Augmented Reality and Student Motivation: A Systematic Review (2013-2024)

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Thematic analysis was employed in 2% of the studies.

“Moreover, regression analyses, cluster analysis, and thematic analysis were each employed in 3%, 3%, and 2% of the studies, respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kendall's W test constituted 5% of the methods applied.

“Additionally, a portion of studies utilized SEM path analysis and Kendall's W test, each constituting 5% of the methods applied.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

SEM path analysis constituted 5% of the methods applied.

“Additionally, a portion of studies utilized SEM path analysis and Kendall's W test, each constituting 5% of the methods applied.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

9% of the studies used samples smaller than 25.

“9% of the studies used samples smaller than 25, and the remaining 4% did not report the sample size.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MANCOVA accounted for 9% of the methods applied.

“Following these, MANCOVA and ANOVA accounted for 9% each.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

4% of the studies did not report the sample size.

“9% of the studies used samples smaller than 25, and the remaining 4% did not report the sample size.”

May combine two claims.

10% of the studies report a negative association between AR implementation and students' learning motivation, with no evident positive facilitating effect or only indicating potential impact.

“However, 10% of the studies report a negative association between the implementation of AR in educational practices and students' learning motivation, with no evident positive facilitating effect or only indicating potential impact of AR on students' learning motivation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cluster analysis was employed in 3% of the studies.

“Moreover, regression analyses, cluster analysis, and thematic analysis were each employed in 3%, 3%, and 2% of the studies, respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

25% of the studies involved sample sizes exceeding 100 and below 200.

“25% of the studies involved sample sizes exceeding 100 and below 200.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Factor research design and observational research each accounted for 1% of the total.

“Surveys as a research method were less prevalent, accounting for 6% of the studies, and other approaches, such as factor research design and observational research, each accounted for 1% of the total.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Exploratory research constituted 2% of the studies.

“Exploratory research constituted 2% of the total, while case studies were utilized in 2% of the research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ANOVA accounted for 9% of the methods applied.

“Following these, MANCOVA and ANOVA accounted for 9% each.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Case studies were utilized in 2% of the research.

“Exploratory research constituted 2% of the total, while case studies were utilized in 2% of the research.”

May combine two claims.

Turkey, Spain, and Malaysia each accounted for 18% of the research.

“The subsequent leading countries were Turkey, Spain, and Malaysia, accounting for 18% each.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Surveys as a research method accounted for 6% of the studies.

“Surveys as a research method were less prevalent, accounting for 6% of the studies, and other approaches, such as factor research design and observational research, each accounted for 1% of the total.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

7% of the studies reported a research duration of less than 1 month.

“7% of the studies reported a research duration of less than 1 month.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

26% of the studies had a duration between 6 months and 1 year.

“Studies with a duration between 6 months and 1 year accounted for 26%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Regression analyses were employed in 3% of the studies.

“Moreover, regression analyses, cluster analysis, and thematic analysis were each employed in 3%, 3%, and 2% of the studies, respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the VOSviewer visualization, the terms augmented reality and virtual reality are closely linked.

“For instance, in the figure, the terms”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first cluster (15 items) is a conceptual network related to augmented reality, encompassing student performance, learning motivation, and technology.

“In Figure 4, the first cluster (15 items) is represented in red, forming a conceptual network related to augmented reality, encompassing elements such as student performance, learning motivation, and technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Approximately 14% of the studies were conducted within a period of less than one week.

“Approximately 14% of the studies were conducted within a period of less than one week.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

33 articles were duplicates.

“The initial search yielded 231 articles, of which 33 were duplicates.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

2 articles were excluded after consultation.

“The remaining 46 articles were independently analyzed and, after consultation, 2 articles were excluded.”

May combine two claims.

Quantitative methods are the most prevalent among the reviewed studies, with mixed methods increasingly gaining importance.

“it is evident that, similar to the typical approach in research on learning motivation, quantitative methods are the most prevalent, with mixed methods increasingly gaining importance”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

46 articles remained and were independently analyzed.

“The remaining 46 articles were independently analyzed and, after consultation, 2 articles were excluded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

3% of the articles covered computer technology.

“The remaining articles covered various topics related to natural sciences (4%), health (2%), social psychology (2%), language and linguistics (1%), and computer technology (3%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

2% of the articles covered health.

“The remaining articles covered various topics related to natural sciences (4%), health (2%), social psychology (2%), language and linguistics (1%), and computer technology (3%).”

May combine two claims.

AR's educational applications in the reviewed studies are primarily concentrated within classroom settings, with some instances of blended learning integration.

“The analysis of the studies reviewed in this paper suggests that AR's educational applications are primarily concentrated within classroom settings, although there are some instances of blended learning integration (Garzón et al., 2019a).”

• cites Garzón et al., 2019a sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Augmented reality is depicted as one of the largest nodes in the VOSviewer visualization.

“For example,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The initial search yielded 231 articles.

“In this stage, we identified 231 articles from journals, conferences, books, and other sources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

2% of the analyzed articles were in the Educational Communication category.

“and”

May combine two claims.

AR's integration into education remains concentrated in classroom settings, with limited exploration of its potential in extracurricular or blended learning environments.

“Second, AR's integration into education remains concentrated in classroom settings, with limited exploration of its potential in extracurricular or blended learning environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

4% of the articles covered natural sciences.

“The remaining articles covered various topics related to natural sciences (4%), health (2%), social psychology (2%), language and linguistics (1%), and computer technology (3%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

4% of the analyzed articles were in the E-Learning category.

“followed by”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

2% of the articles covered social psychology.

“The remaining articles covered various topics related to natural sciences (4%), health (2%), social psychology (2%), language and linguistics (1%), and computer technology (3%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The third cluster (10 items) is a conceptual network centered around the applications of augmented reality in animal studies and animal experiments.

“The third cluster (10 items) is depicted in blue, displaying a conceptual network centered around the applications of augmented reality in animal studies and animal experiments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

2% of the articles did not report the duration of their research.

“Furthermore, 2% of the articles did not report the duration of their research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The second cluster (12 items) is a conceptual network concerning learning motivation, analyzing the research impact on corresponding populations.

“The second cluster (12 items) appears in green and represents a conceptual network concerning learning motivation, analyzing the research impact on corresponding populations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

1% of the articles covered language and linguistics.

“The remaining articles covered various topics related to natural sciences (4%), health (2%), social psychology (2%), language and linguistics (1%), and computer technology (3%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

152 articles were excluded after analysis of titles and abstracts.

“Once consensus was reached, 152 articles were excluded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

198 articles remained after duplicates were removed.

“Based on the inclusion-exclusion criteria, an analysis of the titles and abstracts of the remaining 198 articles was conducted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

7% of the articles were categorized as Interdisciplinary.

“while 7% were categorized as”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

8% of the articles were associated with journals categorized as Mathematics (Miscellaneous).

“Additionally, 8% of the articles were associated with journals categorized as”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The novelty of AR stimulates students' curiosity.

“Additionally, the novelty of AR stimulates students' curiosity, driving sustained engagement and making learning more appealing and effective.”

May combine two claims.

AR makes learning more appealing and effective.

“Additionally, the novelty of AR stimulates students' curiosity, driving sustained engagement and making learning more appealing and effective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Improved comprehension leads to better academic performance.

“These features reduce cognitive load and improve comprehension, leading to better academic performance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Apart from the expected prevalence of research conducted in China (including Taiwan), other countries such as Malaysia and Turkey have shown high levels of interest in competitive educational models.

“Apart from the expected prevalence of research conducted in China (including Taiwan), other countries such as Malaysia and Turkey have shown high levels of interest in competitive educational models.”

May combine two claims.

The use of AR allows students to immerse themselves in authentic scientific learning experiences, stimulating their learning motivation and achievement, while enhancing the flexibility and interactivity of learning activities.

“The use of AR allows students to immerse themselves in authentic scientific learning experiences, stimulating their learning motivation and achievement, while enhancing the flexibility and interactivity of learning activities (Estapa & Nadolny, 2015;Lu et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2022).”

• cites Estapa & Nadolny, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lu et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wang et al., 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Through AR technology, learners can interact with virtual objects, combining learning content with the real environment, creating immersive and sensorial learning environments.

“Through AR technology, learners can interact with virtual objects, combining learning content with the real environment, creating immersive and sensorial learning environments (Astuti et al., 2019).”

• cites Astuti et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study primarily relied on a systematic review of existing literature, which is inherently dependent on the quality and comprehensiveness of the selected articles.

“The study primarily relied on a systematic review of existing literature, which is inherently dependent on the quality and comprehensiveness of the selected articles.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study identifies key areas where AR can be effectively integrated into education, particularly in fundamental subjects like mathematics and science.

“The study identifies key areas where AR can be effectively integrated into education, particularly in fundamental subjects like mathematics and science, offering actionable insights for educators and policymakers.”

May combine two claims.

The short duration of most reviewed studies restricts understanding of AR's long-term impact on learning motivation, as most findings capture only short-term effects.

“This limitation restricts the understanding of AR's long-term impact on learning motivation, as most findings capture only short-term effects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AR learning applications in education have been widely utilized as interactive digital learning platforms for complex and abstract concepts in certain courses, such as mathematics and geometry, science, geography, and art.

“AR learning applications in the field of education have been widely utilized as interactive digital learning platforms for complex and abstract concepts in certain courses, such as mathematics and geometry, science, geography, and art (Bistaman et al., 2018).”

• cites Bistaman et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The systematic review was conducted following PRISMA standards.

“A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards, which included defining inclusion criteria, information sources, search strategies, study selection process, data collection process, and data presentation and synthesis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This novel learning approach stimulates learners' curiosity, exploratory drive, and agency, thereby increasing the appeal and effectiveness of learning.

“This novel learning approach stimulates learners' curiosity, exploratory drive, and agency, thereby increasing the appeal and effectiveness of learning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of the ERIC database implies potential biases (e.g., language and sources) in the sample selection process.

“Considering that the use of the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) database implies potential biases (e.g., language and sources) in the sample selection process”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To mitigate potential reporting bias, both participants and evaluators were blinded to the study hypotheses.

“To mitigate potential reporting bias, we employed the following strategies: Double-Blind Procedures: Both participants and evaluators were blinded to the study hypotheses to reduce subjective influences during data collection and interpretation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Learning mathematical objects with AR proved more effective than teacher drawings or verbal descriptions, and students faced no difficulties in visualizing objects in three-dimensional space.

“Through this research, it was determined that learning mathematical objects proved more effective than teacher drawings or verbal descriptions, and students faced no difficulties in visualizing objects in three-dimensional space.”

• cites Chen et al. (2016) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Less structured AR environments, as in Khan et al. (2019), might have caused cognitive overload or frustration for some students.

“Khan et al. (2019) focused on less structured AR environments, which might have caused cognitive overload or frustration for some students.”

• cites Khan et al. (2019) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study underscores the potential of AR to transform traditional education by creating engaging and interactive learning experiences.

“The study underscores the potential of AR to transform traditional education by creating engaging and interactive learning experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Independent researchers reviewed the raw data and analytic processes to identify discrepancies and ensure accuracy.

“Cross-Checking of Data: Independent researchers reviewed the raw data and analytic processes to identify discrepancies and ensure accuracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three researchers independently and subsequently collaboratively participated in the selection process at different stages, based on predetermined inclusion criteria and explicit inclusion review.

“Three researchers independently and subsequently collaboratively participated in the selection process at different stages, based on predetermined inclusion criteria and explicit inclusion review.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Traditional learning approaches often rely on textbooks, lectures, and handouts, which may present challenges in terms of the abstract nature of the learning content and the lack of tangible experiences, potentially resulting in dull and difficult learning experiences.

“Traditional learning approaches often rely on textbooks, lectures, and handouts as conventional instructional resources, which may present challenges in terms of the abstract nature of the learning content and the lack of tangible experiences, potentially resulting in dull and difficult learning experiences (Kul & Berbe, 2022).”

• cites Kul & Berbe, 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

AR enhances autonomous learning and reduces cognitive load, which are critical factors in increasing learning motivation.

“the findings suggest that AR enhances autonomous learning and reduces cognitive load, which are critical factors in increasing learning motivation”

May combine two claims.

AR systems not only provide foundational knowledge to students but also offer flexibility and innovation, actively enhancing students' motivation to learn.

“Furthermore, numerous studies have proposed AR learning activities, demonstrating that AR systems not only provide foundational knowledge to students but also offer flexibility and innovation, actively enhancing students' motivation to learn (Djamas et al., 2018).”

• cites Djamas et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The study systematically analyzed 44 high-quality studies, providing a broad and detailed understanding of how AR influences learning motivation across various educational levels, domains, and teaching modes.

“By systematically analyzing 44 high-quality studies, this research provides a broad and detailed understanding of how AR influences learning motivation, encompassing various educational levels, domains, and teaching modes.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 44 studies selected for the review are representative of the broader body of research on AR and learning motivation, so that aggregating their results supports general conclusions.

May combine two claims.

By alleviating cognitive load, AR technology can enhance students' motivation and learning outcomes.

“By alleviating cognitive load, AR technology can enhance students' motivation and learning outcomes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The discrepancies between this review's results and earlier studies could stem from differences in study designs, sample characteristics, or the specific AR applications used.

“These discrepancies could stem from differences in study designs, sample characteristics, or the specific AR applications used.”