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Female mice ultrasonically interact with males during courtship displays
Open accessAbstract
During courtship males attract females with elaborate behaviors. In mice, these displays include ultrasonic vocalizations. Ultrasonic courtship vocalizations were previously attributed to the courting male, despite evidence that both sexes produce virtually indistinguishable vocalizations. Because of this similarity, and the difficulty of assigning vocalizations to individuals, the vocal contribution of each individual during courtship is unknown. To address this question, we developed a microphone array system to localize vocalizations from socially interacting, individual adult mice. With this system, we show that female mice vocally interact with males during courtship. Males and females jointly increased their vocalization rates during chases. Furthermore, a female's participation in these vocal interactions may function as a signal that indicates a state of increased receptivity. Our results reveal a novel form of vocal communication during mouse courtship, and lay the groundwork for a mechanistic dissection of communication during social behavior.
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“Similarly, male mice alter behavior in response to female USVs, and these calls contain information about the female’s reproductive receptivity [92,93].”
From The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [92]
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Salles, A., & Neunuebel, J. P. (2023) · Molecular Psychology Brain Behavior and Society · doi:10.12688/molpsychol.17539.1 · Cited by 1
“This technological advancement allowed multiple groups to reveal that both sexes vocalize during courtship 47–49 .”
BackgroundPilipenko, T., Premoli, M., Gnutti, A., Bonini, S. A., Leonardi, R., Memo, M., & Migliorati, P. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16433 · Cited by 2
“This greater complexity of male mice syllables has previously been demonstrated to be preferred by female mice and to induce approach behaviour (Chabout et al., 2015; Heckman et al., 2016; Neunuebel et al., 2015), thus suggesting a positive value of recall between male – female mice.”
Hutchens, S., Khurram, I., & Hurley, L. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1446866 · Cited by 1
Pomberger, T., Kaplan, K. S., Carter, R., Wetsel, A. Q., Harmon, T. C., & MOONEY, R. D. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115850 · Cited by 1
“25– 27 Therefore, both the female and the male in the adjacent chamber served as receivers for the courting male’s USVs.”
Courtship and distress ultrasonic vocalizations are altered in a mouse model of Angelman syndrome
Guoynes, C. D., Pavalko, G., & Sidorov, M. S. (2025) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-025-09648-y · Cited by 1
“Performing a 20-minute test provides a richer data-set by giving the male mice more time to interact with the female and respond, and is more similar to the length of courtship vocalization testing in other studies that Can range from 10 min to 5 h [57, 72, 99, 125–127].”
Vocal ontogeny in Mus musculus
Pranic, N. M., Singh, R., Rabinovich, J., Ferry, D., & Tschida, K. (2025) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123376 · Cited by 1
Fowler, L. F., Maekawa, A. S., Burry, T. N., Vaters, J., Salia, S., Hinks, M., Sparkes, K. M., & Swift‐Gallant, A. (2026) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105886 · Cited by 1
Neural mechanisms underlying orofacial prosocial behavior in rodents
Wang, J., Huang, M., Ni, Z., Zhi, Z., & Cao, P. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106572 · Cited by 1
Neonatal auditory input affects vocal development in harbour seals
Raimondi, T., Haas, C. E., de Reus, K., Méndez-Aróstegui, M., Jadoul, Y., & Ravignani, A. (2026) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0369 · Cited by 1
Tamura, R., Yamamoto, M., Ujihara, Y., Kasahara, H., Matsushima, S., Nasukawa, D., Hayashi, K., Yamada, K., Tanaka, M., & Toda, K. (2026) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyag048 · Cited by 1
“39 – 43 These approaches make it possible to examine vocal activity alongside the spatial and temporal organization of social behavior.”
InfluentialMoëne, O. L. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108943567.012 · Cited by 1
Computational Ethology: Short Review of Current Sensors and Artificial Intelligence Based Methods
Aguilar-Moreno, M., & Graña, M. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34204-2_2 · Cited by 1
Social Endophenotypes in Mouse Models of Psychiatric Disease
Pisansky, M. T., Gottesman, I. I., & Gewirtz, J. C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3777-6_8 · Cited by 1
Si, Y., Ito, S., Litke, A. M., & Feldheim, D. A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465327 · Cited by 1
“A number of important naturalistic sounds for mice are in the high-frequency range, such as pup calls and mating vocalizations (Neunuebel et al., 2015; Ó Broin et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEmotional Vocalizations Alter Behaviors and Neurochemical Release into the AmygdalaPreprint
Ghasemahmad, Z., Mrvelj, A., Panditi, R., Sharma, B. K., Perumal, K. D., & Wenstrup, J. J. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88838.2 · Cited by 1
Inferring neural dynamics of memory during naturalistic social communicationPreprint
Pang, R., Baker, C. A., Murthy, M., & Pillow, J. W. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577404 · Cited by 1
“We additionally predict that such multi-scale dynamics may be a generic neural correlate of fluctuating language-like inputs that must be remembered over long timescales, e.g. in acoustic communication in mice (76), or narrative processing in humans or language models (2).”
SqueakOut: Autoencoder-based segmentation of mouse ultrasonic vocalizationsPreprint
Santana, G. M. T., & Dietrich, M. O. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590368 · Cited by 1
“Traditional methods for detecting and analyzing rodent USVs have relied heavily on manual annotation or semi-automated techniques based on predefined parameters and thresholds [28, 29].”
MethodJarvis, E. D. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.11665
“Prior to this study, the best way to record multiple animals in the same location was to use an array of microphones, followed by sophisticated sorting software to identify which animals were vocalizing, as was recently done with mice (Neunuebel et al., 2015).”
MethodGlomerular Signals Underlying Olfactory Navigation
Nkenfack, N., & Merveille, N. (2020)
Pranic, N. M., Kornbrek, C., Yang, C., Cleland, T. A., & Tschida, K. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.05.503007
“Although adult mice produce only low rates of USVs in the absence of social partners or cues, adult males and females increase production of 70 kHz USVs during chases (Neunuebel et al., 2015; Sangiamo et al., 2020).”
Background(2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108943567.010
Emotional Vocalizations Alter Behaviors and Neurochemical Release into the AmygdalaPreprint
Ghasemahmad, Z., Mrvelj, A., Panditi, R., Sharma, B. K., Perumal, K. D., & Wenstrup, J. J. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88838.1 · Cited by 1
Ziobro, P., Woo, Y., He, Z., & Tschida, K. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557179
Ghasemahmad, Z., Mrvelj, A., Panditi, R., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88838.2.sa1
Emotional Vocalizations Alter Behaviors and Neurochemical Release into the AmygdalaPreprint
Ghasemahmad, Z., Mrvelj, A., Panditi, R., Sharma, B. K., Perumal, K. D., & Wenstrup, J. J. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88838.3
Metadata
- Authors
- Neunuebel, J. P., Taylor, A. L., Arthur, B. J., & Egnor, S. R.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
- Corresponding author
- Neunuebel, Joshua P
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2015-05-28
- Volume
- 4
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4447045
- OpenAlex
- W2161992654
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 19.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) (Janelia Research Campus)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- courtship vocalizations, ultrasonic vocalizations, microphone array, vocal communication, chase, social behavior
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Courtship, Female, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Ultrasonics, Vocalization, Animal, Mice
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