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Cited by 64Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesGender, Health, and Social Inequality

Perceptions of Race/Ethnic Discrimination in Relation to Mortality Among Black Women: Results From the Black Women's Health Study

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Albert, Michelle A.·2010·Archives of Internal Medicine
DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.116PMC PMC3020569
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Because racial discrimination is a form of chronic psychological stress that might unfavorably affect health, we examined whether perceived experiences of racism among black women are associated with mortality. METHODS: We followed 48 924 participants in the Black Women's Health Study (mean age, 40.5 years) for 8 years to assess the risk of all-cause mortality associated with perceived experiences of racism. Subanalyses of cancer and cardiovascular mortality were also conducted. Perceived racism was evaluated by 8 questions about institutionalized racism (unfair treatment on the job, in housing, or by the police) and everyday experiences of racism (eg, others acting as if the woman was not intelligent). We estimated the relative risk of death with Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for traditional and socioenvironmental risk factors. RESULTS: During 412 224 person years of follow-up from 1997 to 2005, there were 920 deaths, including 277 due to cancer and 195 due to cardiovascular causes. All-cause mortality was not associated with institutionalized racism (relative risk, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-1.2) for the highest category vs the lowest or with everyday racism (relative risk, 0.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-1.2) for the highest quartile compared with the lowest. Risk estimates for the highest categories of perceived racism relative to the lowest were greater than 1.0 for cancer deaths and less than 1.0 for cardiovascular disease death but were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective study of black women, reported experiences of racism were not significantly related to mortality. Longer follow-up of this relatively young cohort and further work is warranted in this complex area of research because continued race/ethnic disparities in mortality are not entirely explained by traditional risk factors.

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  • Structural racism is not the only system of oppression marginalized communities face in the U.S.; heterosexism, gender binarism, classism, ableism, nationalism and other -isms comprise distinct and entangled societal systems that structure the embodiment of health inequities.

    “Lastly, we recognize that structural racism is not the only system of oppression that marginalized communities face within the U.S. Heterosexism, gender binarism, classism, ableism, nationalism, and other -isms independently and collectively comprise intimately harmful, distinct, and entangled societal systems of self-serving domination and privilege that structure the embodiment of health inequi”

    From Structural Racism Conceptualization and Operationalization for Research for the U.S. HIV Epidemic: Findings from a Scoping Review and Implications for Advancing Research for Structural Interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [43]

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  • Others have provided recommendations for the operationalization and measurement of intersecting systems of oppression in health equity research and for establishing measures of anti-isms.

    “While examining empirical associations of other -isms and their impacts among PLWH, others have provided recommendations for the operationalization and measurement of intersecting systems of oppression in health equity research and establishing measures of anti-isms [43].”

    From Structural Racism Conceptualization and Operationalization for Research for the U.S. HIV Epidemic: Findings from a Scoping Review and Implications for Advancing Research for Structural Interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [43]

    The Methods > Racism Data section describes how this study measured everyday and institutionalized racism, but does not provide recommendations for measuring intersecting systems of oppression or establishing measures of anti-isms. Searches for those recommendations and terms found no passage addressing them; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

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Authors
Albert, M. A.
Affiliations
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author
Albert, Michelle A.
ORCID
Albert, Michelle A.
Venue
Archives of Internal Medicine
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2010-05-24
Volume
170
Issue
10
Pages
896
ISSN
0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archinternmed.2010.116
PMC
PMC3020569
OpenAlex
W2078915137
Cited by
64
References
26
Citations by year
2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
FWCI
11.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (R01-CA58420, R01CA058420)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
Keywords
perceived racism, racial discrimination, Black women, all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, cardiovascular mortality, institutional racism, everyday racism, chronic psychological stress, racial disparities in mortality, Black Women's Health Study
MeSH terms
Adult, Female, Humans, Mortality, Prejudice, Risk Factors, Black People

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