The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 42 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Early identification efforts are essential for the early treatment of the symptoms of autism but can only occur if robust risk factors are found. Children with autism often engage in repetitive behaviors and anecdotally prefer to visually examine geometric repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel. The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined. OBJECTIVES: To determine if toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 14 to 42 months prefer to visually examine dynamic geometric images more than social images and to determine if visual fixation patterns can correctly classify a toddler as having an ASD. DESIGN: Toddlers were presented with a 1-minute movie depicting moving geometric patterns on 1 side of a video monitor and children in high action, such as dancing or doing yoga, on the other. Using this preferential looking paradigm, total fixation duration and the number of saccades within each movie type were examined using eye tracking technology. SETTING: University of California, San Diego Autism Center of Excellence. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ten toddlers participated in final analyses (37 with an ASD, 22 with developmental delay, and 51 typical developing toddlers). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Total fixation time within the geometric patterns or social images and the number of saccades were compared between diagnostic groups. RESULTS: Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups. If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%. CONCLUSION: A preference for geometric patterns early in life may be a novel and easily detectable early signature of infants and toddlers at risk for autism.
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27 Own result · 17 Not checked yet · 11 Own method · 10 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up t tests revealed that the geometric responders with an ASD had a unique saccade signature and exhibited significantly fewer saccades when they were viewing their preferred geometric stimuli in comparison with all other groups (all P< .01).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the percentage of time that toddlers spent viewing DGI was significantly different between diagnostic groups (F 2,107 =11.8;P< .001).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also no differences in the visual reception (t 35 = -0.99;P = .32),fine motor (t 35 =-1.7;P=.32), receptive language (t 35 =-0.98;P = .33),expressive language (t 35 =-0.42;P=.67), or early learning composite (t 35 =-1.2;P = .22)scores.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“follow-up t tests revealed that geometric responders with an ASD spent significantly more time fixating on DGI than other groups during all 3 periods.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, with 2 exceptions, none of the toddlers with DD showed a preference for DGI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of saccades while viewing DGI (F 3,106 =4.6; P = .005)and DSI (F 3,106 =8.9; P< .001) was significantly different between geometric responders with an ASD, social responders with an ASD, and the DD and TD groups.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An examination of the relationship of age on preference revealed no significant correlation between percentage of time viewing DGI (or DSI) and age, for any diagnostic group (ASD: r=0.06;P=.74;DD:r=0.05;P=.80;TD: r=0.11;P = .43).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups.”
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
“As a group, toddlers with an ASD spent significantly more fixation time on DGI than TD toddlers (t 86 =4.5; P<.001) and toddlers with DD (t 57 =2.7; P= .009).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.”
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
“when 68.6% geometric pattern viewing time was used as a cutoff, the positive predictive value for an ASD was 100%”
- Also stated in: § COMMENT · plain
“When the percentage of time a toddler spent fixating on geometric patterns was 69% or greater, the positive predictive validity for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A paired-sample t test revealed no significant difference between percentage of fixation on DGI between test 1 and test 2 (t 40 = 1.7;P>.05).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a considerable portion of the ASD sample, namely 40%, were geometric responders, in that they preferred to visually examine DGI, the remaining 60% of participants with an ASD performed similar to the TD and DD contrast groups in that they preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excluding 1 TD toddler who preferred geometric patterns, 50% of viewing time on DSI marks the end of the range for TD toddlers, who all preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each toddler's preference for a particular movie type was relatively stable.The mean change in percentage of preference within our sample was 15.62% (range, 1%-36%; SD, 9.2).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 15 toddlers with an ASD who preferred DGI, more than half spent more than 70% of their time visually examining DGI, with several toddlers exceeding 90% DGI viewing time, a pattern not found in any other group”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty percent of the ASD group spent greater than 50% of viewing time fixated on DGI in contrast to only 1.9% of TD toddlers and 9% of toddlers with DD.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, when the geometric responders with an ASD viewed their nonpreferred stimuli, namely the social stimuli, they exhibited a significantly greater number of saccades in contrast to TD toddlers and toddlers with DD.The significance level in contrast to social responders with an ASD was P = .02,but this did not meet the Bonferroni correction threshold of less than .0125”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was a small, significant increase in DGI fixation across time in all groups (F 2,212 = 12.7; P<.001), there was no group X time interaction (F 6,212 = 0.667; P>.05)”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A preference for geometric patterns was not associated with general cognitive delay in that there was no relationship between IQ and fixation time within the ASD group.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results revealed that it was only the geometric responders, not the group as a whole, who displayed a reduced number of saccades.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“more than half of the toddlers with an ASD in the study behaved just like those who were TD or DD: they preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability was calculated as the percentage of preference difference between test time 1 and test time 2.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a preference for geometric patterns alone may be an intriguing novel identifier of early autism, results also illustrated a distinct pattern of saccades within the”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any subject with total fixation time less than 30 seconds (ie, 50% of the experiment) was excluded from analyses.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is thought that enhanced visuospatial abilities in autism may stem from a local processing bias.30 , 31”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
- Not checked yetcites [31]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for preference that may be mediated by spatial location, the side of presentation of DGI and DSI scenes was randomized across subject and diagnosis so that 50% of toddlers saw a movie containing DSI on the left.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > APPARATUS, STIMULI, AND EYE TRACKING PROCEDURE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module (ADOS-T), newly validated for use with infants as young as 12 months, 43”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-seven TD toddlers were matched on a 1-1 basis to toddlers with an ASD based on age (±3 months) and sex.The remaining 14 TD toddlers were matched based on the chronological age range of the ASD group.Subjects with DD served as a contrast group and were matched to the ASD group based on chronological age, verbal and nonverbal developmental quotient as assessed by the Mullen Scales of Early Le”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“because individuals with autism have deficits in shifting visual attention 32 -37 and have been known to exhibit longer disengagement latencies, 20 , 38”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
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boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While several of the toddlers with an ASD were only a year old at the time of testing, all but 1 have been tracked and diagnosed using the ADOS-T until at least age 24 months, an age shown to be reliable for the diagnosis of autism.20 , 43 , 46 -49”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
- Not checked yetcites [43]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
- Not checked yetcites [47]
- Not checked yetcites [48]
- Not checked yetcites [49]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a preference for DGI may be a risk factor for autism in that this preference was observed in a toddler at risk for an ASD as young as 14 months.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bonferroni correction was used with a significance level set at P < .0125for all post hoc comparisons.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Many children with autism engage in a variety of repetitive behaviors 26 and, anecdotally, often prefer to attend to visual repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the TD group had a significantly higher verbal developmental quotient, nonverbal developmental quotient, and adaptive behavior score and significantly lower ADOS-T scores than the ASD group.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-eight (10 with an ASD, 11 with TD, 7 with DD) were excluded from final analyses because of noncompliance during testing, which almost always resulted in less than 50% valid trials.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on research documenting deficits in shifting 32 -37 and disengaging attention 20 in autism”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
- Not checked yetcites [34]
- Not checked yetcites [35]
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- Not checked yetcites [20]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Final diagnoses for participants with an ASD older than 30 months were confirmed with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.50”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It is undeniable that eye movements guide learning.58”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All standardized assessments were administered by 2 highly experienced PhD-level psychologists with more than 10 years' combined experience in autism.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“1 minute has been previously demonstrated to be the average attention span of a 1-year-old, 62”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only one-third of the overall sample participated in test-retest reliability.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for this particular subgroup, the profile appears to be increased saccades during the viewing of nonpreferred stimuli and decreased saccades while viewing preferred stimuli.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes that the question of whether a preference for geometric repetition is an early autism risk factor has not yet been examined.
“The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined.”
“The early developmental profile of unusual preferences for visual repetition in autism is largely unknown and unexplored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes, on anecdotal grounds, that children with autism often prefer to attend to visual repetition.
“Many children with autism engage in a variety of repetitive behaviors 26 and, anecdotally, often prefer to attend to visual repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes that a prior study found that eye gaze patterns at 6 months did not predict later diagnostic outcome.
“examined the clinical outcome of these subjects and found that, contrary to their expectations, eye gaze patterns at 6 months did not predict diagnostic outcome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The geometric preference seen in a subgroup of ASD toddlers at 14-42 months is present earlier in life and is not caused by the ASD diagnosis.
“some infants at risk for an ASD begin life with an unusual preference for geometric repetition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The exclusion of about 20% of the sample due to poor compliance did not substantially bias the results.
“approximately 20% of the overall sample was dropped from analyses because of poor compliance during testing, with the impact of such exclusion unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The one-third of the sample that completed test-retest reliability is representative of the whole sample.
“only one-third of the overall sample participated in test-retest reliability.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“preference for non-social patterns in toddlers has recently been identified as a robust predictor of ASD [58]”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [58]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
“There was a significant difference in total viewing time between groups (F 3,106 =3.2; P=.02; mean viewing time: ASD, 49.4 seconds; TD, 53.7 seconds; and DD, 48.1 seconds).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
“To compare percentage of fixation time within DGI between the 3 diagnostic groups, a 1-way analysis of variance was performed (diagnostic group [3 levels] × percentage of DGI fixation time [1 level]).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
“The significance level in contrast to social responders with an ASD was P = .02,but this did not meet the Bonferroni correction threshold of less than .0125(Figure 5).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
“When viewing social images, geometric responders with an ASD had significantly more saccades than all other groups.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“TD (n=51) ASD vs TD ASD vs DD Sex, M/F, No. 30/7 16/6 35/17”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
Reported 51 · recomputed 52
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 486
Functional Connectome–Based Predictive Modeling in Autism
Horien, C. L., Floris, D. L., Greene, A. S., Noble, S., Rolison, M. J., Tejavibulya, L., O’Connor, D. A., McPartland, J. C., Scheinost, D., Chawarska, K., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.008 · Cited by 49
Varma, M., Washington, P. Y., Chrisman, B., Kline, A., Leblanc, É., Paskov, K. M., Stockham, N., Jung, J.-Y., Sun, M., & Wall, D. P. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/31830 · Cited by 52
“Several studies have used eye trackers to identify patterns in gaze and engagement behaviors that may be indicative of ASD or other developmental conditions [25-28].”
BackgroundApplication of Eye Tracking Technology in Medicine: A Bibliometric Analysis
Zammarchi, G., & Conversano, C. (2021) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision5040056 · Cited by 51
“00 Vision of images with geometric Patterns compared to social images [44]”
BackgroundFeng, S., Wang, X., Wang, Q., Fang, J., Wu, Y., Yi, L., & Wei, K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206343 · Cited by 50
Automatic facial responses to briefly presented emotional stimuli in autism spectrum disorder
Mathersul, D. C., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. A. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.08.004 · Cited by 52
Franchini, M., Armstrong, V. L., Schaer, M., & Smith, I. M. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1490706 · Cited by 52
Robain, F., Franchini, M., Kojovic, N., de Wilde, H. W., & Schaer, M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04430-6 · Cited by 52
Divergent Patterns of Social Cognition Performance in Autism and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS)
McCabe, K., Melville, J., Rich, D., Strutt, P. A., Cooper, G. J., Loughland, C. M., Schall, U., & Campbell, L. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1742-2 · Cited by 45
“Recent findings indicate that children with ASD as young as 2 years old demonstrate a preference for geometric shapes over faces (Pierce et al. 2011), and that toddlers, school aged children and adults with ASD display a greater ability to discriminate between target and distractor stimuli in visual search paradigms (…”
BackgroundMathersul, D. C., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. A. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.10.008 · Cited by 54
Ruta, L., Famà, F. I., Bernava, G. M., Leonardi, E., Tartarisco, G., Falzone, A., Pioggia, G., & Chakrabarti, B. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03615-x · Cited by 47
Hong, M. P., Eckert, E. M., Pedapati, E. V., Shaffer, R. C., Dominick, K. C., Wink, L. K., Sweeney, J. A., & Erickson, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-019-9262-4 · Cited by 43
Early Autism Diagnosis in the Primary Care Setting
James, S., & Smith, C. J. (2020) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2020.100827 · Cited by 59
Mathersul, D. C., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. A. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.014 · Cited by 54
“…with poorer cognitive empathy suggests that this social cognitive ability is not naturally salient to these individuals, and provides further support for their marked preference (hypervigilance) for inanimate objects over people (Adrien et al., 1993; Kuhl et al., 2005; Pierce et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorder Associated with Germline Heterozygous PTEN Mutations
Frazier, T. W. (2019) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a037002 · Cited by 37
“Additional improvements in early identification are needed though, because many early autism signs can be reliably detected by 12 months (Pierce et al. 2011; Samango-Sprouse et al. 2015; Miller et al. 2017) and potentially 50% of”
BackgroundXiao, Y., Wen, T. H., Kupis, L. B., Eyler, L. T., Taluja, V., Troxel, J., Goel, D., Lombardo, M. V., Pierce, K., & Courchesne, E. (2023) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-023-00543-8 · Cited by 41
“GeoPref eye tracking test All 86 subjects also participated in the GeoPref eye tracking test, which indexes social visual attention [32, 34, 36, 38].”
MethodSelf-citationEye-Tracking Biomarkers and Autism Diagnosis in Primary Care
Keehn, B., Monahan, P. O., Enneking, B. A., Ryan, T., Swigonski, N. L., & Keehn, R. M. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.11190 · Cited by 52
Wang, Q., Hu, Y., Shi, D., Zhang, Y., Zou, X., Li, S., Fang, F., & Yi, L. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3546-5 · Cited by 41
“, the rotating fan blades or car wheels) (Bodfish et al. 2000; Happé and Frith 2006; Lord et al. 1994; Pierce et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResultVenker, C. E., Pomper, R., Mahr, T., Edwards, J., Saffran, J. R., & Weismer, S. E. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2225 · Cited by 46
Jiménez, E., Haebig, E., & Hills, T. T. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04772-1 · Cited by 42
Neural evidence for an association between social proficiency and sensitivity to social reward
Gossen, A., Groppe, S. E., Winkler, L., Kohls, G., Herrington, J. D., Schultz, R. T., Gründer, G., & Spreckelmeyer, K. N. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst033 · Cited by 43
“The results underscore the importance of identifying deficient social interest in early infancy as potential markers for social communication disorders and/or ASD (Pierce et al., 2011; Elsabbagh et al., 2012).”
Vacas, J., Antolí, A., Sánchez-Raya, A., Dueñas, C. P., & Cuadrado, F. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252795 · Cited by 47
Weston, C. S. E. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9060130 · Cited by 48
Santos, A., Chaminade, T., Fonséca, D. D., Silva, C., Rosset, D. B., & Deruelle, C. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1415-6 · Cited by 39
The pupil: a window on social automatic processing in autism spectrum disorder children
Aguillon-Hernandez, N., Mofid, Y., Latinus, M., Roché, L., Bufo, M. R., Lemaire, M., Malvy, J., Martineau, J., Wardak, C., & Bonnet‐Brilhault, F. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13170 · Cited by 40
Different Views of Anxiety Disorders
Selek, S. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/1022 · Cited by 39
Palumbo, L., Rampone, G., Bertamini, M., Sinico, M., Clarke, E., & Vartanian, O. A. (2020) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000359 · Cited by 39
“Some papers have reported that individuals with ASC prefer geometric shapes or objects over social stimuli (Crawford et al., 2016; Pierce et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDinsdale, N. L., & Crespi, B. J. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_071 · Cited by 36
Neural Basis of Visual Attentional Orienting in Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders
Murphy, E. R., Norr, M. E., Strang, J. F., Kenworthy, L. E., Gaillard, W. D., & Vaidya, C. J. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2928-9 · Cited by 35
Bovery, M. D. M. J., Dawson, G., Hashemi, J., & Sapiro, G. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2890610 · Cited by 37
Mengi, M., & Malhotra, D. (2021) · Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11831-021-09682-8 · Cited by 43
Zantinge, G., van Rijn, S., Stockmann, L., & Swaab, H. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1794 · Cited by 36
Latest clinical frontiers related to autism diagnostic strategies
Cortese, S., Bellato, A., Gabellone, A., Marzulli, L., Matera, E., Parlatini, V., Petruzzelli, M. G., Persico, A. M., Delorme, R., Fusar‐Poli, P., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101916 · Cited by 37
“…tracking can reveal different gaze patterns associated with ASD, such as pronounced preference toward geometric figures than social images in infants and toddlers with autism, 92,93 different fixation patterns on social stimuli, as well as atypical gaze behaviors related to deficit of joint attention.”
Mathersul, D. C., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. A. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.005 · Cited by 40
Imafuku, M., Kawai, M., Niwa, F., Shinya, Y., Inagawa, M., & Myowa‐Yamakoshi, M. (2016) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12144 · Cited by 35
Kotani, M., Shimono, K., Yoneyama, T., Nakako, T., Matsumoto, K., Ogi, Y., Konoike, N., Nakamura, K., & Ikeda, K. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.009 · Cited by 37
In Search of Biomarkers for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rubido, M. D. V., McCracken, J. T., Hollander, E., Shic, F., Noeldeke, J., Boak, L. M., Khwaja, O., Sadikhov, S., da Fontoura, P. P., & Umbricht, D. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2026 · Cited by 32
Development of Social Attention and Oxytocin Levels in Maltreated Children
Suzuki, S., Fujisawa, T. X., Sakakibara, N., Fujioka, T., Takiguchi, S., & Tomoda, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64297-6 · Cited by 35
Tracking Social Motivation Systems Deficits: The Affective Neuroscience View of Autism
Carré, A., Chevallier, C., Robel, L., Barry, C., Maria, A., Pouga, L., Philippe, A., Pinabel, F., & Berthoz, S. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2498-2 · Cited by 38
“For instance, individuals with ASD display reduced reward sensitivity in response to social stimuli (Dawson et al. 2005, 2002, 2012; Grelotti et al. 2002; Waterhouse et al. 1996) and, concomitantly, heightened interest in response to certain non-social stimuli (Pierce et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMeng, F., Li, F., Wu, S., Yang, T., Xiao, Z. S., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Lu, J., & Luo, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1170951 · Cited by 32
Ahtola, E., Stjerna, S., Yrttiaho, S., Nelson, C. A., Leppänen, J. M., & Vanhatalo, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097299 · Cited by 35
“Other prior studies have suggested that cumulative preference for social over non-social stimuli [23], as well as the tendency to look back at a person after momentary distraction [24] may reflect important aspect of early social development.”
BackgroundCourchesne, V., Nader, A.-M., Girard, D., Bouchard, V., Danis, É., & Soulières, I. (2016) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1040041ar · Cited by 35
Özdemir, S., Bülbül, I. A., Kök, İ., & Özdemi̇r, S. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.01.004 · Cited by 34
Autistic differences in the temporal dynamics of social attention
Hedger, N., & Chakrabarti, B. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361321998573 · Cited by 31
“However, it is notable that the sensitivity of our eye-tracking task (defined by AUC) exceeded that previously reported for video based paradigms such as the Geopref test (Pierce et al., 2011, 2016).”
Shaffer, R. C., Pedapati, E. V., Shic, F., Gaietto, K. M., Bowers, K. A., Wink, L. K., & Erickson, C. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2975-2 · Cited by 29
“2015; Chita-Tegmark 2016) we modified a previously reported preferential looking paradigm (Pierce et al. 2011) to incorporate scenes of children playing together adjacent to dynamic geometric stimuli.”
NLP-Based Approach to Detect Autism Spectrum Disorder in Saccadic Eye Movement
Elbattah, M., Guérin, J.-L., Carette, R., Cilia, F., & Dequen, G. (2020) · IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) · doi:10.1109/ssci47803.2020.9308238 · Cited by 31
“In another study, eye-tracking was used to identify ASD-diagnosed toddlers based on the duration of fixations and the number of saccades [15].”
MethodAccess to awareness of direct gaze is related to autistic traits
Madipakkam, A. R., Rothkirch, M., Dziobek, I., & Sterzer, P. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001630 · Cited by 28
“In infants, attentional biases to faces as well as the neural sensitivity to eye gaze have already proved to be indicative of a later diagnosis of autism (Katarzyna et al., 2010; Pierce et al., 2011; Elsabbagh et al., 2012).”
BackgroundUsing Pupillometry to Assess the Atypical Pupillary Light Reflex and LC-NE System in ASD
Lynch, G. T. F. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8110108 · Cited by 30
The Issue of Prevalence of Autism/ASD
Özerk, K. Z. (2016) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 29
Courchesne, E., Taluja, V., Nazari, S., Aamodt, C., Pierce, K., Duan, K., Stophaeros, S. L., Lopez, L., Barnes, C. C., Troxel, J., et al. (2024) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-024-00602-8 · Cited by 27
“Notably, these toddlers with profound autism and enlarged BCOs had substantially enlarged primary auditory and somatosensory cortices, alongside reducedvisual cortices, a finding that highlights and helps explain sensory and social attention issues in ASD [43, 44, 67, 69–72].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationElectrodermal Response to Reward and Non‐Reward Among Children With Autism
Neuhaus, E., Bernier, R., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1451 · Cited by 30
Individual differences in responsivity to social rewards: Insights from two eye-tracking tasks
Chakrabarti, B., Haffey, A., Canzano, L., Taylor, C. P., & McSorley, E. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185146 · Cited by 23
Schofield, J., Scott, C., Spikins, P., & Wright, B. (2020) · The Historic Environment Policy & Practice · doi:10.1080/17567505.2020.1699638 · Cited by 25
Dubey, I., Bishain, R., Dasgupta, J., Bhavnani, S., Belmonte, M. K., Gliga, T., Mukherjee, D., Estrin, G. L., Johnson, M. H., Chandran, S., et al. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231182801 · Cited by 25
Franchini, M., de Wilde, H. W., Glaser, B., Gentaz, É., Eliez, S., & Schaer, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00058 · Cited by 26
Isaev, D., Major, S. T., Murias, M., Carpenter, K. L. H., Carlson, D., Sapiro, G., & Dawson, G. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-57902-1 · Cited by 24
Latrèche, K., Kojovic, N., Franchini, M., & Schaer, M. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9080942 · Cited by 26
Assessment of Autism Across the Lifespan: A Way Forward
Klaiman, C., Fernàndez‐Carriba, S., Hall, C., & Saulnier, C. A. (2014) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-014-0031-5 · Cited by 27
Strathearn, L., Kim, S., Bastian, D. A., Jung, J., Iyengar, U., Martinez, S. R., Goin‐Kochel, R. P., & Fonagy, P. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001018 · Cited by 26
“Consistent with this model, our findings, along with those of Pierce et al. (2011), show that individuals with ASD display a preference for more patterned or systemized visual stimuli.”
ResultRapid neural discrimination of communicative gestures
Redcay, E., & Carlson, T. A. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu089 · Cited by 24
“These decoding methods also have promise to advance our understanding of autism spectrum disorder, a disorder characterized by atypical attention to social cues (Klin et al., 2003; Pierce et al., 2011).”
Auditory–visual misalignment: A theoretical perspective on vocabulary delays in children with ASD
Venker, C. E., Bean, A., & Kover, S. T. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2038 · Cited by 24
Atypical Value-Driven Selective Attention in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wang, Q., Chang, J. T., & Chawarska, K. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4928 · Cited by 22
Venker, C. E., Mathée‐Scott, J., Neumann, D., Edwards, J., Saffran, J. R., & Weismer, S. E. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2457 · Cited by 23
“Using a screen-based looking paradigm, a line of work by Pierce and colleagues [Moore et al., 2018; Pierce et al., 2011, 2016] examined how toddlers with ASD allocate their attention when simultaneously presented with two dynamic scenes — one social (e.g., children dancing, doing yoga) and one…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFrazier, T. W., Coury, D. L., Sohl, K., Wagner, K. E., Uhlig, R., Hicks, S. D., & Middleton, F. A. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2498 · Cited by 22
“Recent studies have supported high levels of validity when measurements are aggregated across stimuli and paradigms (Frazier et al., 2016; Pierce et al., 2011), and a recent remote eye gaze tracking assessment indicated high diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve or AUC = 0.86) when an aggregate…”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial attention as a cross‐cultural transdiagnostic neurodevelopmental risk marker
Frazier, T. W., Uljarević, M., Ghazal, I., Klingemier, E. W., Langfus, J. A., Youngstrom, E. A., Aldosari, M., Al‐Shammari, H., Elhag, S. F., Tolefat, M., et al. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2532 · Cited by 23
“…et al., 2017; Papagiannopoulou et al., 2014), passive viewing preference studies reporting AOIs for content Areas 4 (Sasson et al., 2008) and 6 (Pierce et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2015), and research evaluating joint attention/ directed gaze for content Areas 7–8 (Falck-Ytter et al., 2012;…”
BackgroundWhat Can Eye Movements Tell Us about Subtle Cognitive Processing Differences in Autism?
Howard, P. L., Zhang, L., & Benson, V. (2019) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision3020022 · Cited by 25
Schauder, K. B., Park, W. J., Tsank, Y., Eckstein, M. P., Tadin, D., & Bennetto, L. (2019) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-019-9303-z · Cited by 23
Desideri, L., Pérez-Fuster, P., & Herrera, G. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8020093 · Cited by 25
“[41] developed the GeoPref test based on the assumption for which preference for geometric shapes over social content might be a reliable biomarker of ASD (see also [61]).”
Larger pupil dilation to nonsocial sounds in infants with subsequent autism diagnosis
Rudling, M., Nyström, P., Bölte, S., & Falck‐Ytter, T. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13520 · Cited by 23
Contingency detection in a complex world
Northrup, J. B. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025416668582 · Cited by 25
Impaired Value Learning for Faces in Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wang, Q., DiNicola, L. M., Heymann, P., Hampson, M., & Chawarska, K. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.10.014 · Cited by 21
Cilia, F., Aubry, A., Driant, B. L., Bourdin, B., & Vandromme, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02187 · Cited by 22
Autism Risk in Very Preterm Infants—New Answers, More Questions
Hofheimer, J. A., Sheinkopf, S. J., & Eyler, L. T. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.09.054 · Cited by 21
Mavadati, S. M., Feng, H., Gutierrez, A., & Mahoor, M. H. (2014) · IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids) · doi:10.1109/humanoids.2014.7041510 · Cited by 21
“Specifically in autism research, eye gaze responses and attention levels are important cues used to identify and model ASD characteristics due to known issues with eye gaze in the population [19], [23], [3], [17].”
BackgroundAutism, social cognition and superior temporal sulcus
Zilbovicius, M., Saitovitch, A., Popa, T., Rechtman, E., Diamandis, L., Chabane, N., Brunelle, F., Samson, Y., & Boddaert, N. (2013) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2013.32a008 · Cited by 23
“Children with autism showed a preference for geometric patterns of movement rather than for social movement [33].”
BackgroundYusuf, A., & Elsabbagh, M. (2015) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-015-0082-0 · Cited by 22
“spectrum disorder (ASD) is currently underway [1–3].”
Zhao, X., Zhang, P., Fu, L., & Maes, J. H. R. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep19381 · Cited by 21
Combining gaze and demographic feature descriptors for autism classification
Canavan, S. J., Chen, M., Song, C., Valdez, R., Miles, Y., Lin, H., & Yin, L. (2017) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2017.8296983 · Cited by 21
“These results are encouraging as it agrees with various studies [12][6][2] that gaze can be used as a marker for ASD diagnoses.”
BackgroundResultKaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00388-5 · Cited by 20
Polzer, L., Freitag, C. M., & Bast, N. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2818 · Cited by 20
“Young children with ASD have been shown to exhibit an attenuated social motion preference, which can inform an early detection of ASD (Pierce et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAtypical gaze patterns in autistic adults are heterogeneous across but reliable within individuals
Keleş, Ü., Kliemann, D., Byrge, L. A., Saarimäki, H., Paul, L. K., Kennedy, D. P., & Adolphs, R. (2022) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-022-00517-2 · Cited by 26
“Other theories propose atypical attention to visual stimuli that involve other people’s direction of eye gaze [36], prediction [37], geometric patterns [38], local versus global processing [39], or imitation engagement [40].”
BackgroundRothwell, C., Westermann, G., & Hartley, C. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06066-8 · Cited by 22
“Many autistic children expe - rience ‘sticky’ attentional fixations, and their focus is often captured by salient perceptual features to an atypical degree (Pierce et al., 2011 ).”
BackgroundFujioka, T., Fujisawa, T. X., Inohara, K., Okamoto, Y., Matsumura, Y., Tsuchiya, K. J., Katayama, T., Munesue, T., Tomoda, A., Wada, Y., et al. (2020) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-020-00287-2 · Cited by 21
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Boice, M., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., LEVENTHAL, B. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04707-w · Cited by 19
Phenotypic overlap between atopic dermatitis and autism
Shin, K., Crumrine, D. A., Kim, S., Lee, Y., Kim, B., Abuabara, K., Park, C., Uchida, Y., Wakefield, J. S., Meyer, J. M., et al. (2021) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-021-00645-0 · Cited by 22
Eye gaze and pupillary response in Angelman syndrome
Hong, M. P., Guilfoyle, J. L., Mooney, L. N., Wink, L. K., Pedapati, E. V., Shaffer, R. C., Sweeney, J. A., & Erickson, C. A. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.06.011 · Cited by 23
Nonverbal components of Theory of Mind in typical and atypical development
Kampis, D., Fogd, D., & Kovács, Á. M. (2016) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.11.001 · Cited by 19
Chukoskie, L., Guo, S., Ho, E., Zheng, Y., Chen, Q., Meng, V., Cao, J., Devgan, N., Wu, S., & Cosman, P. C. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems · doi:10.1109/tcds.2018.2821566 · Cited by 19
On behalf of the Autism Working Group in Peru, Jensen, K., Noazin, S., Bitterfeld, L., Carcelen, A. C., Vargas-Cuentas, N. I., Hidalgo, D., Valenzuela, A., Roman–Gonzalez, A., Krebs, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04878-0 · Cited by 18
Gong, X., Li, X., Wang, Q., Hoi, S. P., Yin, T., Zhao, L., Meng, F., Luo, X., & Liu, J. (2021) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp-21-294 · Cited by 19
“Compared to other diagnostic groups, they also prefer to attend to highly repetitive images, such as repeating geometric shapes rather than social images (3,16,17).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFernández-Lanvin, D., Rodríguez, M. G., De-Andres, J., & Camero, R. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-17694-8 · Cited by 18
“As noted in Section 3, Pierce et al. [27] stated that two-year old children diagnosed with ASD showed more preference in fixing their attention on geometric shapes rather than on human faces.”
Using smooth pursuit calibration for difficult-to-calibrate participants
Blignaut, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.10.4.1 · Cited by 18
“No children with autism were tested and it remains to be seen of the approach will work for such conditions since it is known that smooth pursuit is impaired in autism and similar conditions (Pierce et al., 2011; Takarae et al., 2004).”
BackgroundGaze-based classification of autism spectrum disorder
Fabiano, D., Canavan, S. J., Agazzi, H. C., Hinduja, S., & Goldgof, D. B. (2020) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2020.04.028 · Cited by 19
“This, along with velocity, is consistent with previous literature which has shown that where children are looking and at what, matters [33] .”
BackgroundResultYu, Y., Wang, X., Yang, J., & Qiu, J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.021 · Cited by 18
Looking at My Own Face: Visual Processing Strategies in Self–Other Face Recognition
Chakraborty, A., & Chakrabarti, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00121 · Cited by 19
“AQ has been developed based on the behavioral symptoms of ASD and has five subdomains that include social skills, attention switching, and attention to detail, communication, and imagination.”
BackgroundInfluentialThird-Party Sociomoral Evaluations in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Li, T., Decety, J., Hu, X., Li, J., Lin, J., & Yi, L. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13206 · Cited by 19
Puppets facilitate attention to social cues in children with ASD
Macari, S. L., Chen, X., Brunissen, L., Yhang, E., Brennan‐Wydra, E., Vernetti, A., Volkmar, F. R., Chang, J. T., & Chawarska, K. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2552 · Cited by 17
“…that limited salience of human speakers’ faces in children with ASD is robust, present across variety of contexts, and linked strongly with ASD symptom severity as well as cognitive level (Chawarska et al., 2012; Kwon et al., 2019; Pierce et al., 2011; Shic, Wang, Macari, & Chawarska, 2020).”
BackgroundResultHashemi, J., Campbell, K. M., Carpenter, K. L. H., Harris, A., Qiu, Q., Tepper, M., Espinosa, S., Borg, J. S., Marsan, S., Calderbank, R., et al. (2015) · Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare · doi:10.4108/eai.14-10-2015.2261939 · Cited by 18
“Even in the field of autism, where progress has been made in developing new technologies for measuring risk for the disorder, there is not yet a low-cost and scalable way to directly observe children and characterize their development automatically and on a ubiquitous mobile device [9, 19].”
BackgroundInfant Perception and Cognition
Colombo, J. A., Brez, C. C., & Curtindale, L. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop206003 · Cited by 17
Auditory Deficits in Audiovisual Speech Perception in Adult Asperger’s Syndrome: fMRI Study
Tietze, F.-A., Hundertmark, L., Roy, M., Zerr, M., Sinke, C., Wiswede, D., Walter, M., Münte, T. F., & Szycik, G. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02286 · Cited by 16
“Eye contact and eye gaze is generally atypical in autism, a feature that persists into adulthood (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001a; Klin et al., 2002; Pelphrey et al., 2005; Pierce et al., 2011; Jones and Klin, 2013).”
BackgroundApplications of machine learning methods to assist the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder
Elbattah, M., Carette, R., Cilia, F., Guérin, J.-L., & Dequen, G. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824421-0.00013-8 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Pierce, K., Conant, D., Hazin, R., Stoner, R., & Desmond, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Pierce, Karen
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-03
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4894313
- OpenAlex
- W2122623425
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 11.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH080134, P50MH081755)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, early risk factors, toddlers, preferential looking, visual fixation, saccades, social image, early detection, developmental delay
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, California, Developmental Disabilities, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Infant, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Risk Factors, Saccades, Early Diagnosis
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