PET-MR and SPECT-MR multimodality probes: Development and challenges
Open accessAbstract
Positron emission tomography (PET)-magnetic resonance (MR) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-MR hybrid imaging is being used in daily clinical practice. Due to its advantages over stand-alone PET, SPECT or MR imaging, in many areas such as oncology, the demand for hybrid imaging techniques is increasing dramatically. The use of multimodal imaging probes or biomarkers in a single molecule or particle to characterize the imaging subjects such as disease tissues certainly provides us with more accurate diagnosis and promotes therapeutic accuracy. A limited number of multimodal imaging probes are being used in preclinical and potential clinical investigations. The further development of multimodal PET-MR and SPECT-MR imaging probes includes several key elements: novel synthetic strategies, high sensitivity for accurate quantification and high anatomic resolution, favourable pharmacokinetic profile and target-specific binding of a new probe. This review thoroughly summarizes all recently available and noteworthy PET-MR and SPECT-MR multimodal imaging probes including small molecule bimodal probes, nano-sized bimodal probes, small molecular trimodal probes and nano-sized trimodal probes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive overview of all PET-MR and SPECT-MR multimodal probes. Since the development of multimodal PET-MR and SPECT-MR imaging probes is an emerging research field, a selection of 139 papers were recognized following the literature review. The challenges for designing multimodal probes have also been addressed in order to offer some future research directions for this novel interdisciplinary research field.
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Different types of NPs for multimodal imaging have been established such as modified Gd2O3 NPs, gold NPs, 64CuInS/ZnS QDs, Bi2S3 NPs, and liposomal nanocarrier conjugated 99mTc.
“Different types of NPs for multimodal imaging have been established such as modified Gd2O3 NPs, gold NPs, 64CuInS/ZnS QDs, Bi2S3 NPs, and liposomal nanocarrier conjugated 99mTc [137,138].”
From Approaches to Improve EPR-Based Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis (2023) · cites this paper as [138]
The Introduction’s “Nano-sized bimodal probes” section describes modified Gd2O3-based particles and says liposomes labeled with 99mTc can serve as multimodal probes. “Nano-sized trimodal probes” describes a gold–iron oxide nanoparticle probe. The passages do not establish the listed 64CuInS/ZnS quantum dots or Bi2S3 nanoparticles; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Approaches to Improve EPR-Based Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis
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“Different types of NPs for multimodal imaging have been established such as modified Gd2O3 NPs, gold NPs, 64CuInS/ZnS QDs, Bi2S3 NPs, and liposomal nanocarrier conjugated 99mTc [137,138].”
Backgroundde Maar, J. S., Sofias, A. M., Porta Siegel, T., Vreeken, R. J., Moonen, C., Bos, C., & Deckers, R. (2020) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.38625 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yang, C.-T., Ghosh, K. K., Padmanabhan, P., Langer, O., Liu, J., Eng, D. N. C., Halldin, C., & Gulyás, B.
- Affiliations
- SingHealth (SG)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH (AT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Chang-Tong
- ORCID
- Venue
- Theranostics
- Publisher
- Ivyspring International Publisher
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 6210-6232
- ISSN
- 1838-7640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6299694
- OpenAlex
- W2903024882
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Theranostics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Nanyang Technological University (NAM/15005)
- Universität Wien
- Medizinische Universität Wien (NAM/15005)
- Austrian Institute of Technology (NAM/15005)
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Keywords
- PET/MR imaging, multimodal imaging probes, chemical probes, probe design, pharmacokinetics, tumor imaging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Molecular Probes, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Positron-Emission Tomography, Multimodal Imaging
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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