorndike, F. P., & Vedaa, Ø. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1647435 · Cited by 11
“…time the person went to bed, the time it took them to fall asleep, number of and length of awakenings during the night, time of final awaking and rise time in the morning, number of and length of naps during the day, use of medication and alcohol consumption, etc. (Carney et al. 2012; Morin 1993).”
Background
Remote Therapy to Improve Outcomes in Lung Transplant Recipients: Design of the INSPIRE-III Randomized Clinical Trial
Blumenthal, J. A., Smith, P. J., Sherwood, A., Mabe, S., Snyder, L. D., Frankel, C. W., McKee, D. C., Hamilton, N., Keefe, F. J., Shearer, S., et al. (2020) · Transplantation Direct · doi:10.1097/txd.0000000000000979 · Cited by 11
Effect of Sleep Loss on Pain
Alexandre, C., Latrémolière, A., & Finan, P. H. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190860509.013.31 · Cited by 11
ATOPE+: An mHealth System to Support Personalized Therapeutic Exercise Interventions in Patients With Cancer
Moreno, S., Postigo-Martín, P., Damas, M., Pomares, H., Baños, O., Arroyo‐Morales, M., & Cantarero‐Villanueva, I. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3049398 · Cited by 10
Day-to-day associations between nightly sleep and next-day well-being amid the COVID-19 pandemic in North America
Wen, J., Klaiber, P., DeLongis, A., Slavish, D. C., & Sin, N. L. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.09.007 · Cited by 14
Effect of Micronutrients on Insomnia in Adults
Lothian, J. S., Blampied, N. M., & Rucklidge, J. J. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616631740 · Cited by 11
“At the end of the intervention phase, complete data sets for the CSD-M and the PIRS and DASS had been supplied by 12 and 10 participants, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluential
Transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy for nightmares and parasomnias
Vincent, N., Dirkse, D., Giannouli, E., & McQuarrie, A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10374 · Cited by 10
Effectiveness of low-dose amitriptyline and mirtazapine for insomnia disorder: study protocol of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in general practice (the DREAMING study)
Bakker, M. H., Hugtenburg, J. G., van Straten, A., van der Horst, H. E., & Slottje, P. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047142 · Cited by 12
Measuring sleep health
Wallace, M. L., Hall, M. H., & Buysse, D. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815501-1.00015-6 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
A randomized controlled trial on the effects of blue-blocking glasses compared to partial blue-blockers on sleep outcomes in the third trimester of pregnancy
Liset, R., Grønli, J., Henriksen, R. E., Henriksen, T. E. G., Nilsen, R. M., & Pallesen, S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262799 · Cited by 11
Investigating the antidepressant effects of CBT-I in those with major depressive and insomnia disorders
Lau, P. H., Carney, A. E., Marway, O. S., Carmona, N. E., Amestoy, M. E., & Carney, C. E. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100366 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Baseline sleep characteristics are associated with gains in sleep duration after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
Scott, H., Cheung, J. M. Y., Muench, A., Ivers, H., Grandner, M. A., Morin, C. M., & Perlis, M. L. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.01.009 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Acute evening high-intensity interval training may attenuate the detrimental effects of sleep restriction on long-term declarative memory
Frimpong, E., Mograss, M., Zvionow, T., Páez, A., Aubertin‐Leheudre, M., Bherer, L., Pepin, V., Robertson, E. M., & Dang‐Vu, T. T. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad119 · Cited by 13
A randomized, sham-controlled trial of a novel near-infrared phototherapy device on sleep and daytime function
Kennedy, K. E. R., Wills, C. C. A., Holt, C., & Grandner, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10648 · Cited by 10
Pilot feasibility testing of biomathematical model recommendations for personalising sleep timing in shift workers
Varma, P., Postnova, S., Phillips, A. J. K., Knock, S. A., Howard, M. E., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., & Sletten, T. L. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14026 · Cited by 10
“The sleep diary used in this study was adapted from the standard Consensus Sleep Diary, using questions from the section that are to be completed upon awakening (Questions 1 – 6 and 9; Carney et al., 2012).”
Nutritional interventions in treating menopause-related sleep disturbances: a systematic review
Polasek, D., Santhi, N., Alfonso‐Miller, P., Walshe, I. H., Haskell‐Ramsay, C. F., & Elder, G. J. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad113 · Cited by 10
Illuminating the daily life experiences of adolescents with and without ADHD: protocol for an ecological momentary assessment study
Murray, A. L., Speyer, L. G., Thye, M. D., Stewart, T. M., Obsuth, I., Kane, J., Whyte, K., Devaney, J., Rohde, L. A., Ushakova, A., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077222 · Cited by 14
Acoustic stimulation during slow wave sleep shows delayed effects on memory performance in older adults
Wunderlin, M., Zeller, C. J., Wicki, K., Nissen, C., & Züst, M. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1294957 · Cited by 10
Sleep quality and lymphedema in breast cancer survivors: a mixed method analysis
Bock, K. J., Peltzer, J. N., Liu, W., Colgrove, Y., Smirnova, I. V., & Siengsukon, C. F. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-023-01516-9 · Cited by 12
“Consensus sleep diary sleep efficiency was calculated as the percent of time asleep out of the amount of time in bed [55].”
Sleep disturbances in hospitalized children: a wake-up call
Burger, P. C., Steur, L. M. H., Polderman, J. A. W., Twisk, J. W. R., Lindeboom, R., & Gemke, R. J. B. J. (2024) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-024-05660-x · Cited by 10
“A sleep diary was included to capture parent-reported sleep quantity [39].”
Acute ketone monoester ingestion lowers resting cerebral blood flow: a randomized cross‐over trial
Rourke, A. J., Yong, C. M. S., Coombs, G. B., Odisho, A. R., Nash, J., Bone, J., Al‐Khazraji, B. K., & Walsh, J. J. (2025) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp287320 · Cited by 10
Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale: Translation, Test, and Evaluation of Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version
Vand, H. D. A., Vargahan, F. A., Charkhabi, M., Sadeghniiat‐Haghighi, K., Dutheil, F., & Habibi, M. (2020) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s258471 · Cited by 11
Exploring the relationship between sleep and expertise in endurance sport athletes
Wilson, S., & Baker, J. R. (2020) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2020.1854817 · Cited by 10
“Daily morning questionnaire The Expanded Consensus Sleep Diary for Evening (CSD-E; Carney et al., 2012) includes two”
BackgroundInfluential
Attention-Dependent Physiological Correlates in Sleep-Deprived Young Healthy Humans
Cesari, V., Marinari, E., Laurino, M., Gemignani, A., & Menicucci, D. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11020022 · Cited by 10
“by filling out a sleep diary for two days before each session [45,46].”
Method
The Sleep Impact on Activity Diary (SIAD): A Novel Assessment of Daytime Functioning in Insomnia
Bickley, K., Lovato, N., & Lack, L. C. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020219 · Cited by 10
“Patient demographic (age and ISI) and sleep characteristics (CSD-M) were calculated and presented as per convention [16,17,19] (Table 1).”
MethodInfluential
Electroacupuncture Plus Auricular Acupressure on Chemotherapy-Related Insomnia in Patients With Breast Cancer (EACRI): Study Protocol for a Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial
Zhang, J., Yang, M., So, T. H., Chang, T. Y. A., Qin, Z., Chen, H., Lam, W. L., Yeung, W., Chung, K., Jiang, F., et al. (2021) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/15347354211058695 · Cited by 10
Analysis of Daily Sleep Diary Measures From Multilayer Extended-Release Methylphenidate (PRC-063) Studies in Children and Adults With ADHD
Cataldo, M., Donnelly, G. A. E., Cutler, A. J., Childress, A. C., Mikl, J., Bhaskar, S., & Waxmonsky, J. G. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221106238 · Cited by 10
“The sleep diary items for these studies were adapted from the National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep Diary (National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep Diary website: https://www.thensf.org/nsf-sleepdiary/) and published recommendations (Carney et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Examining the Efficacy of Bright Light Therapy on Cognitive Function in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Survivors
Wu, L. M., Valdimarsdottir, H. B., Amidi, A., Reid, K. J., Ancoli‐Israel, S., Bovbjerg, K., Fox, R. S., Walker, L., Matharu, A., Kaseda, E. T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304221107833 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in School-Aged Children and Adolescents
Dewald‐Kaufmann, J., de Bruin, E. J., & Michael, G. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.06.003 · Cited by 12
Context-Aware Sleep Health Recommender Systems (CASHRS): A Narrative Review
Liang, Z. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11203384 · Cited by 10
“Sleep onset latency (SOL) Consensus Sleep Diary [91] (in-app) ↓ [59] Original sleep diary (in-app) ↓ [55] → [56] Time in bed (TIB) Consensus Sleep Diary (in-app) → [56] Total sleep time (TST) Microsoft Band ↑ [42] Consensus Sleep Diary (in-app) → [56,59] Wake after sleep onset (WASO) Consensus Sleep Diary (in-app) → […”
Background
Partially different? The importance of general equilibrium in health economic evaluations: An application to nocturia
Hafner, M., Yerushalmi, E., Andersson, F., & Burtea, T. (2022) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4638 · Cited by 9

Authors: Carney, C. E., Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M.
Affiliations: Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Duke University (US)
Duke Medical Center (US)
University of Alabama (US)
Université Laval (CA)
Corresponding author: Carney, Colleen E.
ORCID: Carney, Colleen E.
Buysse, Daniel J.
Edinger, Jack D.
Krystal, Andrew D.
Morin, Charles M.
Venue: Sleep
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2012-02
Volume: 35
Issue: 2
Pages: 287-302
ISSN: 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
1550-9109
DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1642
PMC: PMC3250369
OpenAlex: W2012435382
Cited by: 2,172
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 199 · 2025: 241 · 2024: 246 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 236 · 2021: 249 · 2020: 165 · 2019: 162 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 69.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: SLEEP (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
Sanofi
Johnson and Johnson
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MT42504)
National Institute on Aging (K24AG000972, #AG14738, R01AG014738, R01AG008415, AG 00972, AG 08415, AG26177)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL073259, HL-073259)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH#60413, R01MH024652, R01MH067057, MH 24652, R01MH060413, MH67057, R37MH024652, MH30915)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA13574, R01DA013574)
National Cancer Institute (CA 112035, R01CA112035)
National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR031980)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: sleep diary, insomnia, sleep apnea, expert consensus, standardized assessment tools, focus groups, readability
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Wake Disorders, Focus Groups, Consensus, Young Adult, Health Records, Personal, Self Report

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The Consensus Sleep Diary: Standardizing Prospective Sleep Self-Monitoring

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