Company–Community Logging Contracts in Amazonian Settlements: Impacts on Livelihoods and NTFP Harvests

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other important fruit trees included Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), which are protected by law, and palms (e.g., açaí (Euterpe oleracea), bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba)), which are not logged.

“Other important fruit trees included Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), which are protected by law, and palms (e. g., açaí (Euterpe oleracea), bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba)), which are not logged.”

May combine two claims.

Respondents reported hunting 6.4 ± 5.5 times a month with an average success of 3.4 ± 2.5 times for every 10 hunting trips.

“In response to a one-time questionnaire on hunting behaviors, respondents reported hunting 6.4 ± 5.5 times a month with an average success of 3.4 ± 2.5 times for every 10 hunting trips.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities have similar forests and infrastructural conditions to the CCP-logged communities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities were not affected by the logging.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 14 months of data are sufficient to capture annual NTFP harvests.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some illegal logging was also reported to be happening within the Moju I and II settlements at the time of the study.

“Some illegal logging was also reported to be happening within the Moju I and II settlements at the time of the study.”

May combine two claims.

Almost all households that had sold timber from agricultural clearings (n = 28) used the funds for general expenses (86%), and some used the funds for house construction (32%) and medicine or doctor's fees (32%).

“Almost all households that had sold timber from agricultural clearings (n = 28) used the funds for general expenses (86%) and some used the funds for house construction (32%) and medicine or doctor's fees (32%).”

May combine two claims.

Only 20% of households raised cattle, with an average herd of 2 ± 1 animals.

“Only 20% of households raised cattle, with an average herd of 2 ± 1 animals, indicating that, at least in the short term, logging income was not widely used to invest in cattle.”

May combine two claims.

Less than half (39%) of households that sold timber from agricultural clearings invested the funds in agricultural production, with black pepper (45%) and farinha (18%) as the most commonly cited investments.

“Less than half (39%) invested the funds in agricultural production, with black pepper (45%) and farinha (18%) as the most commonly cited investments.”

May combine two claims.

Of households interviewed that had sold timber from their entire forest reserve (n = 10), all used the funds for general expenses, 70% also used the money for house construction, and 90% for investment in agricultural production.

“Of the households interviewed that had sold timber from their entire forest reserve (n = 10), all households used the funds for general expenses and the vast majority also used the money for house construction (70%) and investment in agricultural production (90%).”

May combine two claims.

Although the numbers of animals and total amount of meat caught do not differ between CCP-logged and non-CCP communities, the taxa caught differ significantly (Chi-square = 11.39, df = 3, p < 0.01).

“Although the numbers of animals and total amount of meat caught do not differ between CCP-logged and non-CCP communities, the taxa caught differ significantly (Chi-square = 11.39,df = 3, p < 0.01).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities have similar forests and infrastructural conditions to the CCP-logged communities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities were not affected by the logging.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 14 months of data are sufficient to capture annual NTFP harvests.

May combine two claims.

During participatory workshops, community members outlined the overall impacts of the logging, highlighting both primary benefits (e.g., income, roads) and secondary perks (e.g., help with community infrastructure, advances on payment, and land demarcation).

“During participatory workshops, community members outlined the overall impacts of the logging (Table 3), highlighting both the more obvious primary benefits (e.g., income, roads) and secondary perks (e.g., help with community infrastructure (wells, halls), advances on payment, and land demarcation).”

May combine two claims.

Bi-weekly questionnaires showed hunting success for 42% of trips in CCP-logged communities and 49% in non-CCP, but they are not statistically different.

“Bi-weekly questionnaires of hunting success rates showed hunting success for 42% of trips in CCP-logged communities and 49% in non-CCP, but they are not statistically different.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities have similar forests and infrastructural conditions to the CCP-logged communities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities were not affected by the logging.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 14 months of data are sufficient to capture annual NTFP harvests.

May combine two claims.

The number of animals caught in non-CCP communities averaged 9.5 ± 13.0, and in CCP-logged communities averaged 11.9 ± 13.6.

“The number of animals caught in non-CCP communities averaged 9.5 ± 13.0, and in CCP-logged communities averaged 11.9 ± 13.6.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities have similar forests and infrastructural conditions to the CCP-logged communities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities were not affected by the logging.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 14 months of data are sufficient to capture annual NTFP harvests.

May combine two claims.

Hunters in the CCP-logged forests were walking 1.5 times as far as their non-CCP counterparts but the difference was not statistically significant (one-way ANOVA, F = 3.195, p = 0.090).

“As such, hunters in the CCP-logged forests were walking 1.5 times as far as their non-CCP counterparts but the difference was not statistically significant (one-way ANOVA, F = 3.195, p = 0.090).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities have similar forests and infrastructural conditions to the CCP-logged communities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities were not affected by the logging.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 14 months of data are sufficient to capture annual NTFP harvests.

May combine two claims.

Although PRA suggested declines in the number of animals caught after logging, diaries and questionnaires showed no statistical difference.

“Although PRA suggested declines in the number of animals caught after logging, diaries and questionnaires showed no statistical difference.”

May combine two claims.

Deer comprised 26% of the animals caught in Piranha and 13% in Santo Antonio whereas in the other communities they represented <6% of the total hunt.

“Results from diaries seem to support this theory: deer comprised 26% of the animals caught in Piranha and 13% in Santo Antonio whereas in the other communities they represented <6% of the total hunt.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities have similar forests and infrastructural conditions to the CCP-logged communities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities were not affected by the logging.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 14 months of data are sufficient to capture annual NTFP harvests.

May combine two claims.

Hunter effort was 10.2 ± 10 (n = 20) in CCP-logged communities and 8.8 ± 9 (n = 25) in non-CCP communities and not significantly different.

“Hunter effort (total hours spent hunting divided by total number animals caught, calculated for each hunter) was 10.2 ± 10 (n = 20) in CCP-logged communities and 8.8 ± 9 (n = 25) in non-CCP communities and not significantly different.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities have similar forests and infrastructural conditions to the CCP-logged communities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities were not affected by the logging.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 14 months of data are sufficient to capture annual NTFP harvests.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participant households expressed great concern over the potential impacts of logging on game animals.

“Participant households expressed great concern over the potential impacts of logging on game animals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

After an active debate, most agreed that the presence of hunters in the area (due to creation of INCRA settlements) had a greater impact on game abundance than the logging itself.

“After an active debate, most agreed that the presence of hunters in the area (due to creation of INCRA settlements) had a greater impact on game abundance than the logging itself.”

May combine two claims.

Medium mammals (large rodents and armadillos) and birds were caught more often in non-CCP communities whereas reptiles (specifically Geocheleone sp.) were caught more often in the CCP-logged communities.

“Medium mammals (large rodents and armadillos (Dasypus sp.) and birds were caught more often in non-CCP communities whereas reptiles (specifically Geocheleone sp.) were caught more often in the CCP-logged communities.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities have similar forests and infrastructural conditions to the CCP-logged communities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The non-CCP communities were not affected by the logging.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 14 months of data are sufficient to capture annual NTFP harvests.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 2004, MAFLOPS paid R$16 per cubic meter.

“In 2004, MAFLOPS paid R$16 per cubic meter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

They asserted that certain animal species (e.g., deer (Mazama sp.)) might be more susceptible to declines in response to the increased noise and human presence in the area caused by the logging, but they expected that populations would return after logging activities subsided.

“They did, however, assert that certain animal species (e.g., deer (Mazama sp.) might be more susceptible to declines in response to the increased noise and human presence in the area caused by the logging, but they expected that populations would return after logging activities subsided.”

May combine two claims.

Negative aspects of involvement in the logging contracts included concern about lost freedom, being bound both to the land (cannot sell their land during the contract period of 3 years) and the logging company, and objections regarding the price received for the timber.

“Negative aspects of involvement in the logging contracts included: concern about lost freedom, being bound both to the land (cannot sell their land during the contract period of 3 years) and the logging company; and objections regarding the price received for the timber.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A fourth community, Santo Antonio, had a mixed response-although many individuals cited a decline in hunting after the logging, others claimed that any perceived declines were due to overhunting by community members, independent of logging activities.

“A fourth, Santo Antonio, had a mixed response-although many individuals cited a decline in hunting after the logging, others claimed that any perceived declines were due to overhunting by community members, independent of logging activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Income from the harvests has risen steadily each year.

“Income has risen steadily each year.”

May combine two claims.

The means for hunting rates were within 20% of each other and for fruit harvests within 30% between CCP and non-CCP communities.

“Although the sample size and high inter-household variation are likely to have contributed to the lack of statistically significant results, the means were within 20% of each other for hunting rates and 30% for fruit harvests, which indicates that the CCP logging is unlikely to have caused large changes in harvest rates.”

May combine two claims.

Questionnaires that asked participants to estimate their hunting success rate yielded estimates of 34%, while bi-weekly questionnaires of hunting activities yielded success rates of 42%-49%.

“Although questionnaires that asked participants to estimate their hunting success rate yielded estimates of 34%, bi-weekly questionnaires of hunting activities yielded success rates of 42%-49%.”

May combine two claims.

Among respondents who had yet to sell any timber (n = 9), 89% responded positively and only one respondent responded that it was not worthwhile.

“Those who had yet to sell any timber (n = 9) were optimistic, with 89% responding positively and only one respondent responding that it was not worthwhile.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

When presented with the results of the questionnaires and diaries, all of the communities showed general agreement with the overall conclusions, engaging in discussions about other reasons behind their perceptions of hunting declines.

“When presented with the results of the questionnaires and diaries, all of the communities showed general agreement with the overall conclusions, engaging in discussions about other reasons behind their perceptions of hunting declines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Although MAFLOPs initiated a project to pay households to harvest and process Carapa guianensis oil (andiroba), at the time of the study, few households were benefiting from this potential source of income.

“Although MAFLOPs initiated a project to pay households to harvest and process Carapa guianensis oil (andiroba), at the time of the study, few households were benefiting from this potential source of income.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The households currently underutilize the NTFP base available in their forests.

“Third, the households currently underutilize the NTFP base available in their forests.”

May combine two claims.

Although community members perceived a decline in hunting success rates and fruit harvests, diaries and questionnaire data show no difference between CCP-logged and non-CCP communities.

“Although community members perceived a decline in hunting success rates and fruit harvests, diaries and questionnaire data show no difference between CCP-logged and non-CCP communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Loss of diary households was due largely to family absence from the community (n = 2 moved, n = 6 resided almost exclusively in the city) and two dropped out because of disinterest in the study.

“Loss was due largely to family absence from the community (either because they moved (n = 2) or resided almost exclusively in the city but had indicated otherwise upon joining the research project (n = 6)), but two dropped out because of disinterest in the study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Originally, 60 households were given diaries; by the end of over a year of data collection, 50 remained actively involved in the survey.

“Originally, 60 households were given diaries.By the end of over a year of data collection, 50 remained actively involved in the survey.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Workshop participants may not be a truly representative cross-section of the community as the more active households are more likely to attend, but a truly representative sample would be nearly impossible under voluntary participation.

“Although participants in the workshops may not be a truly representative cross-section of the community as the more active households are more likely to attend, a truly representative sample would be nearly impossible under voluntary participation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It is possible that some records were underreported, especially for illegal activities, whereas others may represent exaggerations about the size of harvests.

“As such, it is possible that some records were underreported, especially for illegal activities, whereas others may represent exaggerations about the size of harvests.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This study is unique in that it links logging, NTFPs, and colonist livelihoods.

“Although other studies have looked at logging in settlements (see above), this study is unique in that it links logging, NTFPs, and colonist livelihoods.”

May combine two claims.

Fruit harvests are likely to be underreported in resource diaries, making accurate assessment of total harvests difficult.

“As a result, they are likely to be underreported in resource diaries, making accurate assessment of total harvests difficult.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another study found that NTFPs accounted for 33% of annual income.

“whereas another study found that they accounted for 33% (Wallace 2004).”

• cites Wallace 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Another study of hunting rates in the Amazon using diaries found an average of 12 animals per household, and PRA estimates in one community in the region also estimated 12 animals per household.

“Another study of hunting rates in the Amazon using diaries found an average of 12 animals per household (Shanley 1999) and PRA estimates in one community in the region also estimated 12 animals per household (Menton 2003).”

• cites Shanley 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Menton 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

A large percentage of the households were illiterate or semi-literate and independent recording of resource use was difficult.

“A large percentage of the households were illiterate or semi-literate and independent recording of resource use was difficult.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Diary records may have been influenced by the collection process.

“Diary records may have been influenced by the collection process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A total of 860 biweekly interviews were held with 57 different households.

“A total of 860 biweekly interviews were held with 57 different households.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All but three of the respondents (n = 41) were male as hunting was a predominantly male activity.

“All but three of the respondents (n = 41) were male as hunting was a predominantly male activity.”

May combine two claims.

A study of the short-term effects of RIL on fauna in eastern Pará found overall effects on populations to be minor, with no changes in richness, abundance, or composition of mammals.

“A study of the short-term effects of RIL on fauna in eastern Pará found overall effects on populations to be minor, with no changes in richness, abundance, or composition of mammals (Azevedo-Ramos et al. 2006).”

• cites Azevedo-Ramos et al. 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Overall, the CCPs brought improvements in household income without compromising NTFP harvests.

“Overall, the CCPs brought improvements in household income without compromising NTFP harvests.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Family Forests (FF) project is representative of company-community logging contracts in Amazonian settlements.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As in any measurement of resource use, results depend on the honesty of respondents in their reporting.

“In addition, as in any measurement of resource use, results depend on the honesty of respondents in their reporting.”

May combine two claims.

Monthly visits were too infrequent-many items were forgotten and some families assumed the team was not coming back and stopped data collection altogether.

“We found, however, that monthly visits were too infrequent-many items were forgotten and some families assumed we”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One study of rural households in the Brazilian Amazon found that NTFPs accounted for 25% of annual income.

“One study of rural households in the Brazilian Amazon found that NTFPs accounted for 25% of annual income (Shanley 2000)”

• cites Shanley 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On average, 40% of the workshop participants were female.

“On average, 40% of the participants were female.”

May combine two claims.

Although the data may not reflect a precise estimate of hunting rates, they show similarities with results from other studies in the region.

“As such, although the data may not reflect a precise estimate of hunting rates, they show similarities with results from other studies in the region.”

May combine two claims.

Although felling damage and changes in microclimate may have indirect effects on non-timber fruit trees, the impacts are likely to be minimal, especially as palm fruit trees tend to concentrate along stream beds, which are exempt from logging activities.

“Although felling damage and changes in microclimate may have indirect effects on non-timber fruit trees, the impacts are likely to be minimal, especially as the palm fruit trees tend to concentrate along stream beds, which are exempt from logging activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In practice, few households chose to have an individual present during the logging or to make demands regarding particular trees.

“In practice, however, few households chose to have an individual present during the logging or to make demands regarding particular trees.”

May combine two claims.

Although honesty issues in hunting-rate reporting exist, these issues are consistent across communities such that participation in the CCP logging project should not bias diary reporting in any one direction.

“Although studies of hunting rates can be plagued by issues of honesty in reporting, both in terms of underreporting due to fear of reporting illegal activities or overreporting to impress others, these issues are consistent across communities such that participation in the CCP logging project should not bias diary reporting in any one direction.”

May combine two claims.

Some respondents fail to record all resource use, whereas others may exaggerate, especially regarding socially desirable activities.

“Some respondents fail to record all resource use (Hill and Davies 2001) whereas others may exaggerate, especially regarding socially desirable activities (Bernard et al. 1984).”

• cites Hill and Davies 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bernard et al. 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Fruit harvests showed high inter-household variability and were on such a small scale (average annual household harvest across communities = 11.8 ± 14.7kg) that any changes would be difficult to detect.

“Fruit harvests showed high inter-household variability and were on such a small scale (average annual household harvest across communities = 11.8 ± 14.7kg) that any changes would be difficult to detect.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 14 months of data are sufficient to capture annual NTFP harvests.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants in diary studies often claim to be recording their activities on a regular basis even though such consistency may not be the case.

“Participants in diary studies often claim to be recording their activities on a regular basis even though such consistency may not be the case (Stone et al. 2003).”

• cites Stone et al. 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Although these factors may bias results, the bias should be relatively consistent across communities such that community participation in logging does not confound a respondent's tendency to report resource use accurately or honestly.

“Although these factors may bias results, the bias should be relatively consistent across communities such that community participation in logging does not confound a respondent's tendency to report resource use accurately or honestly.”

May combine two claims.

The lack of statistically significant differences between CCP-logged communities and non-CCP communities indicates that if logging does alter NTFP use, it is unlikely to do so at an order of magnitude that would significantly compromise livelihoods in the study communities.

“Nevertheless, the lack of statistically significant differences between CCP-logged communities and non-CCP communities indicates that if logging does alter NTFP use, it is unlikely to do so at an order of magnitude that would significantly compromise livelihoods in the study communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In many frontier areas, households reside only temporarily on their lands, moving on to new frontiers where they deforest new areas.

“In many frontier areas, households reside only temporarily on their lands, moving on to new frontiers where they deforest new areas (Schmink andWood 1992, Walker et al. 2002).”

• cites Schmink andWood 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Walker et al. 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Improvements in infrastructure and income from timber sales brought benefits without significantly altering household use of forest resources.

“Improvements in infrastructure and income from timber sales brought benefits without significantly altering household use of forest resources.”

May combine two claims.

Conventional logging, although sometimes legal, leads to significantly greater damage to the remnant forest and thus potentially greater ramifications for NTFP harvests.

“Conventional logging, although sometimes legal, leads to significantly greater damage to the remnant forest (Schulze and Zweede 2006) and thus potentially greater ramifications for NTFP harvests.”

• cites Schulze and Zweede 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Those who stay often turn to cattle ranching, a low-risk, highly liquidable alternative to perennial agriculture, which leads to increased deforestation.

“Those who stay often turn to cattle ranching, a low-risk, highly liquidable alternative to perennial agriculture, which leads to increased deforestation (Arima et al. 2006, Browder et al. 2008).”

• cites Arima et al. 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Browder et al. 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.