An integrative study of five biological clocks in somatic and mental health
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Abstract
Biological clocks have been developed at different molecular levels and were found to be more advanced in the presence of somatic illness and mental disorders. However, it is unclear whether different biological clocks reflect similar aging processes and determinants. In ~3000 subjects, we examined whether five biological clocks (telomere length, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic clocks) were interrelated and associated to somatic and mental health determinants. Correlations between biological aging indicators were small (all r < 0.2), indicating little overlap. The most consistent associations of advanced biological aging were found for male sex, higher body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome, smoking, and depression. As compared to the individual clocks, a composite index of all five clocks showed most pronounced associations with health determinants. The large effect sizes of the composite index and the low correlation between biological aging indicators suggest that one’s biological age is best reflected by combining aging measures from multiple cellular levels.
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Epigenetic age gaps showed no correlations with proteomic and metabolomic age gaps.
“Interestingly, epigenetic age gaps showed no correlations with proteomic and metabolomic age gaps, emphasizing that different omics technologies may capture different ageing signals.”
From Measuring biological age using omics data (2022) · cites this paper as [155]
In one multi-omics study, epigenetic and transcriptomic clock age gaps were mildly correlated, and proteomic and metabolomic clock age gaps were mildly correlated.
“One multi-omics study wherein the authors built their own telomere, epigenetic, proteomic and metabolomics clocks within a single cohort found mild correlations between epigenetic and transcriptomic clock age gaps and between proteomic and metabolomic clock age gaps155.”
From Measuring biological age using omics data (2022) · cites this paper as [155]
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Measuring biological age using omics data
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- Authors
- Jansen, R., Han, L. K., Verhoeven, J. E., Aberg, K. A., van den Oord, E. C., Milaneschi, Y., & Penninx, B. W.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL)
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States
- Corresponding author
- Jansen, Rick
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2021-02-09
- Volume
- 10
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7872513
- OpenAlex
- W3127104885
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 6.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Universiteit Leiden (10‐000‐1002)
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (10‐000‐1002)
- ZonMw (184.021.007, 10‐000‐1002, 91811602)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (184021007, 10-000-1002, 91811602, 184.033.111)
- GGZ inGeest
- Rivierduinen
- GGZ Friesland
- GGZ Drenthe
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH099110, RC2MH089951, R01MH109525)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- biological clock, biological aging, telomere length, epigenetic clocks, physical health, mental health, depression, metabolic syndrome, body mass index, smoking, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Biological Clocks, Humans, Mental Health, Telomere, Proteome, Epigenesis, Genetic, Metabolome, Transcriptome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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