Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous condition, in which subtypes have been proposed. Previous studies suggested that gender plays a relevant role in OCD phenotypic expression. This study aimed to review the literature on gender differences in clinical, genetic or familial aspects of OCD. METHOD: A conventional review was conducted, including all papers that investigated demographic, clinical, and genetic aspects of OCD according to gender. The search was based on data available in Medline and PsycINFO databases in the last 20 years, using as keywords: obsessive-compulsive disorder; and: gender, sex, male, female, demographic characteristics, clinical features, clinical characteristics, genetic, genes, genetics gender OCD, genes OCD, genes OCD males, genes OCD females. RESULTS: Sixty three of 487 phenotypical and genetics studies were selected. Most studies indicate that male patients are more likely than females to be single, present early onset of symptoms and chronic course of the disorder, greater social impairment, more sexual-religious and aggressive symptoms, and greater comorbidity with tic and substance use disorders. Female patients present more contamination/cleaning symptoms and greater comorbidity with eating and impulse-control disorders. Genetic and family studies are inconclusive, but suggest that gender may play a role in the disease expression. CONCLUSIONS: Gender is a relevant factor that should be taken into account when evaluating OCD patients. More studies are necessary to determine whether in fact it defines a homogeneous and particular group in OCD.
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There are differences in symptomatology between genders, with women presenting more contamination obsessions and men reporting more obsessions of a sexual nature.
“However, there are differences in symptomatology between the genders, with women presenting more contamination obsessions and men reporting more obsessions of a sexual nature [45, 46].”
A Dutch validation study of the STAI showed its reliability and sensitivity in the measurement of anxiety.
“A Dutch validation study of the STAI showed its reliability and sensitivity in the measurement of anxiety (46).”
From Personalized exposure and experience sampling method feedback versus exposure as usual for obsessive–compulsive disorder: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
The paper’s Genetics studies and References sections discuss obsessive-compulsive disorder, but the passages found do not describe a Dutch STAI validation study or its reliability and sensitivity for measuring anxiety. Searches for “STAI,” “State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,” and Dutch validation terms found no passage addressing the claim; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward Circuitry
Archer, T., & Blum, K. (2012) · Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy · doi:10.4172/2157-7412.1000115 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Martoni, R. M., Salgari, G., Galimberti, E., Cavallini, M. C., & O’Neill, J. (2015) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-015-0604-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Seo, J. H., Kim, S. T., Jeon, S., Kang, J. I., & Kim, S. J. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106404 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hoogerwerf, E., Greeven, A., Goekoop, R., & Spinhoven, P. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07780-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“However, there are differences in symptomatology between the genders, with women presenting more contamination obsessions and men reporting more obses-sions of a sexual nature [45, 46].”
Background
- Authors
- Mathis, M. A. D., Alvarenga, P. D., Funaro, G., Torresan, R. C., Moraes, I., Torres, A. R., Zilberman, M. L., & Hounie, A. G.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Mathis, Maria Alice de
- Venue
- Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
- Publisher
- EDITORA SCIENTIFIC
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 390-399
- ISSN
- 1516-4446 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2155594439
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, gender differences, sex differences, OCD subtypes, aggressive obsessions, substance use disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders, early onset, chronic course, social dysfunction, genetic susceptibility, family studies
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Phenotype, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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