Cognitive Impairment in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS Report No. 16
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate potential associations between cognitive function and/or impairment and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and visual impairment in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). METHODS: The AREDS is an 11-center natural history study of AMD and age-related cataract. The AREDS Cognitive Function Battery was administered to 2946 participants. The battery consists of 6 neuropsychological tests measuring performance in several cognitive domains. The Dunnett multiple comparison test was used to identify differences by AMD and visual acuity severity. The relationship with cognitive impairment was also assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Mean scores of instruments in the AREDS Cognitive Function Battery declined with increased macular abnormalities and reduced visual acuity. After adjustment for age, sex, race, education, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and depression, increased macular abnormalities (trend P value <.05) reduced mean cognitive function scores as measured by the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination and the Wechsler Logical Memory Scale. Reduced vision was found to be associated with reduced mean cognitive function scores as measured by the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination and letter and verbal fluency tasks. Persons with vision worse than 20/40 OU were more likely to be cognitively impaired (Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score <80) (odds ratio, 2.88 [95% confidence interval, 1.75-4.76]) compared with persons with visual acuity of 20/40 or better OU. CONCLUSION: These data suggest a possible association of advanced AMD and visual acuity with cognitive impairment in older persons.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
An association of impaired cognitive function with advanced AMD was reported in AREDS.
“An association of impaired cognitive function with advanced AMD was reported in AREDS (27).”
From Unraveling a Multifactorial Late-Onset Disease: From Genetic Susceptibility to Disease Mechanisms for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as [27]
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
Moms, J. C., Heyman, A., Mohs, R. C., Hughes, J. P., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G., Mellits, E. D., & Clark, C. (1989) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.39.9.1159 · Cited by 4,130 · see citing works
A Standardized Memory Scale for Clinical Use
Wechsler, D. (1945) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1945.9917223 · Cited by 2,960 · see citing works
(1987) · PubMed · Cited by 2,657 · see citing works
Peter, H., Penzel, T., Peter, J. H., & Peter, J. G. (2025) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65186-5_302294 · Cited by 2,278 · see citing works
New Visual Acuity Charts for Clinical Research
Ferris, F. L., Kassoff, A., Bresnick, G. H., & Bailey, I. L. (1982) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/0002-9394(82)90197-0 · Cited by 2,147 · see citing works
Reynolds, C. R., & Powel, J. (1988) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/3.4.397 · Cited by 2,115 · see citing works
Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly
Verghese, J., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Hall, C. B., Derby, C. A., Kuslansky, G., Ambrose, A. F., Sliwinski, M., & Buschke, H. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022252 · Cited by 1,961 · see citing works
Prevalence of age-related maculopathy
Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., & Linton, K. L. P. (1992) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31871-8 · Cited by 1,845 · see citing works
Evaluating storage, retention, and retrieval in disordered memory and learning
Buschke, H., & Fuld, P. (1974) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.24.11.1019 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
Differential behavioral effects in frontal lobe disease
Benton, A. (1968) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(68)90038-9 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Participation in Cognitively Stimulating Activities and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease
Wilson, R. S. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.6.742 · Cited by 1,312 · see citing works
Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: A strong connection.
Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1994) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.9.3.339 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: A strong connection.
Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1994) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.3.339 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, and risk of AD in older persons
Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Aggarwal, N. T., Schneider, J. S., Bach, J., Pilat, J., Beckett, L. A., Arnold, S. E., Evans, D. A., et al. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.3.364 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Lin, M., Gutierrez, P. R., Stone, K. L., Yaffe, K. S., Ensrud, K. E., Fink, H. A., Sarkisian, C. A., Coleman, A. L., & Mangione, C. M. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52554.x · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Dietary intake and cognitive function in a group of elderly people
Ortega, R., Requejo, A. M., Andrés, P., López-Sobaler, A. M., Quintas, M. E., Redondo, M. R., Navia, B., & Rivas, T. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/66.4.803 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Depression and risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease
Geerlings, M. I., Bouter, L. M., Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T. F., Jonker, C., Deeg, D. J. H., van Tilburg, W., Adèr, H. J., & Schmand, B. A. (2000) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.176.6.568 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Vision and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease
Rizzo, M. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00023-3 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Klein, R. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-26977-0_5 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Jama, J. W., Launer, L. J., Witteman, J. C. M., den Breeijen, J. H., Breteler, M. M. B., Grobbee, D. E., & Hofman, A. (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008922 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Visual dysfunction, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging
Jackson, G. R., & Owsley, C. (2003) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(02)00107-x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Interrelations of Age, Visual Acuity, and Cognitive Functioning
Salthouse, T. A., Hancock, H. E., Meinz, E. J., & Hambrick, D. Z. (1996) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/51b.6.p317 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Resnick, H. E., Fries, B. E., & Verbrugge, L. M. (1997) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/52b.3.s135 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Ortíz, C., Kuo, Y., DiNuzzo, A. R., Ray, L. A., Raji, M. A., & Markides, K. S. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53219.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Is Age-related Maculopathy Associated with Alzheimer's Disease?: The Rotterdam Study
Klaver, C. C. W., Ott, A., Hofman, A., Assink, J. J. M., Breteler, M. M. B., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010105 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Do Depressive Symptoms Predict Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia?
Gatz, J. L., Tyas, S. L., John, P. S., & Montgomery, P. R. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.6.744 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The Aging Brain and Senile Dementia
Nandy, K., & Sherwin, I. (1977) · Advances in behavioral biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3093-6 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Anstey, K. J., Luszcz, M. A., & Sanchez, L. (2001) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000052814 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Visual impairment and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
Uhlmann, R. F., Larson, E. B., Koepsell, T. D., Rees, T. S., & Duckert, L. G. (1991) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02598307 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Predictors of Decline in MMSE Scores Among Older Mexican Americans
Nguyen, H. T. T., Black, S. A., Ray, L. A., Espino, D. V., & Markides, K. S. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.3.m181 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Biringer, E., Mykletun, A., Dahl, A. A., Smith, A. D., Engedal, K., Nygaard, H. A., & Lund, A. (2005) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1390 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Deschamps, V., Barberger‐Gateau, P., Peuchant, E., & Orgogozo, J. M. (2001) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000054752 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Bressler, N. M., & Bressler, S. B. (1995) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30889-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Wong, T. Y., Klein, R., Nieto, F. J., de Moraes, S. A., Mosley, T. H., Couper, D. J., Klein, R., Boland, L. L., Hubbard, L. D., & Sharrett, A. R. (2002) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01672-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Correlates of Cognitive Function Scores in Elderly Outpatients
Mangione, C. M., Seddon, J. M., Cook, E. F., Krug, J. H., Sahagian, C. R., Campion, E. W., & Glynn, R. J. (1993) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb01883.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Age-related Macular Degeneration
Seddon, J. M., & Sobrin, L. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-0016-7.50041-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Fagerström, R. (1992) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3.675 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Decline in Nondemented Elderly Women: A Prospective Study
Yaffe, K., Blackwell, T., Gore, R., Sands, L., Reus, V., & Browner, W. S. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.425 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., Simonetti, R. G., & Gluud, C. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007176.pub2 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer’s disease.
Albers, M. W., Gilmore, G. C., Kaye, J., Murphy, C., Wingfield, A., Bennett, D. A., Boxer, A. L., Buchman, A. S., Cruickshanks, K. J., Devanand, D. P., et al. (2015) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.514 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Swaroop, A., Chew, E. Y., Bowes Rickman, C., & Abecasis, G. R. (2009) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164350 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
McCleery, J., Abraham, R. P., Denton, D. A., Rutjes, A. W., Chong, L.-Y., Al-Assaf, A. S., Griffith, D. J., Rafeeq, S., Yaman, H., Malik, M. A., et al. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011905.pub2 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Feeney, J., Finucane, C., Savva, G. M., Cronin, H., Beatty, S., Nolan, J. M., & Kenny, R. A. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.007 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
- Authors
- Clemons, T. E., Rankin, M. W., & McBee, W. L.
- ORCID
- Traci E. Clemons
- Venue
- Archives of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-04-01
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 537
- ISSN
- 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1472655
- OpenAlex
- W2191923109
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- National Institutes of Health (1z01ey000394-01)
- National Eye Institute (Z01 EY000394-03)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, visual acuity, cognitive function, older adults, neuropsychological assessment, senile cataract
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Vision Disorders, Visual Acuity, Persons with Visual Disabilities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review