Cited by 283Fatty Acid Research and HealthNutritional Studies and DietAquaculture Nutrition and Growth

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Plasma Phospholipid Long-Chain ω-3 Fatty Acids and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Older Adults: A Cohort Study

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (22:5ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6ω-3), have been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk, but effects on cause-specific and total mortality and potential dose-responses remain controversial. Most observational studies have assessed self-reported dietary intake and most randomized trials have tested effects of adding supplements to dietary intake and evaluated secondary prevention, thus limiting inference for dietary ω3-PUFAs or primary prevention. OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations of plasma phospholipid EPA, DPA, DHA, and total ω3-PUFA levels with total and cause-specific mortality among healthy older adults not receiving supplements. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: 4 U.S. communities. PARTICIPANTS: 2692 U.S. adults aged 74 years (±5 years) without prevalent coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, or heart failure at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Phospholipid fatty acid levels and cardiovascular risk factors were measured in 1992. Relationships with total and cause-specific mortality and incident fatal or nonfatal CHD and stroke through 2008 were assessed. RESULTS: During 30 829 person-years, 1625 deaths (including 570 cardiovascular deaths), 359 fatal and 371 nonfatal CHD events, and 130 fatal and 276 nonfatal strokes occurred. After adjustment, higher plasma levels of ω3-PUFA biomarkers were associated with lower total mortality, with extreme-quintile hazard ratios of 0.83 for EPA (95% CI, 0.71 to 0.98; P for trend = 0.005), 0.77 for DPA (CI, 0.66 to 0.90; P for trend = 0.008), 0.80 for DHA (CI, 0.67 to 0.94; P for trend = 0.006), and 0.73 for total ω3-PUFAs (CI, 0.61 to 0.86; P for trend < 0.001). Lower risk was largely attributable to fewer cardiovascular than noncardiovascular deaths. Individuals in the highest quintile of phospholipid ω3-PUFA level lived an average of 2.22 more years (CI, 0.75 to 3.13 years) after age 65 years than did those in the lowest quintile. LIMITATION: Temporal changes in fatty acid levels and misclassification of causes of death may have resulted in underestimated associations, and unmeasured or imperfectly measured covariates may have caused residual confounding. CONCLUSION: Higher circulating individual and total ω3-PUFA levels are associated with lower total mortality, especially CHD death, in older adults. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institutes of Health.

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  1. Breslow NE, 1972, J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol, 34, 216
  2. Fotuhi M, 2009, Nat Clin Pract Neurol, 5, 140

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Metadata

Authors
Mozaffarian, D., Lemaitre, R. N., King, I. B., Song, X., Huang, H., Sacks, F. M., Rimm, E. B., Wang, M., & Siscovick, D. S.
Affiliations
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
  • From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Venue
Annals of Internal Medicine
Published
2013-04-02
Volume
158
Issue
7
Pages
515-525
ISSN
  • 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
  • 1539-3704
OpenAlex
W2015008724
Cited by
283
References
61
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 19
FWCI
34.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (n01hc085082-026, n01hc085081-021, n01hc045133-001, n01hc085079-024, n01hc015103-009, n01hc085084-005, n01hc085085-011, n01hc085083-027, n01hc085080-026, n01hc085086-022, n01hc55222-0-0-0, n01hc075150-004, n01hc035129-010)
  • National Institute on Aging (AG 20098, R56AG023629, R01AG020098, AG023629, AG027058, R56AG020098, R01AG023629, R01AG015928, R01AG027058)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC-85081, N01HC85085, N01 HC085086, N01HC-85083, N0-1-HC-85239, N01 HC085079, N01HC85082, N01HC‐75150, N01 HC85086, N01 HC035129, N01HC85080, N01 HC015103, N01 HC55222, HHSN268201200036C, U01HL080295, N01 HC055222, R01HL085710, HL080295, R01HL080295, N01 HC075150, N01 HC045133, N01-HC85079, ­N01-HC85084)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Keywords
plasma phospholipid fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, cardiovascular mortality, coronary artery disease, stroke, older adults, primary prevention, dietary fatty acids, dietary biomarkers, dose-response relationship
MeSH terms
Aged, Cause of Death, Coronary Disease, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Biomarkers, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Diet Records, Risk Assessment, Stroke

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