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Quantitative Magnetic Particle Imaging Monitors the Transplantation, Biodistribution, and Clearance of Stem Cells In Vivo
Open accessAbstract
Stem cell therapies have enormous potential for treating many debilitating diseases, including heart failure, stroke and traumatic brain injury. For maximal efficacy, these therapies require targeted cell delivery to specific tissues followed by successful cell engraftment. However, targeted delivery remains an open challenge. As one example, it is common for intravenous deliveries of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to become entrapped in lung microvasculature instead of the target tissue. Hence, a robust, quantitative imaging method would be essential for developing efficacious cell therapies. Here we show that Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI), a novel technique that directly images iron-oxide nanoparticle-tagged cells, can longitudinally monitor and quantify MSC administration in vivo. MPI offers near-ideal image contrast, depth penetration, and robustness; these properties make MPI both ultra-sensitive and linearly quantitative. Here, we imaged, for the first time, the dynamic trafficking of intravenous MSC administrations using MPI. Our results indicate that labeled MSC injections are immediately entrapped in lung tissue and then clear to the liver within one day, whereas standard iron oxide particle (Resovist) injections are immediately taken up by liver and spleen. Longitudinal MPI-CT imaging also indicated a clearance half-life of MSC iron oxide labels in the liver at 4.6 days. Finally, our ex vivo MPI biodistribution measurements of iron in liver, spleen, heart, and lungs after injection showed excellent agreement (R(2) = 0.943) with measurements from induction coupled plasma spectrometry. These results demonstrate that MPI offers strong utility for noninvasively imaging and quantifying the systemic distribution of cell therapies and other therapeutic agents.
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InfluentialA Simulation Study for Three Dimensional Tomographic Field Free Line Magnetic Particle Imaging
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“…MRI detects signals from hydrogen protons and provides structural images, MPI detects iron oxide nanoparticles directly, offering superior sensitivity for tracer detection, and imaging of distribution over time, making it a modality of choice for biodistribution-based imaging, for example [47,48].”
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Evaluation of a Mouse-Sized Radial Gradiometer Receive Coil for Magnetic Particle Imaging
Schrank, F., Radermacher, H., Franke, J., Breham, S., Kiessling, F. M., & Schulz, V. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3568947 · Cited by 1
“MPI shows promising applications in fields such as vascular and perfusion imaging [2], [3], [4], [5], oncology imaging [6], [7], [8], and cell tracking [9], [10], [11], [12], [13].”
Cancer theranostics with magnetic particle imaging
Tay, Z. W., Yu, E. Y., Fung, K. B., Kuo, R., Fellows, B. D., Chandrasekharan, P., & Conolly, S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22253-5.00005-4 · Cited by 1
The application of magnetic therapy in stroke treatment: Traditional treatment and biomaterials
Fan, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Han, X., Zhao, H., Zhong, Y., Jiang, X., Wei, Y., Pi, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.172060 · Cited by 1
Toumaj, S., Afifi, A., Dervis, M., Mashaly, D., AbuDraz, A., Hassan, A., Rustm, M., Jambawalikar, S., & Umair, M. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13060635 · Cited by 1
“This has prevented its translation into the clinic aside from vascular-based processes and diseases [5,34].”
Coded scenes for fast system calibration in magnetic particle imaging
İlbey, S., Top, C. B., Güngör, A., Sarıtaş, E. Ü., & Güven, E. (2018) · IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) · doi:10.1109/isbi.2018.8363582 · Cited by 1
Nanoengineering of stem cells for neural regenerative medicine
Altuntaş, E., Gözütok, K., & Özkan, B. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820223-4.00006-1 · Cited by 1
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for Thoracic Surgeons: An Update
Petrella, F., Cassina, E. M., Libretti, L., Pirondini, E., Raveglia, F., & Tuoro, A. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13121632 · Cited by 1
“Basal cells can operate as tissue-specific stem cells of the airway epithelium in the proximal airway, while in the distal airway, the bronchiolar epithelium is silent until damage happens when variant club cells—representing a group of secretory cells—disclose the ability to proliferate in response…”
BackgroundFunctionalized magnetic nanogels for diagnostic tools and devices
Dey, P., Ghosh, S., Chatterjee, A., Khanra, R., & Biswas, G. R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19012-4.00002-3 · Cited by 1
In Vivo Tracking of Amniotic Fluid Derived Stem Cells on Acellular Nerve Graft
Ma, X., Henry, K., Healy, K. M., Luo, T. D., Smith, T. L., & Li, Z. (2025) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.02.012 · Cited by 1
Fujii, Y., Furukawa, A., Iizuka, M., Seino, S., & Nakagawa, T. (2025) · Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan · doi:10.3379/msjmag.2509r004 · Cited by 1
Molecular Imaging and Stem Cell Imaging
Shaikh, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9535-3_20 · Cited by 1
Recent Progress in Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Medicine: A Review
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Magnetic Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine
STIUFIUC, G., Iacoviță, C., Toma, V., Stiufiuc, R. I., Tetean, R., & Lucaciu, C. M. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119754725.ch2 · Cited by 1
Effects of scanning and reconstruction parameters on image quality in magnetic particle imaging
Bozkurt, E. (2018) · Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University)
Variability of Excitation Coil Design and Performance in Magnetic Particle Imaging: A Review
Birahim, M. F. S., Othman, N. B., Sapuan, S. Z., Tomari, R., & Mohamad, E. J. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (ICSIMA) · doi:10.1109/icsima47653.2019.9057302
Yan, X., Hu, Y., Chen, W., Shi, X., Pan, Y., & Xu, Z. (2021) · Progress In Electromagnetics Research C · doi:10.2528/pierc21071201
Regenerative Medicine Applied to the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Pathologies
González-González, A., García‐Sánchez, D., Alfonso-Fernández, A., Haider, K. H., Rodríguez-Rey, J. C., & Pérez-Campo, F. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_50-1
Soares, G. A., Pinto, L. A., Liebl, M., Biasotti, G. G. D. A., Prospero, A. G., Stoppa, E. G., Bakuzis, A. F., Baffa, O., Wiekhorst, F., & Miranda, J. R. D. A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1616879/v1
A Review of Enabling Technologies for Magnetic Particle Imaging
Khandani, M. K., & Vosoughi, A. (2022) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas54063.2022.9859431
“Thus, these methods can be used for imaging cancerous tissue [17], imaging the brain [14], monitoring cardiovascular diseases [15], angiography [18], tracking stem cells [19] magnetic fluid hyperthermia [20], and investigating of the blood-brain barrier [21][22].”
Saline bolus for negative contrast perfusion imaging in magnetic particle imagingPreprint
Mohn, F., Exner, M., Szwargulski, P., Möddel, M., Knopp, T., & Graeser, M. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.15480/882.8557
An Improved Design of Detection Coil for Magnetic Particle Imaging
Zhang, R., Sun, S., Sun, S., Wei, J. H., Li, X., Zhong, J., & Xu, L. (2023) · IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/i2mtc53148.2023.10175881
“The SPION magnetization is proportional to its concentration, in principle allowing quantitative imaging, which is of great significance for biomedical applications [4-8].”
BackgroundHuynh, Q., Doyle, O., Guo, K., Swamynathan, A., Huang, L., Garlepp, J., Dambal, N., Bryan, J. T., Ramdani, S., Saayujya, C., et al. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.24309607.v1
Huynh, Q., Doyle, O., Guo, K., Swamynathan, A., Huang, L., Garlepp, J., Dambal, N., Bryan, J. T., Ramdani, S., Saayujya, C., et al. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.24309607
Pant, A., Singh, G., Barnwal, R. P., Saini, S., Jain, A., & Singh, B. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13474-6.00010-x
Three-Dimensional Magnetic Particle Imaging Utilizing an Open-type System: A Feasibility Study
Nan, J., Nguyen, K. T., Park, J., Choi, E., & Kim, J. (2025) · Journal of Sensor Science and Technology · doi:10.46670/jsst.2025.34.1.1
Vašíček, J., Baláži, A., Tirpáková, M., Tomka, M., & Chrenek, P. (2025) · Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.3390/jdb13010006
“Moreover, several studies have been published studying the cellular uptake of different elements, such as ruthenium, platinum, gallium, silver, or iron, etc., by various cell lines [15–20] or cell efflux of, e.g., potassium during inflammasome activation [21].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Zheng, B., von See, M. P., Yu, E., Gunel, B., Lu, K., Vazin, T., Schaffer, D. V., Goodwill, P. W., & Conolly, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zheng, Bo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Theranostics
- Publisher
- Ivyspring International Publisher
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 291-301
- ISSN
- 1838-7640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4737718
- OpenAlex
- W2275153700
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 13
- FWCI
- 12.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Theranostics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- tub.dok (Hamburg University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- TUHH Open Research
- Funders
- W. M. Keck Foundation (009323)
- ACT Government
- Siebel Scholars Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (009323, NIH-R01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R24MH106053)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB019458, R01EB013689)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Mesenchymal stem cell research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- magnetic particle imaging, mesenchymal stem cells, stem cell transplantation, cell biodistribution, cell clearance, stem cell therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Ferric Compounds, Humans, Magnetics, Rats, Inbred F344, Staining and Labeling, Tissue Distribution, Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation, Mice, Nanoparticles, Administration, Intravenous
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