Genetic and environmental influences on adult human height across birth cohorts from 1886 to 1994
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Human height variation is determined by genetic and environmental factors, but it remains unclear whether their influences differ across birth-year cohorts. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 40 twin cohorts including 143,390 complete twin pairs born 1886-1994. Although genetic variance showed a generally increasing trend across the birth-year cohorts, heritability estimates (0.69-0.84 in men and 0.53-0.78 in women) did not present any clear pattern of secular changes. Comparing geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia), total height variance was greatest in North America and Australia and lowest in East Asia, but no clear pattern in the heritability estimates across the birth-year cohorts emerged. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that heritability of height is lower in populations with low living standards than in affluent populations, nor that heritability of height will increase within a population as living standards improve.
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Extensive twin studies show that adult height is highly heritable with predominantly additive genetic effects that diverge in a sex-specific manner from the age of puberty onwards, and these effects are likely due to sex differences in adult circulating testosterone concentrations.
“Extensive twin studies show that adult height is highly heritable with predominantly additive genetic effects (140) that diverge in a sex-specific manner from the age of puberty onwards (141, 142), the effects of which are likely to be due to sex differences in adult circulating testosterone concentrations.”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [142]
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- Authors
- Jelenkovic, A., Hur, Y.-M., Sund, R., Yokoyama, Y., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Aaltonen, S., Heikkilä, K., Öncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Rebato, E., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Maes, H. H., Cutler, T. L., Hopper, J. L., Ordoñana, J. R., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Sung, J., Song, Y.-M., Yang, S., Lee, K., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Busjahn, A., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Kandler, C., Jang, K. L., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D'Ippolito, C., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Jeong, H.-U., Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Magnusson, P. K., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl-Aslan, A. K., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Tynelius, P., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Lichtenstein, P., Spector, T. D., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, T. C., Willemsen, G., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Harris, J. R., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Corley, R. P., Hjelmborg, J. V. B., Goldberg, J. H., Iwatani, Y., Watanabe, M., Honda, C., Inui, F., Rasmussen, F., Huibregtse, B. M., Boomsma, D. I., Sørensen, T. I. A., Kaprio, J., & Silventoinen, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Mokpo National University (KR)
- Osaka City University (JP)
- Institute for Research and Development (LK)
- King's College London (GB)
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Qingdao University (CN)
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CN)
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Kırıkkale University (TR)
- Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (ES)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- University of Southern California (US)
- Samsung Medical Center (KR)
- Inje University (KR)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Boston University (US)
- HealthTwiSt GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Colorado School of Public Health (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Bielefeld University (DE)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- National Academy of Sciences (US)
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (IT)
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Rome, Italy
- Washington State University Spokane (US)
- Washington State University (US)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- SRI International (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Goldsmiths University of London (GB)
- Healthy Twin Association of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, United Kingdom
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Michigan State University (US)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Kio University (JP)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Jelenkovic, Aline
- ORCID
- Jelenkovic, Aline
- Hur, Yoon-Mi
- Sund, Reijo
- Yokoyama, Yoshie
- Siribaddana, Sisira H
- Hotopf, Matthew
- Sumathipala, Athula
- Tan, Qihua
- Zhang, Dongfeng
- Pang, Zengchang
- Aaltonen, Sari
- Öncel, Sevgi Y
- Rebato, Esther
- Christensen, Kaare
- Skytthe, Axel
- Kyvik, Kirsten O
- Silberg, Judy L
- Maes, Hermine H
- Cutler, Tessa L
- Hopper, John L
- Ordoñana, Juan R
- Sánchez-Romera, Juan F
- Cozen, Wendy
- Hwang, Amie E
- Mack, Thomas M
- Sung, Joohon
- Song, Yun-Mi
- Yang, Sarah
- Lee, Kayoung
- Franz, Carol E
- Kremen, William S
- Lyons, Michael J
- Busjahn, Andreas
- Kandler, Christian
- Jang, Kerry L
- Gatz, Margaret
- Butler, David A
- Fagnani, Corrado
- Duncan, Glen E
- Buchwald, Dedra
- Derom, Catherine A
- Vlietinck, Robert F
- Loos, Ruth JF
- Martin, Nicholas G
- Medland, Sarah E
- Montgomery, Grant W
- Swan, Gary E
- Magnusson, Patrik KE
- Pedersen, Nancy L
- McAdams, Tom A
- Eley, Thalia C
- Gregory, Alice M
- Tynelius, Per
- Baker, Laura A
- Tuvblad, Catherine
- Bayasgalan, Gombojav
- Lichtenstein, Paul
- Mangino, Massimo
- Bartels, Meike
- Willemsen, Gonneke
- Burt, S Alexandra
- Klump, Kelly L
- Harris, Jennifer R
- Nilsen, Thomas Sevenius
- Krueger, Robert F
- McGue, Matt
- Pahlen, Shandell
- Corley, Robin P
- Hjelmborg, Jacob v B
- Goldberg, Jack H
- Iwatani, Yoshinori
- Watanabe, Mikio
- Inui, Fujio
- Rasmussen, Finn
- Huibregtse, Brooke M
- Boomsma, Dorret I
- Sørensen, Thorkild I A
- Kaprio, Jaakko
- Silventoinen, Karri
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2016-12-14
- Volume
- 5
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5156525
- OpenAlex
- W2561040810
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 4.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Keele Research Repository (Keele University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Jonkoping University Library (Jönköping University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Communities in ADDI (University of the Basque Country) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Suomen Akatemia (266592)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Historical Economic and Social Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- human height, heritability, genetic variance, environmental variance, birth cohort differences, secular trends, twin cohort, living standards, adult height
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Height, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Twins, Global Health, Cohort Studies, Young Adult
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