The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 42 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Early identification efforts are essential for the early treatment of the symptoms of autism but can only occur if robust risk factors are found. Children with autism often engage in repetitive behaviors and anecdotally prefer to visually examine geometric repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel. The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined. OBJECTIVES: To determine if toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 14 to 42 months prefer to visually examine dynamic geometric images more than social images and to determine if visual fixation patterns can correctly classify a toddler as having an ASD. DESIGN: Toddlers were presented with a 1-minute movie depicting moving geometric patterns on 1 side of a video monitor and children in high action, such as dancing or doing yoga, on the other. Using this preferential looking paradigm, total fixation duration and the number of saccades within each movie type were examined using eye tracking technology. SETTING: University of California, San Diego Autism Center of Excellence. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ten toddlers participated in final analyses (37 with an ASD, 22 with developmental delay, and 51 typical developing toddlers). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Total fixation time within the geometric patterns or social images and the number of saccades were compared between diagnostic groups. RESULTS: Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups. If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%. CONCLUSION: A preference for geometric patterns early in life may be a novel and easily detectable early signature of infants and toddlers at risk for autism.
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27 Own result · 17 Not checked yet · 11 Own method · 10 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up t tests revealed that the geometric responders with an ASD had a unique saccade signature and exhibited significantly fewer saccades when they were viewing their preferred geometric stimuli in comparison with all other groups (all P< .01).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the percentage of time that toddlers spent viewing DGI was significantly different between diagnostic groups (F 2,107 =11.8;P< .001).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also no differences in the visual reception (t 35 = -0.99;P = .32),fine motor (t 35 =-1.7;P=.32), receptive language (t 35 =-0.98;P = .33),expressive language (t 35 =-0.42;P=.67), or early learning composite (t 35 =-1.2;P = .22)scores.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“follow-up t tests revealed that geometric responders with an ASD spent significantly more time fixating on DGI than other groups during all 3 periods.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, with 2 exceptions, none of the toddlers with DD showed a preference for DGI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of saccades while viewing DGI (F 3,106 =4.6; P = .005)and DSI (F 3,106 =8.9; P< .001) was significantly different between geometric responders with an ASD, social responders with an ASD, and the DD and TD groups.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An examination of the relationship of age on preference revealed no significant correlation between percentage of time viewing DGI (or DSI) and age, for any diagnostic group (ASD: r=0.06;P=.74;DD:r=0.05;P=.80;TD: r=0.11;P = .43).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups.”
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
“As a group, toddlers with an ASD spent significantly more fixation time on DGI than TD toddlers (t 86 =4.5; P<.001) and toddlers with DD (t 57 =2.7; P= .009).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.”
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
“when 68.6% geometric pattern viewing time was used as a cutoff, the positive predictive value for an ASD was 100%”
- Also stated in: § COMMENT · plain
“When the percentage of time a toddler spent fixating on geometric patterns was 69% or greater, the positive predictive validity for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A paired-sample t test revealed no significant difference between percentage of fixation on DGI between test 1 and test 2 (t 40 = 1.7;P>.05).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a considerable portion of the ASD sample, namely 40%, were geometric responders, in that they preferred to visually examine DGI, the remaining 60% of participants with an ASD performed similar to the TD and DD contrast groups in that they preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excluding 1 TD toddler who preferred geometric patterns, 50% of viewing time on DSI marks the end of the range for TD toddlers, who all preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each toddler's preference for a particular movie type was relatively stable.The mean change in percentage of preference within our sample was 15.62% (range, 1%-36%; SD, 9.2).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 15 toddlers with an ASD who preferred DGI, more than half spent more than 70% of their time visually examining DGI, with several toddlers exceeding 90% DGI viewing time, a pattern not found in any other group”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty percent of the ASD group spent greater than 50% of viewing time fixated on DGI in contrast to only 1.9% of TD toddlers and 9% of toddlers with DD.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, when the geometric responders with an ASD viewed their nonpreferred stimuli, namely the social stimuli, they exhibited a significantly greater number of saccades in contrast to TD toddlers and toddlers with DD.The significance level in contrast to social responders with an ASD was P = .02,but this did not meet the Bonferroni correction threshold of less than .0125”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was a small, significant increase in DGI fixation across time in all groups (F 2,212 = 12.7; P<.001), there was no group X time interaction (F 6,212 = 0.667; P>.05)”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A preference for geometric patterns was not associated with general cognitive delay in that there was no relationship between IQ and fixation time within the ASD group.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results revealed that it was only the geometric responders, not the group as a whole, who displayed a reduced number of saccades.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“more than half of the toddlers with an ASD in the study behaved just like those who were TD or DD: they preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability was calculated as the percentage of preference difference between test time 1 and test time 2.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a preference for geometric patterns alone may be an intriguing novel identifier of early autism, results also illustrated a distinct pattern of saccades within the”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any subject with total fixation time less than 30 seconds (ie, 50% of the experiment) was excluded from analyses.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is thought that enhanced visuospatial abilities in autism may stem from a local processing bias.30 , 31”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
- Not checked yetcites [31]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for preference that may be mediated by spatial location, the side of presentation of DGI and DSI scenes was randomized across subject and diagnosis so that 50% of toddlers saw a movie containing DSI on the left.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > APPARATUS, STIMULI, AND EYE TRACKING PROCEDURE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module (ADOS-T), newly validated for use with infants as young as 12 months, 43”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-seven TD toddlers were matched on a 1-1 basis to toddlers with an ASD based on age (±3 months) and sex.The remaining 14 TD toddlers were matched based on the chronological age range of the ASD group.Subjects with DD served as a contrast group and were matched to the ASD group based on chronological age, verbal and nonverbal developmental quotient as assessed by the Mullen Scales of Early Le”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“because individuals with autism have deficits in shifting visual attention 32 -37 and have been known to exhibit longer disengagement latencies, 20 , 38”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
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boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While several of the toddlers with an ASD were only a year old at the time of testing, all but 1 have been tracked and diagnosed using the ADOS-T until at least age 24 months, an age shown to be reliable for the diagnosis of autism.20 , 43 , 46 -49”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
- Not checked yetcites [43]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
- Not checked yetcites [47]
- Not checked yetcites [48]
- Not checked yetcites [49]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a preference for DGI may be a risk factor for autism in that this preference was observed in a toddler at risk for an ASD as young as 14 months.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bonferroni correction was used with a significance level set at P < .0125for all post hoc comparisons.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Many children with autism engage in a variety of repetitive behaviors 26 and, anecdotally, often prefer to attend to visual repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the TD group had a significantly higher verbal developmental quotient, nonverbal developmental quotient, and adaptive behavior score and significantly lower ADOS-T scores than the ASD group.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-eight (10 with an ASD, 11 with TD, 7 with DD) were excluded from final analyses because of noncompliance during testing, which almost always resulted in less than 50% valid trials.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on research documenting deficits in shifting 32 -37 and disengaging attention 20 in autism”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
- Not checked yetcites [34]
- Not checked yetcites [35]
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- Not checked yetcites [20]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Final diagnoses for participants with an ASD older than 30 months were confirmed with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.50”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It is undeniable that eye movements guide learning.58”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All standardized assessments were administered by 2 highly experienced PhD-level psychologists with more than 10 years' combined experience in autism.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“1 minute has been previously demonstrated to be the average attention span of a 1-year-old, 62”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only one-third of the overall sample participated in test-retest reliability.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for this particular subgroup, the profile appears to be increased saccades during the viewing of nonpreferred stimuli and decreased saccades while viewing preferred stimuli.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes that the question of whether a preference for geometric repetition is an early autism risk factor has not yet been examined.
“The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined.”
“The early developmental profile of unusual preferences for visual repetition in autism is largely unknown and unexplored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes, on anecdotal grounds, that children with autism often prefer to attend to visual repetition.
“Many children with autism engage in a variety of repetitive behaviors 26 and, anecdotally, often prefer to attend to visual repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes that a prior study found that eye gaze patterns at 6 months did not predict later diagnostic outcome.
“examined the clinical outcome of these subjects and found that, contrary to their expectations, eye gaze patterns at 6 months did not predict diagnostic outcome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The geometric preference seen in a subgroup of ASD toddlers at 14-42 months is present earlier in life and is not caused by the ASD diagnosis.
“some infants at risk for an ASD begin life with an unusual preference for geometric repetition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The exclusion of about 20% of the sample due to poor compliance did not substantially bias the results.
“approximately 20% of the overall sample was dropped from analyses because of poor compliance during testing, with the impact of such exclusion unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The one-third of the sample that completed test-retest reliability is representative of the whole sample.
“only one-third of the overall sample participated in test-retest reliability.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“preference for non-social patterns in toddlers has recently been identified as a robust predictor of ASD [58]”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [58]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
“There was a significant difference in total viewing time between groups (F 3,106 =3.2; P=.02; mean viewing time: ASD, 49.4 seconds; TD, 53.7 seconds; and DD, 48.1 seconds).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
“To compare percentage of fixation time within DGI between the 3 diagnostic groups, a 1-way analysis of variance was performed (diagnostic group [3 levels] × percentage of DGI fixation time [1 level]).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
“The significance level in contrast to social responders with an ASD was P = .02,but this did not meet the Bonferroni correction threshold of less than .0125(Figure 5).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
“When viewing social images, geometric responders with an ASD had significantly more saccades than all other groups.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“TD (n=51) ASD vs TD ASD vs DD Sex, M/F, No. 30/7 16/6 35/17”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
Reported 51 · recomputed 52
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–486 of 486
Children with ASD Prefer Observing Social Scenarios from Third-Person Perspective
Su, L., Lin, Z., Li, Y., Tao, L., & Wei, L. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13844-7_41
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.001
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.017
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.012
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.002
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.009
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.016
Pragmatic Abilities among Those with Autism
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.013
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.004
Grammatical or Semantic Approaches to Scalar Implicatures
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.008
Speaking Falsely and Getting Away with It
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.011
How Logical Terms Can Be Enriched
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.007
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.010
A Consideration of Experimental Techniques
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.005
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.006
Opinionated Conclusions and Considerations for the Future
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.015
Kafia, E., Ibrahımı, S., & Ibrahimi, E. (2023) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development · doi:10.56345/ijrdv10n1s110
“…Studies with the Presence of Geometric Figures Another set of studies that has generated very interesting results is related to the study of the attention of subjects with ASD to "abstract" stimuli, such as geometric figures (Pierce et al., 2011, 2015; Shaffer et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMore Topics for Experimental Pragmatics
Noveck, I. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316027073.014
Pachner, O. C., Soltész, P., Gyebnár, D., Gombos, F., & Gerván, P. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3450935/v1
Phenotypic Overlap between Atopic Dermatitis and Autism
Shin, K., Crumrine, D. A., Kim, S., Lee, Y., Kim, B., Abuabara, K., Park, C., Uchida, Y., Wakefield, J. S., Meyer, J. M., et al. (2022) · Vide Leaf, Hyderabad eBooks · doi:10.37247/pans2ed.2.22.9
Gaze Classification on Redacted Videos
Chitnis, S., Chakrabarti, B., & Chandran, S. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58174-8_23
Examining the Link Between Social Affect and Visual Exploration of Cute Stimuli in Autistic Children
ZAHARIA, A. L., Kojovic, N., Rojanawisut, T., Sander, D., Schaer, M., & Samson, A. C. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06504-1
“The threshold was chosen based on previous eye-tracking data preparation used in research with autistic toddlers (Pierce et al., 2011 , 2016 ).”
MethodHirai, M., & Asada, K. (2024) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-024-00486-7
Better than expected performance effect depends on the spatial location of visual stimulus
Majidpour, S., Sanayei, M., Ebrahimpour, R., & Zabbah, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82146-8 · Cited by 1
Ueda, R., Doi, H., Furui, A., Shimatani, K., Hayashi, H., & Tsuji, T. (2025) · IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII) · doi:10.1109/sii59315.2025.10870970
Cuadrado, F., Vacas, J., & Mérida-García, M. (2025) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/tgr.0000000000000465
“34 , 35 All of them were suitable for the task 1 analysis, but 1 participant with AD was excluded from the task 2 analysis because the eye-tracker apparatus did not reach the cutoff point.”
Stefanidou, C. A. (2014) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
The impact of attention to social information on the development of socialization in childhood
Fujioka, T., & Kosaka, H. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.2478/sjcapp-2025-0005
“The preference paradigm movie measures the degree of attention paid to social information under the hypothesis that individuals with autism prefer to pay attention to highly repetitive rather than social images (30).”
Do Infant Heart Rate Variability and Visual Attention Predict Autism and Concerns for ADHD?
Jaisle, E. M., Musser, E. D., Yon, M., Garcia, S., Piergies, A. M. H., & Miller, M. R. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251345539 · Cited by 1
“The selection of video clips containing babies was made to be consistent with social stimuli used in prior studies of similar age groups (Moore et al., 2018; Pierce et al., 2011, 2016).”
Early Objective ASD Screening System Based on Eye-Tracking and Machine Learning
Vecino, S., Díaz, G. A., Fernández-Lanvin, D., Suárez, J. D. A., & Rodríguez, M. G. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00652-3_11
Zhou, L. M., & Benson, V. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202686
Exploring Attentional Behavior in Young People with ASD Through a Wearable Eye Tracker
Cantone, A. A., Ingenito, M., Orilia, S. M., Ricciardi, O., & Vitiello, G. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05008-3_42
Gawish, A. S., Ayyad, S. M., Saraya, S. F., & Saleh, A. I. (2025) · International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering · doi:10.22399/ijcesen.3900
“For example, children with ASD are less likely to focus on social stimuli such as faces and more likely to attend to abstract or geometric patterns and repetitive motions [8].”
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114818
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114839
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114845
Xiao, Y., Wen, T. H., Kupis, L. B., Eyler, L. T., Taluja, V., Troxel, J., Goel, D., Lombardo, M. V., Pierce, K., & Courchesne, E. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22623109
Self-citationKaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114812
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114863
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114824
Keleş, Ü., Kliemann, D., Byrge, L. A., Saarimäki, H., Paul, L. K., Kennedy, D. P., & Adolphs, R. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21206606
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114854
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114815
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114833
Courchesne, E., Taluja, V., Nazari, S., Aamodt, C., Pierce, K., Duan, K., Stophaeros, S. L., Lopez, L., Barnes, C. C., Troxel, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26725550
Self-citationCourchesne, E., Taluja, V., Nazari, S., Aamodt, C., Pierce, K., Duan, K., Stophaeros, S. L., Lopez, L., Barnes, C. C., Troxel, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26725556
Self-citationKaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114860
Additional file 1 of Phenotypic overlap between atopic dermatitis and autism
Shin, K.-O., Crumrine, D. A., Kim, S., Lee, Y., Kim, B., Abuabara, K., Park, C., Uchida, Y., Wakefield, J. S., Meyer, J. M., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14826232
Courchesne, E., Taluja, V., Nazari, S., Aamodt, C., Pierce, K., Duan, K., Stophaeros, S. L., Lopez, L., Barnes, C. C., Troxel, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26725559
Self-citationKaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114848
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114836
Courchesne, E., Taluja, V., Nazari, S., Aamodt, C., Pierce, K., Duan, K., Stophaeros, S. L., Lopez, L., Barnes, C. C., Troxel, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26725553
Self-citationKaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114842
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114821
Courchesne, E., Taluja, V., Nazari, S., Aamodt, C., Pierce, K., Duan, K., Stophaeros, S. L., Lopez, L., Barnes, C. C., Troxel, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26725562
Self-citationKaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114857
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114806
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114851
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114809
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114827
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., Leventhal, B., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13114830
Pachner, O. C., Soltész, P., Gombos, F., & Gerván, P. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13010055
Suda, M., Sumiya, M., Iwabuchi, T., Asada, K., Akechi, H., & Senju, A. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07188-x
Detection Strategies and Analytical Insights Into Autism Spectrum Disorder
Priyanka, P., Thrishika, G., G.Revathi, Raj, K. S., Bhavya, K., & Mounika, K. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Innovations in Healthcare Industries (ICAIIHI) · doi:10.1109/icaiihi67124.2025.11403393
Lamarche, M.-A., Nader, A.-M., & Courchesne, V. (2025) · Revue de la neurodiversité / Journal of Neurodiversity · doi:10.65130/hj5nr8q
Oyungu, E., Keehn, B., McHenry, M. S., Monahan, P. O., Joseph, R. M., Yoon, S.-Y., Carlucci, J. G., Saina, C., Khaitan, A., Baliddawa, J., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-109958
Ahmad, H. R. M., Alqudah, Q. H., Elkhalifa, H. E. E., Merghani, A. S., Abusbaih, R. R., Ghaleb, A. N., Elhassan, O. O. O. M., Ahmed, A. A., & Jibreel, M. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.105485
“In a comparative toddler sample aged 14-42 months, fixation preference for dynamic geometric patterns was higher among children with ASD, and a high fixation threshold yielded a high positive predictive value in that sample [30].”
InfluentialSaitovitch, A. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ddd5f246z0fe4z4134z8a28z27d0a24aed40
“Par exemple, des études en eye-tracking mettent de plus en plus en évidence des patterns d’exploration visuelle de stimuli sociaux atypiques chez des enfants qui auront plus tard le diagnostic d’autisme (Pierce et al., 2011; Jones and Klin, 2013).”
BackgroundGarry, C. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/beecef9dz529bz48b5zaef3zf9866e93aeea
“L’hypothèse souvent avancée pour expliquer ces résultats est que les enfants avec TSA seraient plus intéressés par le non social que par le social (Pierce et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorder Using Eye-Tracking Based Behavorial Analysis
Siddique, S., Singh, A., Tripathi, A., & Khan, A. A. (2026) · International Conference on Communication, Computing and Emerging Technologies (IC3ET) · doi:10.1109/ic3et64989.2026.11467414
“Pierce et al. [7] demonstrated that infants with a preference for geometric patterns over faces were more likely to be diagnosed with ASD later in life.”
Xu, D., Zhang, L., Wang, X. R., Zeng, X., Huang, L., Qing, Y., Zhou, M., Li, Q., Yang, X., Zhao, W., et al. (2026) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-026-00718-z
“To date, the main eye-tracking paradigms used include face scanning [11], ‘GeoPref’ (preference for geometric patterns) test [12– 14], gaze following [15, 16], and biological motion perception (BM) [17, 18], which probe attention to salient facial features (e.g., the eyes) [19, 20], gaze-following…”
Zaragozá-Portolés, M., Gimeno-Gómez, D., Clemente, V. Á., Fajardo, I., Ferrer, A., Gómez‐Merino, N., Skrobiszewska, N., & Martínez-Hinarejos, C.-D. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3806026
“While ASD individuals are typically associated with reduced fixations on socially prominent regions such as the eyes and faces [25, 42, 47], evidence for this effect across contexts and ages remains inconsistent.”
Li, J., & Shum, K. K. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261445631
“Besides that, in both groups, DVP social duration and fixation were strongly correlated with CAM social scores, indicating a shared mechanistic link between implicit attention to social stimuli and explicit effort for social rewards (Bottini, 2018; Pierce et al., 2011).”
Apports de l’imagerie cérébrale dans le domaine de l’autisme
Saitovitch, A., Zilbovicius, M., & Boddaert, N. (2026) · Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale. Psychiatrie · doi:10.1016/s0246-1072(26)49771-0
Alejandro, D.-W. C., Suárez‐Cuenca, J. A., Alcaráz‐Estrada, S. L., Téllez‐González, M. A., Coral‐Vázquez, R. M., Toledo-Lozano, C. G., & Garcı́a, S. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261451896
“…a high ROB from the domain of timing and flow since 444 subjects of their total sample came from previous studies and not from their population-based sampling (Pierce et al., 2011, 2016); moreover, a significant portion came from a 2011 study before the ADOS-2 was published (Lord et al., 2012).”
Yi, Y. J., & Kang, Z. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29656-6_12
Emerging gene-edited dog models for autism spectrum disorder
Yuan, S., Shi, Q., Zhao, H., Guo, K., Jiang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Genomic psychiatry : · doi:10.61373/gp026p.0036
The Visual Artistic Experiment Design for Autism Based on Art Therapy
Guo, M., Hong, X., Fan, Y., & Zhang, D. (2026) · International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Next-Gen Healthcare Systems (IEHNS) · doi:10.1109/iehns68708.2026.11606914
“Studies have shown that this population often demonstrates a preference for geometric patterns over 979-8-3315-7238-9/26/$31.00 ©2026 IEEE social stimuli [3], a phenomenon sometimes referred to as the "geometric preference subtype" [4], [5].”
InfluentialLi, S., & Chen, L. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.202996
Ullah, M. Z., Wang, H., Ta, N., & Yu, D. (2026) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/jin49624
Alagha, N., Elkhodiry, A. A., Copiaco, A., Himeur, Y., Mansoor, W., Ritz, C. H., Eapen, V., & Albanna, A. (2026) · International Conference on Image Processing, Multimedia Technology and Machine Learning (IPMML) · doi:10.1109/ipmml71439.2026.11682207
“The segment was extracted from the GeoPref paradigm, a well-described experimental stimulus set that has been used in prior autism research to quantify social attention patterns [14]– [16].”
Toddlers’ preference for social scenes and its relation to later social-communicative skills
Hu, Y., Li, Z., & Yi, L. (2026) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2026.102266
Galilee, A. (2015) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Metadata
- Authors
- Pierce, K., Conant, D., Hazin, R., Stoner, R., & Desmond, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Pierce, Karen
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-03
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4894313
- OpenAlex
- W2122623425
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 11.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH080134, P50MH081755)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, early risk factors, toddlers, preferential looking, visual fixation, saccades, social image, early detection, developmental delay
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, California, Developmental Disabilities, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Infant, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Risk Factors, Saccades, Early Diagnosis
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