The association between psychiatric disorders and telomere length: a meta-analysis involving 14,827 persons
Open accessAbstract
Objective: This study examined the relationship between leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cell aging, and psychiatric disorders in adults compared with controls using meta-analytic methods. Methods: Data were abstracted from studies examining the relationship between LTL and adult psychiatric disorders. In addition to an overall estimate of effect size, subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to examine whether covariates (including psychiatric diagnoses) moderated the estimate. Results: A significant overall effect size showing LTL shortening was found across all psychiatric disorders (Hedge g = −0.50, p < .001). Subgroup analyses did not demonstrate significant differences in effect size based on individual covariates (psychiatric disorder, sex, age, or assay method). The meta-regression indicated that although type of disorder and, likely, age moderate the overall effect size, the heterogeneity between studies could not be explained by a model that included these variables as well as sex and assay method. Although not significantly different, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders had comparatively larger effect sizes (−1.27, −0.53, and −0.55), and psychotic and bipolar disorders had comparatively smaller ones (−0.23 and −0.26). Conclusions: We observed a robust effect size of LTL shortening for psychiatric disorders as a whole compared with controls. The results were less straightforward regarding relative differences in the strength of this association by specific disorder. Future studies should focus on mechanisms explaining accelerated cell aging with psychiatric illness, defining directions (if any) of causality and elucidating possible differences in this association between disorders.
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Shorter telomeres are associated with multiple psychiatric conditions, including stress-related disorders, mood disorders, externalizing disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
“Emerging evidence suggests that shorter telomeres are associated with multiple psychiatric conditions, including stress-related disorders such as PTSD and anxiety, mood disorders including depression and bipolar, externalizing disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.11–16”
From Telomere Length and Psychopathology: Specificity and Direction of Effects Within the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
Telomere length is associated with psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, as well as depressive symptoms.
“Telomere length, a marker associated with aging is also known to be associated with psychiatric disorders35 including major depressive disorder36, as well as depressive symptoms37.”
From Methylome-wide change associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy in depressed patients (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Darrow, S. M., Verhoeven, J. E., Révész, D., Lindqvist, D., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Delucchi, K. L., Wolkowitz, O. M., & Mathews, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mathews, Carol A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 776-787
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-7796
- PMC
- PMC5003712
- OpenAlex
- W2467613733
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH, W81XWH1010021)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (91811602)
- Vetenskapsrådet (INCA 600398, 2015-00387)
- Institut National Du Cancer (600398)
- Svenska Läkaresällskapet (2015‐00387, SLS-244821)
- National Institutes of Health (W81XWH)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH083784, R01MH083784, R01MH096767)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- leukocyte telomere length, telomere shortening, mental illness, cellular aging, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, psychosis, bipolar disorder, aging biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Humans, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Telomere Shortening
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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