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The Consensus Sleep Diary: Standardizing Prospective Sleep Self-Monitoring
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To present an expert consensus, standardized, patient-informed sleep diary. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sleep diaries from the original expert panel of 25 attendees of the Pittsburgh Assessment Conference(1) were collected and reviewed. A smaller subset of experts formed a committee and reviewed the compiled diaries. Items deemed essential were included in a Core sleep diary, and those deemed optional were retained for an expanded diary. Secondly, optional items would be available in other versions. A draft of the Core and optional versions along with a feedback questionnaire were sent to members of the Pittsburgh Assessment Conference. The feedback from the group was integrated and the diary drafts were subjected to 6 focus groups composed of good sleepers, people with insomnia, and people with sleep apnea. The data were summarized into themes and changes to the drafts were made in response to the focus groups. The resultant draft was evaluated by another focus group and subjected to lexile analyses. The lexile analyses suggested that the Core diary instructions are at a sixth-grade reading level and the Core diary was written at a third-grade reading level. CONCLUSIONS: The Consensus Sleep Diary was the result of collaborations with insomnia experts and potential users. The adoption of a standard sleep diary for insomnia will facilitate comparisons across studies and advance the field. The proposed diary is intended as a living document which still needs to be tested, refined, and validated.
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“Sleep monitoring was conducted to confirm that there were no significant group differences in sleep that may have influenced the study's findings (Carney et al., 2012).”
From Using sleep to enhance exposure treatment for anxious children: A pilot study. (2026) · cites this paper as Carney et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Patients were asked to keep a standard sleep diary throughout participation [19].”
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Kuhn, E., Weiss, B. J., Taylor, K. L., Hoffman, J. E., Ramsey, K. M., Manber, R., Gehrman, P., Crowley, J. J., Ruzek, J. I., & Trockel, M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5700 · Cited by 135
Wong, M. L., Lau, K. N. T., Espie, C. A., Luik, A. I., Kyle, S. D., & Lau, E. Y. Y. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.05.019 · Cited by 135
Schroder, C. M., Malow, B. A., Maras, A., Melmed, R. D., Findling, R. L., Breddy, J., Nir, T., Shahmoon, S., Zisapel, N., & Gringras, P. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04046-5 · Cited by 140
Reeve, S., Emsley, R., Sheaves, B., & Freeman, D. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx103 · Cited by 131
Sleep Disturbances and Atopic Dermatitis: Relationships, Methods for Assessment, and Therapies
Bawany, F., Northcott, C. A., Beck, L. A., & Pigeon, W. R. (2020) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.007 · Cited by 142
Morin, C. M., & Buysse, D. J. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp2305655 · Cited by 177
Self-citationJankowski, K. S. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.01.004 · Cited by 127
Psychometric Properties of the Consensus Sleep Diary in Those With Insomnia Disorder
Maich, K. H. G., Lachowski, A. M., & Carney, C. E. (2016) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1173556 · Cited by 120
“Core Consensus Sleep Diary As discussed above, the CSD (Carney et al., 2012) is a prospective measure that involves daily completion within an hour of getting out of bed.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-i) in School-Aged Children and Adolescents
Dewald‐Kaufmann, J., de Bruin, E. J., & Michael, G. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.02.002 · Cited by 138
Overview of smartphone applications for sleep analysis
Ong, A. A., & Gillespie, M. B. (2016) · World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.wjorl.2016.02.001 · Cited by 124
“20 This is particularly critical for patients who may suffer from hypersomnia due to poor sleep hygiene, insomnia, or circadian or phase shift disorders.”
BackgroundMeasurements and status of sleep quality in patients with cancers
Chen, D., Zongyi, Y., & Fang, B. (2017) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-017-3927-x · Cited by 124
“CDS-E contains the same optional items as CSD-M, but with instructions for morning and evening completion.”
InfluentialInsomnia before and after treatment for anxiety and depression
Mason, E. C., & Harvey, A. G. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.020 · Cited by 129
Comparison of Wearable Trackers’ Ability to Estimate Sleep
Lee, J. M., Byun, W., Keill, A. K., Dinkel, D. M., & Seo, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061265 · Cited by 121
Lehrer, H. M., Yao, Z., Krafty, R. T., Evans, M. A., Buysse, D. J., Kravitz, H. M., Matthews, K. A., Gold, E. B., Harlow, S. D., Samuelsson, L. B., et al. (2022) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac001 · Cited by 132
Self-citationSt‐Onge, M., Aggarwal, B., Fernández‐Mendoza, J., Johnson, D. A., Kline, C. E., Knutson, K. L., Redeker, N. S., & Grandner, M. A. (2025) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/hcq.0000000000000139 · Cited by 127
“12 This strategy is the gold standard approach for assessing insomnia and sleep difficulties, although a lack of patient adherence is a limitation.”
Vedaa, Ø., Kallestad, H., Scott, J. L., Smith, O. R. F., Pallesen, S., Morken, G., Langsrud, K., Gehrman, P., Thorndike, F. P., Ritterband, L. M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30135-7 · Cited by 118
Heart Rate Variability, Sleep Quality, and Depression in the Context of Chronic Stress
da Estrela, C., McGrath, J., Booij, L., & Gouin, J.-P. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa039 · Cited by 118
Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia in Bipolar Disorder
Kaplan, K. A., & Harvey, A. G. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12050708 · Cited by 121
Walsh, J. H., Maddison, K. J., Rankin, T., Murray, K., McArdle, N., Ree, M. J., Hillman, D. R., & Eastwood, P. R. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab149 · Cited by 115
Modulation of total sleep time by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Frase, L., Piosczyk, H., Zittel, S., Jahn, F., Selhausen, P., Krone, L., Feige, B., Mainberger, F., Maier, J. G., Kuhn, M., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.65 · Cited by 117
Bullying Involvement in Adolescence: Implications for Sleep, Mental Health, and Academic Outcomes
Hysing, M., Askeland, K. G., Greca, A. M. L., Solberg, M. E., Breivik, K., & Sivertsen, B. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519853409 · Cited by 128
“Adolescents’ self-reported usual bedtime and rise time were indicated in hours and minutes using a scroll down menu; data were reported separately for weekdays and weekends using a consensus sleep diary (Carney et al., 2012).”
MethodHartmann, J., Wichers, M., van Bemmel, A. L., Derom, C. A., Thiery, E. W., Jacobs, N., van Os, J., & Simons, C. J. P. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.123794 · Cited by 117
“14 Furthermore, it allows specific investigation of within-person daily life patterns of subjective sleep and affect, the main aim of the current study.”
BackgroundExecutive Functions in Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis
Ballesio, A., Aquino, M. R. J., Kyle, S. D., Ferlazzo, F., & Lombardo, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00101 · Cited by 125
“SE is then calculated as TST/TBT∗100 (Carney et al., 2012).”
Faulkner, S., Bee, P., Meyer, N., Dijk, D., & Drake, R. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.04.012 · Cited by 111
Chinoy, E. D., Cuellar, J. A., Jameson, J., & Markwald, R. R. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s348795 · Cited by 111
van der Zweerde, T., van Straten, A., Effting, M., Kyle, S. D., & Lancee, J. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001149 · Cited by 109
“Note: At baseline, all participants had an ISI score of >10 due to the inclusion criteria. comparable baseline depression severity (e.g. Clarke et al., 2009; Cavanagh et al., 2011; Titov et al., 2015).”
BackgroundArnedt, J. T., Conroy, D. A., Mooney, A., Furgal, A. K. C., Sen, A., & Eisenberg, D. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa136 · Cited by 117
Bouwmans, M. E. J., Bos, E. H., Hoenders, H. J. R., Oldehinkel, A. J., & de Jonge, P. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.046 · Cited by 105
“perceived sleep quality was assessed with a 5-point Likert scale in the Consensus Sleep Diary (Carney et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Carney, C. E., Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- University of Alabama (US)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Carney, Colleen E.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 287-302
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC3250369
- OpenAlex
- W2012435382
- Cited by
- 2,172
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 199 · 2025: 241 · 2024: 246 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 236 · 2021: 249 · 2020: 165 · 2019: 162 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 69.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Sanofi
- Johnson and Johnson
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MT42504)
- National Institute on Aging (K24AG000972, #AG14738, R01AG014738, R01AG008415, AG 00972, AG 08415, AG26177)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL073259, HL-073259)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH#60413, R01MH024652, R01MH067057, MH 24652, R01MH060413, MH67057, R37MH024652, MH30915)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA13574, R01DA013574)
- National Cancer Institute (CA 112035, R01CA112035)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR031980)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sleep diary, insomnia, sleep apnea, expert consensus, standardized assessment tools, focus groups, readability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Wake Disorders, Focus Groups, Consensus, Young Adult, Health Records, Personal, Self Report
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