The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 42 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Early identification efforts are essential for the early treatment of the symptoms of autism but can only occur if robust risk factors are found. Children with autism often engage in repetitive behaviors and anecdotally prefer to visually examine geometric repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel. The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined. OBJECTIVES: To determine if toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 14 to 42 months prefer to visually examine dynamic geometric images more than social images and to determine if visual fixation patterns can correctly classify a toddler as having an ASD. DESIGN: Toddlers were presented with a 1-minute movie depicting moving geometric patterns on 1 side of a video monitor and children in high action, such as dancing or doing yoga, on the other. Using this preferential looking paradigm, total fixation duration and the number of saccades within each movie type were examined using eye tracking technology. SETTING: University of California, San Diego Autism Center of Excellence. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ten toddlers participated in final analyses (37 with an ASD, 22 with developmental delay, and 51 typical developing toddlers). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Total fixation time within the geometric patterns or social images and the number of saccades were compared between diagnostic groups. RESULTS: Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups. If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%. CONCLUSION: A preference for geometric patterns early in life may be a novel and easily detectable early signature of infants and toddlers at risk for autism.
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27 Own result · 17 Not checked yet · 11 Own method · 10 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up t tests revealed that the geometric responders with an ASD had a unique saccade signature and exhibited significantly fewer saccades when they were viewing their preferred geometric stimuli in comparison with all other groups (all P< .01).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the percentage of time that toddlers spent viewing DGI was significantly different between diagnostic groups (F 2,107 =11.8;P< .001).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also no differences in the visual reception (t 35 = -0.99;P = .32),fine motor (t 35 =-1.7;P=.32), receptive language (t 35 =-0.98;P = .33),expressive language (t 35 =-0.42;P=.67), or early learning composite (t 35 =-1.2;P = .22)scores.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“follow-up t tests revealed that geometric responders with an ASD spent significantly more time fixating on DGI than other groups during all 3 periods.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, with 2 exceptions, none of the toddlers with DD showed a preference for DGI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of saccades while viewing DGI (F 3,106 =4.6; P = .005)and DSI (F 3,106 =8.9; P< .001) was significantly different between geometric responders with an ASD, social responders with an ASD, and the DD and TD groups.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An examination of the relationship of age on preference revealed no significant correlation between percentage of time viewing DGI (or DSI) and age, for any diagnostic group (ASD: r=0.06;P=.74;DD:r=0.05;P=.80;TD: r=0.11;P = .43).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups.”
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
“As a group, toddlers with an ASD spent significantly more fixation time on DGI than TD toddlers (t 86 =4.5; P<.001) and toddlers with DD (t 57 =2.7; P= .009).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.”
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
“when 68.6% geometric pattern viewing time was used as a cutoff, the positive predictive value for an ASD was 100%”
- Also stated in: § COMMENT · plain
“When the percentage of time a toddler spent fixating on geometric patterns was 69% or greater, the positive predictive validity for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A paired-sample t test revealed no significant difference between percentage of fixation on DGI between test 1 and test 2 (t 40 = 1.7;P>.05).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a considerable portion of the ASD sample, namely 40%, were geometric responders, in that they preferred to visually examine DGI, the remaining 60% of participants with an ASD performed similar to the TD and DD contrast groups in that they preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excluding 1 TD toddler who preferred geometric patterns, 50% of viewing time on DSI marks the end of the range for TD toddlers, who all preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 001).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each toddler's preference for a particular movie type was relatively stable.The mean change in percentage of preference within our sample was 15.62% (range, 1%-36%; SD, 9.2).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 15 toddlers with an ASD who preferred DGI, more than half spent more than 70% of their time visually examining DGI, with several toddlers exceeding 90% DGI viewing time, a pattern not found in any other group”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty percent of the ASD group spent greater than 50% of viewing time fixated on DGI in contrast to only 1.9% of TD toddlers and 9% of toddlers with DD.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > A PREFERENCE FOR DGI IN A SUBGROUP OF TODDLERS WITH AUTISM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, when the geometric responders with an ASD viewed their nonpreferred stimuli, namely the social stimuli, they exhibited a significantly greater number of saccades in contrast to TD toddlers and toddlers with DD.The significance level in contrast to social responders with an ASD was P = .02,but this did not meet the Bonferroni correction threshold of less than .0125”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was a small, significant increase in DGI fixation across time in all groups (F 2,212 = 12.7; P<.001), there was no group X time interaction (F 6,212 = 0.667; P>.05)”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A preference for geometric patterns was not associated with general cognitive delay in that there was no relationship between IQ and fixation time within the ASD group.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results revealed that it was only the geometric responders, not the group as a whole, who displayed a reduced number of saccades.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“more than half of the toddlers with an ASD in the study behaved just like those who were TD or DD: they preferred DSI.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability was calculated as the percentage of preference difference between test time 1 and test time 2.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a preference for geometric patterns alone may be an intriguing novel identifier of early autism, results also illustrated a distinct pattern of saccades within the”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any subject with total fixation time less than 30 seconds (ie, 50% of the experiment) was excluded from analyses.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is thought that enhanced visuospatial abilities in autism may stem from a local processing bias.30 , 31”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
- Not checked yetcites [31]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for preference that may be mediated by spatial location, the side of presentation of DGI and DSI scenes was randomized across subject and diagnosis so that 50% of toddlers saw a movie containing DSI on the left.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > APPARATUS, STIMULI, AND EYE TRACKING PROCEDURE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module (ADOS-T), newly validated for use with infants as young as 12 months, 43”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-seven TD toddlers were matched on a 1-1 basis to toddlers with an ASD based on age (±3 months) and sex.The remaining 14 TD toddlers were matched based on the chronological age range of the ASD group.Subjects with DD served as a contrast group and were matched to the ASD group based on chronological age, verbal and nonverbal developmental quotient as assessed by the Mullen Scales of Early Le”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“because individuals with autism have deficits in shifting visual attention 32 -37 and have been known to exhibit longer disengagement latencies, 20 , 38”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
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boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While several of the toddlers with an ASD were only a year old at the time of testing, all but 1 have been tracked and diagnosed using the ADOS-T until at least age 24 months, an age shown to be reliable for the diagnosis of autism.20 , 43 , 46 -49”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
- Not checked yetcites [43]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
- Not checked yetcites [47]
- Not checked yetcites [48]
- Not checked yetcites [49]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a preference for DGI may be a risk factor for autism in that this preference was observed in a toddler at risk for an ASD as young as 14 months.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bonferroni correction was used with a significance level set at P < .0125for all post hoc comparisons.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Many children with autism engage in a variety of repetitive behaviors 26 and, anecdotally, often prefer to attend to visual repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the TD group had a significantly higher verbal developmental quotient, nonverbal developmental quotient, and adaptive behavior score and significantly lower ADOS-T scores than the ASD group.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-eight (10 with an ASD, 11 with TD, 7 with DD) were excluded from final analyses because of noncompliance during testing, which almost always resulted in less than 50% valid trials.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on research documenting deficits in shifting 32 -37 and disengaging attention 20 in autism”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
- Not checked yetcites [34]
- Not checked yetcites [35]
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- Not checked yetcites [20]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Final diagnoses for participants with an ASD older than 30 months were confirmed with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.50”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It is undeniable that eye movements guide learning.58”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All standardized assessments were administered by 2 highly experienced PhD-level psychologists with more than 10 years' combined experience in autism.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“1 minute has been previously demonstrated to be the average attention span of a 1-year-old, 62”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only one-third of the overall sample participated in test-retest reliability.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for this particular subgroup, the profile appears to be increased saccades during the viewing of nonpreferred stimuli and decreased saccades while viewing preferred stimuli.”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes that the question of whether a preference for geometric repetition is an early autism risk factor has not yet been examined.
“The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined.”
“The early developmental profile of unusual preferences for visual repetition in autism is largely unknown and unexplored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes, on anecdotal grounds, that children with autism often prefer to attend to visual repetition.
“Many children with autism engage in a variety of repetitive behaviors 26 and, anecdotally, often prefer to attend to visual repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The paper assumes that a prior study found that eye gaze patterns at 6 months did not predict later diagnostic outcome.
“examined the clinical outcome of these subjects and found that, contrary to their expectations, eye gaze patterns at 6 months did not predict diagnostic outcome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The geometric preference seen in a subgroup of ASD toddlers at 14-42 months is present earlier in life and is not caused by the ASD diagnosis.
“some infants at risk for an ASD begin life with an unusual preference for geometric repetition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The exclusion of about 20% of the sample due to poor compliance did not substantially bias the results.
“approximately 20% of the overall sample was dropped from analyses because of poor compliance during testing, with the impact of such exclusion unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The one-third of the sample that completed test-retest reliability is representative of the whole sample.
“only one-third of the overall sample participated in test-retest reliability.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“preference for non-social patterns in toddlers has recently been identified as a robust predictor of ASD [58]”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [58]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
“There was a significant difference in total viewing time between groups (F 3,106 =3.2; P=.02; mean viewing time: ASD, 49.4 seconds; TD, 53.7 seconds; and DD, 48.1 seconds).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES
“To compare percentage of fixation time within DGI between the 3 diagnostic groups, a 1-way analysis of variance was performed (diagnostic group [3 levels] × percentage of DGI fixation time [1 level]).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > UNIQUE SACCADE PATTERN IN TODDLERS WITH AN ASD WHO PREFERRED GEOMETRIC IMAGES
“The significance level in contrast to social responders with an ASD was P = .02,but this did not meet the Bonferroni correction threshold of less than .0125(Figure 5).”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
“When viewing social images, geometric responders with an ASD had significantly more saccades than all other groups.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“TD (n=51) ASD vs TD ASD vs DD Sex, M/F, No. 30/7 16/6 35/17”
§ Preference for Geometric Patterns Early in Life as a Risk Factor for Autism > 59 -61
Reported 51 · recomputed 52
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Cited by
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Items 201–300 of 486
Social Interest in High-Functioning Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Fletcher‐Watson, S., Leekam, S., & Findlay, J. M. (2013) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357613480829 · Cited by 16
Vacas, J., Antolí, A., Sánchez-Raya, A., Dueñas, C. P., & Cuadrado, F. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.101930 · Cited by 15
Digitally assisted diagnostics of autism spectrum disorder
Koehler, J. C., & Falter‐Wagner, C. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1066284 · Cited by 18
“Pierce et al. (38) examined gaze preference of infants with autism spectrum disorder from 14 to 42 months of age.”
BackgroundNew eye tracking metrics system: the value in early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder
Wang, R. K., Kwong, K. K., Liu, K., & Kong, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1518180 · Cited by 16
“Consistent with prior studies (Chawarska 2016; Wang 2018), data segments with less than 25% screen-looking time were excluded, as were participants with fewer than 50% valid trials (Pierce 2011).”
Comparison of eye movements in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder
Shiino, T., Miura, K., Fujimoto, M., Kudo, N., Yamamori, H., Yasuda, Y., Ikeda, M., & Hashimoto, R. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12085 · Cited by 15
Harrison, A. J., & Slane, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04315-3 · Cited by 15
Geng, X., Kang, X., & Wong, P. C. M. (2020) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.015 · Cited by 15
Ishizaki, Y., Higuchi, T., Yanagimoto, Y., Kobayashi, H., Noritake, A., Nakamura, K., & Kaneko, K. (2021) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-020-00203-w · Cited by 15
Higuchi, T., Ishizaki, Y., Noritake, A., Yanagimoto, Y., Kobayashi, H., Nakamura, K., & Kaneko, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175912 · Cited by 14
Whitehouse, A. (2017) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/17549507.2016.1276963 · Cited by 15
Human and monkey infant attention to dynamic social and nonsocial stimuli
Maylott, S. E., Paukner, A., Ahn, Y. A., & Simpson, E. A. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21979 · Cited by 14
“These findings are aligned with previous research in human infants that reported early social preferences and growing social attention with age (Bahrick, KroghJespersen, Argumosa & Lopez, 2014; Frank et al., 2009, 2014; Pierce et al., 2011; Reid et al., 2017; Valenza et al., 1996).”
BackgroundResultThérien, V. D., Degré‐Pelletier, J., Barbeau, É. B., Samson, F., & Soulières, I. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103221 · Cited by 17
“In addition, autistic toddlers with language delays already manifest a preference for geometric figures over social images (Pierce et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGaze-Wasserstein: a quantitative screening approach to autism spectrum disorders
Cho, K. W., Lin, F., Song, C., Xu, X., Hartley-McAndrew, M., Doody, K. R., & Xu, W. (2016) · Wireless Health · doi:10.1109/wh.2016.7764551 · Cited by 12
“While the existing biofeedback based screening methods [23], [24], [25] require highly controlled laboratory environment, we present more efficient and feasible ASD screening approach for the implementation in mobile technologies.”
MethodHonisch, J. J., Mane, P., Golan, O., & Chakrabarti, B. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88112-y · Cited by 16
Eye-Tracking Dataset to Support the Research on Autism Spectrum DisorderPreprint
Cilia, F., Carette, R., Elbattah, M., Guérin, J.-L., & Dequen, G. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2099817/v1 · Cited by 13
Imafuku, M., Kawai, M., Niwa, F., Shinya, Y., & Myowa, M. (2021) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12402 · Cited by 16
Lian, X., Hong, W. C. H., & Yu, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03091-1 · Cited by 12
“Under this assumption, simple and repeated geometric patterns were found to be preferred by children with ASD (Kou et al., 2019; Pierce et al., 2011).”
Backgroundde Belen, R. A. J., Eapen, V., Bednarz, T. P., & Sowmya, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282818 · Cited by 12
Hou, W., Jiang, Y., Yang, Y., Zhu, L., & Li, J. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102466 · Cited by 12
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Glennon, J. M., D’Souza, H., Mason, L., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., & Thomas, M. S. C. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103678 · Cited by 12
The Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Mental Diseases
Yang, F., Han, T., Deng, K., & Han, Y. (2020) · Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Healthcare (CAIH) · doi:10.1145/3433996.3434004 · Cited by 12
“[12] Karen Pierce et al. [13] studied the fixation patterns of individuals on social scenes through eye movement technology.”
Arora, I., Bellato, A., Gliga, T., Ropar, D., Kochhar, P., Hollis, C. P., & Groom, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04961-6 · Cited by 12
Computer Vision for Brain Disorders Based Primarily on Ocular Responses
Li, X., Fan, F., Chen, X., Li, J., Li, N., Lin, K., Chen, Z., Qin, Z., Yeung, A., Li, X., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.584270 · Cited by 14
“An eye tracking-based assessment has been already developed with video movies shown at the monitor, in order to evaluate cognitive impairments such as ASD and AD (82, 83).”
MethodApplication of Eye Tracker to Detect Visual Processing of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Tang, W. Y. F. (2022) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-022-00252-6 · Cited by 12
Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
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Fernández, D. N., Barrientos, F., Gilman, R. H., Vittet, M., Sheen, P., & Zimic, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2007.14432 · Cited by 14
“These algorithms can also be highly technical, require in-depth training, utilize expensive equipment, or need to be completed in highly controlled environments [26,27], limiting their practicality, especially in low-resource settings.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThérien, V. D., Degré‐Pelletier, J., Barbeau, É. B., Samson, F., & Soulières, I. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad195 · Cited by 12
Contestabile, A., Kojovic, N., Casarotto, G., Delavari, F., Hagmann, P., Schaer, M., & Bellone, C. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02962-w · Cited by 13
Antolí, A., Rodriguez-Lozano, F. J., Cañas, J. J., Vacas, J., Cuadrado, F., Sánchez-Raya, A., Dueñas, C. P., & Gámez, J. C. V. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1558621 · Cited by 15
Wang, X., Chen, Z., Liu, P., Polk, R. J., & Feng, T. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101614 · Cited by 13
Li, T., Li, Y., Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Lam, C. M., Ni, W., Wang, X., & Yi, L. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2366 · Cited by 11
“We also excluded the children whose valid trial number was less than 50% [i.e., six trials; Pierce et al., 2011].”
BackgroundResultRobain, F., Kojovic, N., Solazzo, S., Glaser, B., Franchini, M., & Schaer, M. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00553-2 · Cited by 17
Hirokawa, M., Funahashi, A., Pan, Y., Itoh, Y., & Suzuki, K. (2016) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2016.7745217 · Cited by 11
“Several studies were conducted for investigating gaze behavior of individuals with ASD using eye tracker system [15] [16].”
BackgroundAttentional bias to fearful faces in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder.
Wagner, J., Keehn, B., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Nelson, C. A. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000628 · Cited by 13
Association between distress and knowledge among parents of autistic children
Yusuf, A., Peltekova, I. T., Savion‐Lemieux, T., Frei, J., Bruno, R., Joober, R., Howe, J., Scherer, S. W., & Elsabbagh, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223119 · Cited by 12
Yusuf, A., Peltekova, I. T., Savion‐Lemieux, T., Frei, J., Bruno, R., Joober, R., Howe, J., Scherer, S. W., & Elsabbagh, M. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103605 · Cited by 12
Disinhibited reactive attachment disorder symptoms impair social judgements from faces
Miellet, S., Caldara, R., Gillberg, C., Raju, M., & Minnis, H. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.004 · Cited by 10
Congiu, S., Doneddu, G., & Fadda, R. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21040421 · Cited by 14
“…looking paradigms, in which paired social and non-social stimuli are displayed side by side, were used with toddlers and infants in several studies [18,22–24] and provided results supporting the preference for non-social stimuli over a variety of social stimuli in very young children with ASD.”
BackgroundResultHinz, J. R., Eikeseth, F. F., Chawarska, K., & Eikeseth, S. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3261 · Cited by 10
Measuring social orienting in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder using cartoons stimuli
Robain, F., Godel, M., Kojovic, N., Franchini, M., Journal, F., & Schaer, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.039 · Cited by 10
Wright, K., Kelley, E. A., & Poulin‐Dubois, D. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.01.005 · Cited by 10
Rubido, M. D. V., Hollander, E., McCracken, J. T., Shic, F., Noeldeke, J., Boak, L. M., Khwaja, O., Sadikhov, S., da Fontoura, P. P., & Umbricht, D. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04493-5 · Cited by 10
“(7) Human activity preference task (Pierce et al. 2011): In this preferential looking task, two videos were presented simultaneously, side-by-side, on a single screen, with one video depicting a human performing an activity (Human) and the other video a computer-generated, continuously moving/changing geometric patter…”
BackgroundAlshaban, F. A. W., Ghazal, I., Thompson, I. R., Klingemier, E. W., Aldosari, M., Al‐Shammari, H., Al‐Faraj, F., Elhag, S. F., Tolefat, M., Ali, M., et al. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3046 · Cited by 9
“Technological advancements such as eye gaze tracking have shown promise as a method for producing objective markers for ASD (Frazier et al., 2016; Pierce et al., 2011).”
MethodLarose, V., Sotelo, K., Mottron, L., & Jacques, C. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000268 · Cited by 9
Cavadini, T., Courbois, Y., & Gentaz, É. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266176 · Cited by 13
“Considering the relevance of this technology in the early identification of risk factors for autism [31, 32] and given that the feasibility of eye-tracking-based assessments in low-resource settings has been demonstrated [33], a recent study has even developed stimuli specifically adapted to the South American populat…”
BackgroundVanmarcke, S., van Esch, L., der Hallen, R. V., Evers, K., Noens, I. L. J., Steyaert, J. G., & Wagemans, J. P. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.05.007 · Cited by 9
Neural Correlates of Social Perception in Children with Autism: Local versus Global Preferences
Herringshaw, A. J., Kumar, S. L., Rody, K. N., & Kana, R. K. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.044 · Cited by 10
Le diagnostic précoce dans les troubles du spectre autistique
Chabane, N. (2012) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2012.07.002 · Cited by 9
Perspectives on the Role of Endocannabinoids in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Yeh, M. L., & Levine, E. S. (2017) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1702005 · Cited by 9
Subclinical Saccadic Eye Movement Dysfunction in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis
Yousef, A., Devereux, M., Gourraud, P., Jonzzon, S., Suleiman, L., Waubant, E. L., Green, A., & Graves, J. S. (2018) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073818807787 · Cited by 9
Anden, R., & Linstead, E. J. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313278 · Cited by 8
“They were able to find that toddlers that spent 69% or more time fixating on geometric patterns, they could accurately classify 100% of toddles as having ASD [6].”
BackgroundScreening of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Novel Biological Motion Stimuli
Fan, L., Cao, W., Duan, H., Du, Y., Chen, J., Hou, S., Zhu, H. C., Xu, N., Zhou, J., & Zhai, G. (2021) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1194-0_32 · Cited by 8
Zivan, M., Morag, I., Yarmolovsky, J., & Geva, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.646838 · Cited by 9
“Paradigms measuring preferential looking provide valuable information in infants born pre-term (81) and in toddlers with ASD (46, 82, 83), yet classic preferential looking paradigms that require the infant to meet a familiarization or habituation criteria pose a risk of over-exposing infants to multiple arousing cues.”
BackgroundXu, H., Xuan, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Zhu, M., & Zhao, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.723526 · Cited by 8
“Graphic test programs help maintain the attention of such children (21).”
BackgroundCommunicative Signals Promote Object Recognition Memory and Modulate the Right Posterior STS
Redcay, E., Ludlum, R. S., Velnoskey, K. R., & Kanwal, S. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00875 · Cited by 9
ARIANNA: A research environment for neuroimaging studies in autism spectrum disorders
Retico, A., Arezzini, S., Bosco, P., Calderoni, S., Ciampa, A., Coscetti, S., Cuomo, S., Santis, L. D., Fabiani, D., Fantacci, M. E., et al. (2017) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.05.017 · Cited by 9
Dubey, I., Bishain, R., Dasgupta, J., Bhavnani, S., Belmonte, M. K., Gliga, T., Mukherjee, D., Estrin, G. L., Johnson, M. H., Chandran, S., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.21259235 · Cited by 8
“Lab-based experiments designed to measure this aspect of the autistic phenotype have often focussed on presenting social alongside nonsocial stimuli (Dubey et al., 2015; Pierce et al., 2011; Ruta et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodYoon, C. D., Xia, Y. R., Terol, A. K., Meadan, H., & Lee, J. D. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06257-x · Cited by 7
“Researchers have also revealed that autistic individuals display a greater preference for nonsocial stimuli, such as geometric patterns, than social stimuli (Gale et al., 2019; Pierce et al., 2011, 2016; Robain et al., 2022).”
Neonatal imitation and its sensorimotor mechanism
Simpson, E. A., Paukner, A., Suomi, S. J., & Ferrari, P. F. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686155.003.0016 · Cited by 7
“Studies of infants’ early visual attention preferences, such as their relative interest in social and nonsocial stimuli (Pierce et al. 2011), could further test these predictions.”
BackgroundVacas, J., Antolí, A., Sánchez-Raya, A., & Dueñas, C. P. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-021-00261-y · Cited by 8
Autism and engagement with material culture
Wright, B., Pearson, H., Spikins, P., Scott, C., & Schofield, J. (2021) · Interdisciplinary Science Reviews · doi:10.1080/03080188.2021.1951062 · Cited by 7
“Individuals with ASC may often be interested in discerning detail in their environment (Shah and Frith 1983, 1993; Swettenham et al. 1998; Wakabayashi et al. 2007; Baron-Cohen 2009; Smith and Milne 2009; Pierce et al. 2011; Brosnan et al. 2014; Sasson and Touchstone 2014; Vermeulen 2015).”
BackgroundQuantifying preference for social stimuli in young children using two tasks on a mobile platform
Dubey, I., Brett, S., Ruta, L., Bishain, R., Chandran, S., Bhavnani, S., Belmonte, M. K., Estrin, G. L., Johnson, M. H., Gliga, T., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265587 · Cited by 7
“This task was similar to paradigms used by Pierce and colleagues to measure preference for social stimuli in children on the autism spectrum [14, 26] (we use the phrases children/individuals on the autism spectrum and autistic children/individuals interchangeably to acknowledge the diversity of views regarding termino…”
BackgroundMethodÖzkan, E., Çelik, S. B., Yaran, M., & Bumın, G. (2023) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2023.050177 · Cited by 8
“Studies examining the effectiveness of eye tracking in assessing social orientation in children with ASD have reported that the orientation toward dynamic social stimuli decreases and that the time spent on dynamic geometric stimuli increases (Pierce et al., 2011, 2016).”
Ford, A., Walum, H., Brice, B., Patel, H., Kunnikuru, S., Jones, W., Berman, G. J., & Shultz, S. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2494 · Cited by 6
Shultz, S., Jones, W., & Klin, A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21368-2_6 · Cited by 8
Baron‐Cohen, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_150 · Cited by 7
Eikeseth, S. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61738-1_13 · Cited by 7
Vivanti, G. (2020) · Best practices in child and adolescent behavioral health care · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41160-2_1 · Cited by 10
Barreto, C., Curtin, A., Topoglu, Y., Day‐Watkins, J., Garvin, B., Foster, G., Ormanoglu, Z., Sheridan, E., Connell, J. E., Bennett, D. S., et al. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14050503 · Cited by 8
“Different from TD children, ASD children have also demonstrated preferences for nonsocial stimuli such as geometric patterns and objects rather than social stimuli such as human or animal faces [14–16].”
BackgroundStefanelli, G., Pili, M. P., Crifaci, G., Capelli, E., Beretta, C., Riboldi, E. M., Billeci, L., Cantiani, C., Molteni, M., & Riva, V. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105872 · Cited by 7
Omori, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-89171-1 · Cited by 6
Creative performance and attitudes toward creativity in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Cancer, A., Schiattone, S., Monfredini, M., Antonietti, A., & Colombo, B. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102308 · Cited by 6
Bülbül, I. A., & Özdemir, S. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06596-9 · Cited by 7
Coleman, & Thomas, J. C. (2016) · Cited by 6
Social Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kanai, C., Toth, G., Kuroda, M., Miyake, A., & Itahashi, T. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64592-6_13 · Cited by 6
Cascia, J., & Barr, J. J. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103779 · Cited by 6
Buffle, P. L., Cavadini, T., Posada, A., & Gentaz, É. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87888-3 · Cited by 7
Mechanisms of social influence : reputation management in typical and autistic individuals
Cage, E. (2015) · IOE EPrints · Cited by 6
Kamil, R., AbdelAlim, Y. A., Patel, S. S., Sweeney, P., Feng, H., Hundal, J. S., & Goldstein, I. M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14217727 · Cited by 6
“These metrics provide insights into adrenergic and cholinergic function, making eye tracking a useful tool in studying mental fatigue and task disassociation [42,43].”
Emotional Cognition, Theory of Mind, and Face Recognition in Individuals with Autism and PDDs
May, K. E., Martino, M. A., & Kana, R. K. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_5 · Cited by 5
Carrozza, C., & Fabio, R. A. (2020) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-03-2020-0015 · Cited by 5
Circumscribed interests in autism: Can animals potentially re-engage social attention?
Valiyamattam, G. J., Katti, H., Chaganti, V. K., O’Haire, M. E., & Sachdeva, V. (2023) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104486 · Cited by 5
MAOA Influences the Trajectory of Attentional Development
Lundwall, R. A., & Rasmussen, C. G. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00424 · Cited by 5
“The task has, however, been used to classify toddlers with autism or developmental delays (Pierce et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAssessment of the Core Features of ASD
Bernier, R. (2014) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0401-3_4 · Cited by 5
Schaer, M., Franchini, M., & D, S. E. M. (2014) · Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie · doi:10.4414/sanp.2014.00299 · Cited by 5
Les signes précoces de l’autisme
Bargiacchi, A. (2011) · PSN · doi:10.1007/s11836-010-0158-3 · Cited by 6
Silk, J. S., Redcay, E., & Fox, N. A. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.02.002 · Cited by 7
“Behavioral studies of nfants at-risk for autism reveal differences in the extent f social attention beginning in the first years of life (e.g., Jones & Klin, 2013; Pierce et al., 2011).”
An Eye-Tracking Study on Six Early Social-Emotional Abilities in Children Aged 1 to 3 Years
Cavadini, T., Riviere, E., & Gentaz, É. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11081031 · Cited by 6
“We designed the ‘SO-Task’ using stimuli created by Franchini et al. [61] based on the previous work of Pierce et al. [62] to evaluate the participants’ ability to discriminate socially salient visual scenes from non-social ones.”
MethodOrui, M., Ishikuro, M., Obara, T., Noda, A., Shinoda, G., Murakami, K., Metoki, H., Kikuya, M., Nakaya, N., Nishimura, T., et al. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.70095 · Cited by 4
“31 Gazefinder ® , as a developed screening tool for identifying atypical gaze patterns in individuals with ASD, is designed to detect the core features of ASD, making these results consistent with its intended purpose.”
Early development of social attention in toddlers at high familial risk for autism spectrum disorder
Hu, Y., Xiong, Q., Wang, Q., Song, C., Wang, D., Lu, H., Shi, W., Han, Y., Liu, J., Li, X., et al. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101662 · Cited by 4
Fu, X., Platt, E., Shic, F., & Bradshaw, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06360-z · Cited by 4
“For example, Wen et al. (2022) implemented a preferential looking paradigm (Pierce et al., 2011, 2016) that displays a social and non-social video side-by-side in infants and toddlers (12 to 48 months; N = 1685).”
Revilla, R., Nelson, C. M., Friedman, N. R., Braun, S. S., & Hudac, C. M. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101434 · Cited by 6
“To increase the salience of the reward videos, we utilized videos from a prior social attention discrimination study that pilot testing demonstrated to be interesting and dynamic (Pierce et al., 2011).”
MethodOrienting to and away from the eyes in infants at high likelihood for autism when scanning faces
Wang, Q., Han, Y., Hu, Y., Li, X., Liu, J., Fang, H., Li, T., Chang, Y.-M., & Yi, L. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3270 · Cited by 4
“Additionally, on the behavior level, when compared to social stimuli such as eyes and faces, autistic children show a greater interest in nonsocial stimuli (Pierce et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2021).”
Red dermographism in autism spectrum disorders: A clinical sign of cholinergic dysfunction?
Lemonnier, É., Grandgeorge, M., Jacobzone-Lévêque, C., Bessaguet, C., Peudenier, S., & Misery, L. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.01.005 · Cited by 4
Ивановна, М. И., & Semeta, M. U. (2020) · Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Psychology · doi:10.21638/spbu16.2020.304 · Cited by 4
Alterations in Epidermal Biophysical Properties in Autistic Children
Wang, B., Li, Y.-D., Wang, Z., Zhao, J.-Q., Zhang, G., & Man, M. (2023) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000530140 · Cited by 4
Autistic children’s visual sensitivity to face movement
Wang, Q., Li, X., Gong, X., Yin, T., Liu, Q., Yi, L., & Liu, J. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000883 · Cited by 4
Cazzato, D., Leo, M., Distante, C., Crifaci, G., Bernava, G. M., Ruta, L., Pioggia, G., & Castro, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging4010009 · Cited by 4
“By a simple preferential looking task, the authors of [33] showed that 40% of the autistic cross sample spent greater than 50% of the viewing time fixating on dynamic geometric images rather than dynamic social images.”
BackgroundHudock, R. L., & Esler, A. (2022) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2022.2025907 · Cited by 6
“…et al., 2014), and autism-specific differences in social communication development (e.g., reduced frequency of socially direction vocalizations, reduced joint attention) are often detectable in the second year of life (e.g., Pierce et al., 2011; Wetherby et al., 2004; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pierce, K., Conant, D., Hazin, R., Stoner, R., & Desmond, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Pierce, Karen
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-03
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4894313
- OpenAlex
- W2122623425
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 11.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH080134, P50MH081755)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, early risk factors, toddlers, preferential looking, visual fixation, saccades, social image, early detection, developmental delay
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, California, Developmental Disabilities, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Infant, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Risk Factors, Saccades, Early Diagnosis
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