Antagonistic role of the BTB-zinc finger transcription factors Chinmo and Broad-Complex in the juvenile/pupal transition and in growth control
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Abstract
During development, the growing organism transits through a series of temporally regulated morphological stages to generate the adult form. In humans, for example, development progresses from childhood through to puberty and then to adulthood, when sexual maturity is attained. Similarly, in holometabolous insects, immature juveniles transit to the adult form through an intermediate pupal stage when larval tissues are eliminated and the imaginal progenitor cells form the adult structures. The identity of the larval, pupal, and adult stages depends on the sequential expression of the transcription factors chinmo , Br-C, and E93 . However, how these transcription factors determine temporal identity in developing tissues is poorly understood. Here, we report on the role of the larval specifier chinmo in larval and adult progenitor cells during fly development. Interestingly, chinmo promotes growth in larval and imaginal tissues in a Br-C-independent and -dependent manner, respectively. In addition, we found that the absence of chinmo during metamorphosis is critical for proper adult differentiation. Importantly, we also provide evidence that, in contrast to the well-known role of chinmo as a pro-oncogene, Br-C and E93 act as tumour suppressors. Finally, we reveal that the function of chinmo as a juvenile specifier is conserved in hemimetabolous insects as its homolog has a similar role in Blatella germanica . Taken together, our results suggest that the sequential expression of the transcription factors Chinmo, Br-C and E93 during larva, pupa an adult respectively, coordinate the formation of the different organs that constitute the adult organism.
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In hemimetabolous insects, Chinmo and JH, via Kr-h1, maintain the nymphal stage and suppress E93 and adult differentiation.
“In hemimetabolous insects, Chinmo and JH, via Kr-h1 , maintain the nymphal stage and suppress E93 and adult differentiation.”
From Regulation of metamorphosis in holometabolous insects (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
In Results and discussion, under “Role of chinmo in hemimetabolous development” (page unavailable), Chinmo depletion in the cockroach causes premature adulthood, and the authors describe Kr-h1 as preventing metamorphosis by repressing E93. The Introduction links juvenile hormone to regulation of metamorphic genes, but our copy does not specifically state that juvenile hormone acts via Kr-h1 to maintain the nymphal stage in hemimetabolous insects or that Chinmo suppresses E93 there. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn holometabolous insects, the larval, pupal, and adult stages are determined by three metamorphic genes: chinmo, broad, and E93, respectively.
“In holometabolous insects, the larval, pupal, and adult stages are determined by three metamorphic genes: chinmo, broad , and E93 , respectively.”
From Regulation of metamorphosis in holometabolous insects (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
Chinmo is anti-metamorphic and suppresses the expression of broad and E93.
“Chinmo is anti-metamorphic and suppresses the expression of broad and E93 .”
From Regulation of metamorphosis in holometabolous insects (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
Chinmo has a broader role in maintaining the larval stage in Drosophila.
“Two independent studies in Drosophila subsequently showed that chinmo had a broader role in maintaining the larval stage [59,7].”
From Regulation of metamorphosis in holometabolous insects (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
Chinmo maintains the larval state in both Drosophila and Tribolium, and it inhibits both broad and E93 expression.
“Chinmo maintains the larval state in both Drosophila [59,7] and Tribolium [30], and it inhibits both broad and E93 expression .”
From Regulation of metamorphosis in holometabolous insects (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Chafino, S., Giannios, P., Casanova, J., Martín, D., & Franch-Marro, X.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra)
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2023-04-28
- Volume
- 12
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10234633
- OpenAlex
- W4367313585
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PGC2018-098427-B-I00, PID2021-125661NB-100, PGC2018-094254-B-100, PID2021-123392NB-I00)
- Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2017-SGR 1030)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- Chinmo, Broad-Complex, E93, metamorphosis, growth regulation, tumour suppressor, holometabolous insects, hemimetabolous insects, Blatella germanica, Drosophila
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Child, Humans, Insecta, Larva, Metamorphosis, Biological, Pupa, Transcription Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Insect Proteins
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