The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 9 of the 45 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Eating disorders are severe conditions, but little is known about the prevalence or correlates of these disorders from population-based surveys of adolescents. OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in a large, reprefentative sample of US adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of adolescents with face-to-face interviews using a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. SETTING: Combined household and school adolescent samples. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative sample of 10,123 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders and subthreshold conditions. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence estimates of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder were 0.3%, 0.9%, and 1.6%, respectively. Important differences were observed between eating disorder subtypes concerning sociodemographic correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, role impairment, and suicidality. Although the majority of adolescents with an eating disorder sought some form of treatment, only a minority received treatment specifically for their eating or weight problems. Analyses of 2 related subthreshold conditions suggest that these conditions are often clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Eating disorders and subthreshold eating conditions are prevalent in the general adolescent population. Their impact is demonstrated by generally strong associations with other psychiatric disorders, role impairment, and suicidality. The unmet treatment needs in the adolescent population place these disorders as important public health concerns.
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Claims the paper makes
67 Own result · 19 Own interpretation · 12 Not checked yet · 8 Own method · 3 Partly supported · 3 No basis given · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The observed prevalence estimates were generally similar to those of previous studies,1–8,22,23 and salient differences in sociodemographic and clinical correlates were observed between eating disorder subtypes.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports earlier prevalence estimates close to this study’s, including the Sesto Fiorentino estimates, but also says comparison is difficult and that the NEMESIS estimates for anorexia and bulimia were twice as high. The claim’s broad characterization of the estimates as generally similar therefore overlooks differences the source highlights. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [2] source
The Discussion states that the study’s lifetime prevalence estimates for eating disorders were broadly consistent with earlier data. This directly supports the attributed comparison, while the same passage notes a difference in the proportion of male cases. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
- Not checked yetcites [4] source
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
- Partly supportedcites [22] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says the paper’s prevalence estimates for mental disorders in US children were comparable to those from studies using similar diagnostic methods, but substantially lower than estimates from some other studies. It reports eating disorders as rare (0.1%) without establishing that eating-disorder prevalence across subtypes was generally similar to previous studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The high prevalence estimates of SAN (0.8%) and SBED (2.5%) provide evidence for a spectrum of eating disorders among youths in the general population.17–19”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
- Partly supportedcites [18] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Clinical features section describes subthreshold anorexia nervosa and other eating-disorder presentations, supporting the broad idea that diagnoses extend beyond full-threshold disorders. But the Prevalence section reports figures from adult treatment-seeking samples and says adolescent studies had inconsistent findings; it does not provide the 0.8% and 2.5% estimates or establish a spectrum among youths in the general population. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Attempts to minimize such biases were built into the methods of the CIDI.28,51”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not available) says the study employed methods to improve the validity of retrospective age-of-onset reports, while acknowledging that recall biases could not be completely corrected. The Methods > Measures section identifies the modified CIDI as the interview used, but does not say that those bias-reduction methods were built into the CIDI itself. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Could not verifycites [51] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction mentions the CIDI but does not describe methods for reducing recall bias. The PRE-STUDIES section discusses poor recall and its influence on the Zurich Study’s design, not on the CIDI. Searches for CIDI recall-bias methods found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The discrepancy between the lack of substantial comorbidity among adolescents in the current study48 and the high rates of comorbidity associated with AN among adults1,2 suggests that comorbid disorders may be a consequence of AN in youths.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [48] source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [1] source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [2] source
The Methods and Materials sections identify the sample as adults aged 18 and older and report that 56.2% of respondents with anorexia nervosa met criteria for at least one other assessed disorder. The citation supports the adult-comorbidity finding; the proposed consequence of anorexia nervosa in youths is the citing authors’ inference, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents with 12-month AN, BN, BED, and SBED, 97.1%, 78.0%, 62.6%, and 34.6%, respectively, reported impairment in the past 12 months; 24.2%, 10.7%, 8.7%, and 2.8%, respectively, reported severe impairment (Table 4).”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > IMPAIRMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median ages at onset of AN, BN, BED, and SBED were 12.3, 12.4, 12.6, and 12.6 years, respectively.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > AGE AT ONSET
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant ethnic differences emerged for BN, with Hispanic adolescents reporting the highest prevalence; there was a trend toward ethnic minorities reporting more BED, while non-Hispanic white adolescents tended to report more AN.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > PREVALENCE AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 12-month prevalence rates of AN, BN, BED, and SBED were 0.2%, 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.1%, respectively, with 12-month to lifetime prevalence ratios of 57.9%, 72.0%, 56.0%, and 44.5%, respectively.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > PREVALENCE AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for comorbid disorders by eating disorder subtype were 1.5 (0.54.4) for AN, 8.6 (2.7–27.3) for BN, 5.9 (2.5–13.8) for BED, 4.3 (2.0–8.8) for SAN, and 2.7 (1.8–4.1) for SBED.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > COMORBIDITY WITH OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents with 12-month AN, BN, BED, and SBED, 97.1%, 78.0%, 62.6%, and 34.6%, respectively, reported impairment in the past 12 months; 24.2%, 10.7%, 8.7%, and 2.8%, respectively, reported severe impairment (Table 4).”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > IMPAIRMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, BN and BED were strongly associated with mood and anxiety disorders and with multiple disorders, with 27.0% of adolescents with BN and 37.0% of adolescents with BED endorsing 3 or more classes of comorbid disorders.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > COMORBIDITY WITH OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding lifetime prevalence estimates, there were no sex differences in the prevalence of AN or SBED, while BN, BED, and SAN were more prevalent in girls (Table 2).”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > PREVALENCE AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each eating disorder subtype was associated with significantly elevated levels of suicide ideation, while BN and SAN were further associated with suicide plans and BN and BED were associated with suicide attempts.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > SUICIDALITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each eating disorder subtype was associated with significantly elevated levels of suicide ideation, while BN and SAN were further associated with suicide plans and BN and BED were associated with suicide attempts.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > SUICIDALITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, adolescents with SAN reported levels of suicide ideation comparable to those of adolescents with AN and considerably more suicide plans and attempts.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > SUICIDALITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was pervasive lifetime comorbidity among youths with BN, whereas AN was associated with only 1 other disorder (ie, oppositional defiant disorder).”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence estimates of eating spectrum disorders also varied by race, with Hispanic adolescents having the highest rates of BN.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suicidality was particularly associated with BN, as more than half of adolescents with BN reported suicide ideation and more than a third reported attempts.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > SUICIDALITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents with each of the eating dis-order subtypes were significantly more likely to seek any treatment and mental health specialty treatment than adolescents without these disorders.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > SERVICE USE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings underscore the important public health implications for a wide spectrum of disordered eating among US youths as well as the necessity to improve treatment access for these conditions.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sex ratio for most eating spectrum disorders in this study was generally smaller than that in prior treatment-seeking samples and considerably smaller than the 9:1 ratio stated in the DSM-IV.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The observed lifetime prevalence estimates of 0.3% for AN, 0.9% for BN, and 1.6% for BED were only slightly lower than those reported for US adults using parallel methods.2”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the increased risk for certain forms of eating disorders among Hispanic and other minority adolescents warrants particular attention in education of youths, their families, and mental health care professionals.33,36”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence that adolescents do indeed use services across sectors suggests possible avenues for prevention and early intervention strategies if recognition could be improved (eg, education of parents and youths to minimize stigma and of non-mental health care professionals to recognize signs of eating disorders).”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The large sample size is unparalleled, and the sampling design and weighting allow for generalizations to the general US adolescent population.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the cross-sectional design of this study limits conclusions concerning temporal relationships among comorbid conditions and prevents confirmation of findings from adult samples concerning eating disorder crossovers or transitions from subthreshold to full-threshold conditions.37–39”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inclusion of subthreshold manifestations of eating disorders permitted assessment of a broader range of eating behaviors and their clinical significance.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While most adolescents with eating disorders received some form of treatment, only a minority of affected individuals received services specifically for eating or weight problems.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, these findings support the nosological distinction between the major subtypes of eating disorders as well as the importance of inclusion of the full spectrum of eating behaviors in estimating the magnitude and correlates of eating disorders in the US population.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite these limitations, this study provides key information concerning the epidemiology of eating disorders in the US adolescent population.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, the interview did not cover manifestations such as purging without binging, BN or BED with weekly binge eating (a criterion currently proposed for the DSM-5 for both BN and BED),30,55 or the age at onset and impairment of SAN.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] source
- Not checked yetcites [55]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, while the prevalence of subthreshold presentations was assessed, the CIDI was originally designed to assess only DSM-IV presentations; therefore, vital questions regarding the age at onset and impairment of SAN in particular were not asked.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The modified CIDI validly assesses eating disorders in adolescents.
“Concerning other limitations, our diagnostic instrument had not been previously validated in adolescents, and studies using earlier versions of the CIDI found that the instrument tended to underdiagnose eating disorders in adults.54”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for eating disorders are valid for adolescents.
“The CIDI was designed to assess diagnostic criteria based on the DSM-IV criteria for AN, BN, and BED.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Current research [3, 4] shows that BED variants are common during puberty and early adulthood”
From Correlates of interpersonal emotion regulation problems in Loss of Control eating (LOC) in youth: study protocol of the combined online and App based questionnaire, laboratory and randomized controlled online intervention i-BEAT trial (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Yet, binge-eating typically emerges in adolescence (Swanson, Crow, Le Grange, Swendsen, & Merikangas, 2011) and predicts excess weight gain and worsening metabolic problems (Tanofsky-Kraff et al., 2012).”
From Effects of a mindfulness-induction on subjective and physiological stress response in adolescents at-risk for adult obesity. (2021) · cites this paper as Swanson, Crow, Le Grange, Swendsen, & Merikangas, 2011
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use, often begin during adolescence and are closely related to physiological and nutritional aspects.64,65”
From Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs (2017) · cites this paper as [65]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > COMMENT
“more than half of these adolescents having sought mental health specialty treatment.”
§ Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents > RESULTS > SERVICE USE
“48.8% for AN, BN, BED, SAN, and SBED, respectively”
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Self-citationBundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
(2013) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/103.1437-1588 · Cited by 11,769
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Metadata
- Authors
- Swanson, S. A., Crow, S. J., Le Grange, D., Swendsen, J., & Merikangas, K. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Merikangas, Kathleen R.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-07-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 714
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5546800
- OpenAlex
- W2134521319
- Semantic Scholar
- 2830daa1c97f89f80a24ee487be9552aef5c1c3a
- Cited by
- 1,611
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 136 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 126 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 125 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 123 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 99.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Baker Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (Z01MH002808, Z08-MH002808, U01-MH-60220, MH60220, U01MH060220, R01MH079979)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK050456)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- eating disorders, adolescents, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, lifetime prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, role impairment, suicidality, treatment seeking, unmet treatment needs
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Suicide, Attempted, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Age of Onset, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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