Using glossaries to increase the lexical coverage of television programs

“Nation (2006) suggests that proper nouns and marginal words have a lower learning burden and are more easily learned than typical word families.”

“If learners were to watch television regularly, it may have a significant effect on vocabulary size (Webb & Rodgers, 2009a) because research has shown that increasing the number of times words are encountered in context increases the potential for vocabulary learning (Horst, Cobb, & Meara, 1998; Jenkins, Stein, & Wyso…”

“Research has also shown that glossing may lead to vocabulary learning (Holley & King, 1971; Hulstijn, Hollander, and Greidanus, 1996; Jacobs, Dufon & Fong, 1994; Watanabe, 1997).”

“In a study examining the vocabulary in 88 television programs, Webb and Rodgers (2009a) suggest that 95% coverage may be sufficient for comprehension of television programs.”

“For example, the link between form and meaning in the imagery, the rate of speech, and the clarity of speech may influence listening comprehension (Rubin, 1994).”

“Several studies have found that glossing has improved comprehension (Davis, 1989; Hulstijn, 1992; Jacobs, 1994; Leffa, 1992; Watanabe, 1997) while two have found no significant effect (Holly & King, 1971; Jacobs, Dufon, & Fong, 1994).”

“…2009a) because research has shown that increasing the number of times words are encountered in context increases the potential for vocabulary learning (Horst, Cobb, & Meara, 1998; Jenkins, Stein, & Wysocki, 1984; Rott, 1999; Saragi, Nation, & Meister, 1978; Waring & Takaki, 2003; Webb, 2007).”

“In a study examining the vocabulary in 88 television programs, Webb and Rodgers (2009a) suggest that 95% coverage may be sufficient for comprehension of television programs.”

“In a study examining the vocabulary in 88 television programs, Webb and Rodgers (2009a) suggest that 95% coverage may be sufficient for comprehension of television programs.”

“…programs may lead to incidental vocabulary learning (d’Ydewalle & Pavakanun, 1997; d’Ydewalle & Van de Poel, 1999; Koolstra and Beentjes, 1999; Neuman & Koskinen, 1992; Pavakanun & d’Ydewalle, 1992), creating glossaries may be a useful method of making television programs more accessible to…”

“Research has also shown that there are many factors that may affect reading comprehension such as background knowledge (Stahl, Hare, Sinatra, & Gregory, 1991; Stahl & Jacobson, 1986; Stahl, Jacobson, Davis, & Davis, 1989), the relevance of unknown vocabulary in context (Stahl, 1990), the amount of redundant informatio…”

“Because research indicates that learners are motivated to watch L2 television programs (Gieve & Clark, 2005), and that watching L2 television programs may lead to incidental vocabulary learning (d’Ydewalle & Pavakanun, 1997; d’Ydewalle & Van de Poel, 1999; Koolstra and Beentjes, 1999; Neuman & Koskinen, 1992; Pavakanu…”

“Several studies have found that glossing has improved comprehension (Davis, 1989; Hulstijn, 1992; Jacobs, 1994; Leffa, 1992; Watanabe, 1997) while two have found no significant effect (Holly & King, 1971; Jacobs, Dufon, & Fong, 1994).”

“All of the studies which have measured the effects of coverage have examined its effects on comprehension of either written (Carver, 1994; Hu & Nation, 2000; Laufer, 1989) or aural text (Bonk, 2000).”

“The glossary consisted primarily of Step 3 and Step 4 (Chung & Nation, 2003) technical vocabulary of medicine.”

“All of the studies which have measured the effects of coverage have examined its effects on comprehension of either written (Carver, 1994; Hu & Nation, 2000; Laufer, 1989) or aural text (Bonk, 2000).”

“Research has shown that drawings improved listening comprehension for lower level learners but had no effect for advanced learners (Mueller, 1980), and that learning with video may be more effective than learning with pictures (Hanley, Herron, & Cole, 1995; Secules, Herron, & Tomasello, 1992).”

“Gieve and Clark (2005) found that watching television was the second most commonly used self-directed learning strategy among European learners and the fourth most commonly used strategy among Chinese learners.”

“Several studies have found that glossing has improved comprehension (Davis, 1989; Hulstijn, 1992; Jacobs, 1994; Leffa, 1992; Watanabe, 1997) while two have found no significant effect (Holly & King, 1971; Jacobs, Dufon, & Fong, 1994).”

“L2 learners may also be highly motivated to watch television and movies for language learning (Chapple & Curtis, 2000).”

“Laufer and Sim (1985) suggest that coverage may have the greatest effect on whether or not discourse is understood.”

“The Range program (Heatley, Nation, & Coxhead, 2002) used together with the fourteen 1,000 word BNC lists (Nation, 2004a) provides a quick and effective analysis of the vocabulary in text.”

“One reason for the inconsistent results might be that because there are many factors which affect comprehension, it can be difficult to determine the effects of a single factor (Webb, 2009).”

“Research has also shown that glossing may lead to vocabulary learning (Holley & King, 1971; Hulstijn, Hollander, and Greidanus, 1996; Jacobs, Dufon & Fong, 1994; Watanabe, 1997).”

“Research has shown that watching L2 television programs may facilitate incidental vocabulary learning (d’Ydewalle & Pavakanun, 1997; d’Ydewalle & Van de Poel, 1999; Koolstra & Beentjes, 1999; Neuman & Koskinen, 1992; Pavakanun & d’Ydewalle, 1992).”

“Several studies have found that glossing has improved comprehension (Davis, 1989; Hulstijn, 1992; Jacobs, 1994; Leffa, 1992; Watanabe, 1997) while two have found no significant effect (Holly & King, 1971; Jacobs, Dufon, & Fong, 1994).”

“In a study examining the effects of visual input on L2 comprehension of television news stories, Gruba (2004) found that there were five ways visual input could facilitate comprehension: helping to identify text type or genre, initiating macrostructure, generating hypotheses, confirming interpretations, and refining i…”

“…(Stahl, Hare, Sinatra, & Gregory, 1991; Stahl & Jacobson, 1986; Stahl, Jacobson, Davis, & Davis, 1989), the relevance of unknown vocabulary in context (Stahl, 1990), the amount of redundant information (Kameenui, Carnine, & Freschi, 1982), and individual differences (Mezynski, 1983; Stahl, 1990).”

“…also shown that there are many factors that may affect reading comprehension such as background knowledge (Stahl, Hare, Sinatra, & Gregory, 1991; Stahl & Jacobson, 1986; Stahl, Jacobson, Davis, & Davis, 1989), the relevance of unknown vocabulary in context (Stahl, 1990), the amount of redundant…”

“Research has shown that watching L2 television programs may facilitate incidental vocabulary learning (d’Ydewalle & Pavakanun, 1997; d’Ydewalle & Van de Poel, 1999; Koolstra & Beentjes, 1999; Neuman & Koskinen, 1992; Pavakanun & d’Ydewalle, 1992).”

“The Range program (Heatley, Nation, & Coxhead, 2002) used together with the fourteen 1,000 word BNC lists (Nation, 2004a) provides a quick and effective analysis of the vocabulary in text.”

“Language Learning & Technology 136 enhanced by adding access to the target words’ meaning, such as a gloss containing the L1 translation (Sydorenko, 2010; Webb, 2010).”

“Glossed captions can therefore also be considered a valuable technique to implement in audio-visual material in order to increase learners ’ lexical coverage of those materials, as suggested by Webb (2010a, 2010b).”

“Comprehension can also be supported through the creation of glossaries that list key words (Webb, 2010c) and materials designed to increase background knowledge of the characters and storyline.”

“Glosses facilitate comprehension of a text (Khezrlou & Ellis, 2017), save a learner’s time and effort (Nation, 2001), help avoid wrong inferences (Nation, 2013), and are therefore potentially effective for vocabulary learning (Webb, 2010).”

“A detailed analysis of the transcripts based on word frequency and lexical coverage could clarify (e.g., Webb, 2010).”

“, & Webb, S. (2019). Lexical coverage and profiling.”

“As argued by Webb (2010), the pre-learning phase in a viewing study should consist of the meaning and spoken form of the target items.”

“(1996), Webb (2010) and Re ́ ve ́ sz & Brunfaut (2013) on frequency and speci fi city of words.”

“Webb (2010), for example, explains the inclusion of proper nouns in his coverage figures simply by referring to Nation (2006) and his own previous papers (Webb & Rodgers, 2009a, 2009b), which shows how the assumption has become part of the procedure of calculating text coverage.”

“First of all, there is the publication of a number of corpus-based studies (e.g., Webb & Rodgers, 2009; Webb, 2010a, 2010b) that highlight the potential of TV as an important source of L2 input by investigating the vocabulary demands of television programs such as TV series and films to determine…”

“Glosses can usually be found at the end of a text or book in a glossary (Webb, 2010), yet in this study, glossaries are compiled and inputted into an Android application.”

“The baseline PSC system is based on a heuristic approach, mainly using lexical features that influence L2 listening, such as word frequency and specificity (Webb, 2010).”

“Existing research suggests that proper names are less demanding to learn [10-12, 29, 30 ] .”

“And it avoids using dictionaries (WEBB, 2010).”

“Several studies have pointed to the effectiveness of glosses in comprehension and vocabulary retention (He, 2019; Jung, 2016; Rassaei, 2017; Webb, 2010).”

“For instance, when the speaker chooses the difficult words, which are beyond the vocabulary size of the listener, comprehension may be impeded as the listener finds it difficult to recognize such words, hence often fails to grasp the overall meaning of the speech (Goh, 2000; Bloomfield et al., 2010; Webb, 2010).”