History, Applications, and Mechanisms of Deep Brain Stimulation
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective surgical treatment for medication-refractory hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders, and it is being explored for a variety of other neurological and psychiatric diseases. Deep brain stimulation has been Food and Drug Administration-approved for essential tremor and Parkinson disease and has a humanitarian device exemption for dystonia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurostimulation is the fruit of decades of both technical and scientific advances in the field of basic neuroscience and functional neurosurgery. Despite the clinical success of DBS, the therapeutic mechanism of DBS remains under debate. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive review of DBS focusing on movement disorders, including the historical evolution of the technique, applications and outcomes with an overview of the most pertinent literature, current views on mechanisms of stimulation, and description of hardware and programming techniques. We conclude with a discussion of future developments in neurostimulation.
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Closed-loop DBS has been proposed to deliver adaptive neuromodulation synchronized to each patient's real-time pathological brain state.
“Closed-loop DBS has been proposed to provide synchronous adaptive neuromodulation based on real-time pathological brain states in each patient [15, 83, 121].”
From Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers (2016) · cites this paper as [83]
Deep brain stimulation is especially effective for movement disorders including Parkinson's disease, dystonia and essential tremor.
“For example, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is particularly successful in treating movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s Disease, dystonia and essential tremor [5, 24, 83].”
From Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers (2016) · cites this paper as [83]
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- Authors
- Miocinovic, S., Somayajula, S., Chitnis, S., & Vitek, J. L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vitek, Jerrold L.
- Venue
- JAMA Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-02-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 163
- ISSN
- 2168-6149 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1965831062
- Cited by
- 496
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 18
- FWCI
- 18.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders
- Keywords
- deep brain stimulation, movement disorders, Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, neurostimulation, therapeutic mechanisms, DBS programming, functional neurosurgery
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Movement Disorders, Parkinson Disease, Treatment Outcome, Essential Tremor, Dystonic Disorders, Deep Brain Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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