The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Smoking: The Rotterdam Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a population of elderly persons. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, community-based study. SETTING: City district of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6174 persons 55 years and older who participated in the Rotterdam Study. In 36 persons atrophic AMD and in 65 persons neovascular AMD were diagnosed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age-related macular degeneration was diagnosed by evaluating fundus transparencies, smoking behavior was identified by interviewing subjects, and the presence of atherosclerosis was assessed by the ankle-arm systolic blood pressure index. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In subjects younger than 85 years, current smokers had a 6.6-fold increased risk of neovascular AMD vs those who had never smoked (95% CI, 2.8-15.9). Former smokers had a 3.2-fold increased risk of neovascular AMD vs nonsmokers in this age group (95% CI, 1.4-7.4). These associations were not observed in subjects 85 years or older. Smoking was not associated with atrophic AMD. A strong increased risk of neovascular AMD was present in those who had smoked more than 10 pack-years (relative risk, 6.5; 95% CI, 2.9-14.8). Adjusting the results for atherosclerosis did not change the association. Persons who had quit smoking 20 or more years before the eye examination had no increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence for a dose-response relationship between smoking and AMD, particularly in persons with the neovascular form of the disease.
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In the citing paper
“Smoking is a modifiable and consistently associated environmental factor, typically resulting in about two-fold increased risk of developing advanced AMD (3, 112, 150, 155).”
From Unraveling a Multifactorial Late-Onset Disease: From Genetic Susceptibility to Disease Mechanisms for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as [155]
In the citing paper
“Results from a number of case-control studies,28–33 population-based studies,34–36 and prospective studies of both physicians37 and nurses38 strongly confirm cigarette smoking as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration.”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [34]
Citations
Cites
The Wisconsin Age-related Maculopathy Grading System
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Fowkes, F. G. R., Housley, E., Cawood, E. H. H., Macintyre, C. C. A., Ruckley, C. V., & Prescott, R. J. (1991) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/20.2.384 · Cited by 1,179
Determinants of disease and disability in the elderly: The Rotterdam elderly study
Albert Hofman, D., Grobbee, D. E., de Jong, P. T. V. M., & Ouweland, F. A. V. D. (1991) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00145007 · Cited by 1,120
Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration
Seddon, J. M. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520180037032 · Cited by 993
Antioxidant functions of carotenoids
Krinsky, N. I. (1989) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(89)90143-3 · Cited by 928
The Prevalence of Age-related Maculopathy in the Rotterdam Study
Vingerling, J. R., Dielemans, I., Hofman, A., Grobbee, D. E., Hijmering, M., Kramer, C. F. L., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (1995) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(95)31034-2 · Cited by 815
Self-citationSenile macular degeneration: a case-control study
HYMAN, L. G., LILIENFELD, A. M., FERRIS, F. L., & FINE, S. L. (1983) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113629 · Cited by 587
STRYKER, W. S., Kaplan, L. A., Stein, E. A., Stampfer, M. J., Sober, A. J., & Willett, W. C. (1988) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114804 · Cited by 520
Kahn, H. A., Leibowitz, H. M., Ganley, J. P., KINI, M. M., Colton, T., NICKERSON, R. S., & Dawber, T. R. (1977) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112429 · Cited by 391
Cerebral white matter lesions and atherosclerosis in the Rotterdam Study
Bots, M. L., Breteler, M. M. B., Hofman, A., Grobbee, D. E., van Swieten, J. C., van Gijn, J., van Swieten, J. C., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91144-b · Cited by 361
Cited by
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The Rotterdam Study: objectives and design update
Albert Hofman, D., Breteler, M. M. B., van Duijn, C. M., Krestin, G. P., Pols, H. A. P., Stricker, B. H. C., Tiemeier, H. W., Uitterlinden, A. G., Vingerling, J. R., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2007) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-007-9199-x · Cited by 1,408
Self-citationRisk factors for age-related macular degeneration
Smith, W., Assink, J., Klein, R., Mitchell, P., Klaver, C. C. W., Klein, B. E. K., Hofman, A., Jensen, S., Wang, J. J., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (2001) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00580-7 · Cited by 1,071
Age-related macular degeneration: etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies
Ambati, J., Ambati, B. K., Yoo, S. H., Ianchulev, S., & Adamis, A. P. (2003) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00030-4 · Cited by 959
Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chakravarthy, U., Wong, T. Y., Fletcher, A., Piault, E., Evans, C., Zlateva, G., Buggage, R., Pleil, A., & Mitchell, P. (2010) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/1471-2415-10-31 · Cited by 842
Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: a review of association
Thornton, J., Edwards, R., Mitchell, P., Harrison, R. A., Buchan, I. E., & Kelly, S. P. (2005) · Eye · doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6701978 · Cited by 559
Metadata
- Authors
- Vingerling, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Vingerling, Johannes R.
- Venue
- Archives of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1996-10-01
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1193
- ISSN
- 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2146304086
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, smoking, neovascular AMD, atrophic AMD, pack-years, smoking cessation, atherosclerosis, dose-response relationship, older adults, Rotterdam Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Choroid, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Netherlands, Retinal Hemorrhage, Risk Factors, Smoking, Incidence, Prevalence
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