Cited by 246Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal Imaging and AnalysisSmoking Behavior and Cessation

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Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Smoking: The Rotterdam Study

Vingerling, Johannes R.·1996·Archives of Ophthalmology

DOI 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140393005

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a population of elderly persons. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, community-based study. SETTING: City district of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6174 persons 55 years and older who participated in the Rotterdam Study. In 36 persons atrophic AMD and in 65 persons neovascular AMD were diagnosed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age-related macular degeneration was diagnosed by evaluating fundus transparencies, smoking behavior was identified by interviewing subjects, and the presence of atherosclerosis was assessed by the ankle-arm systolic blood pressure index. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In subjects younger than 85 years, current smokers had a 6.6-fold increased risk of neovascular AMD vs those who had never smoked (95% CI, 2.8-15.9). Former smokers had a 3.2-fold increased risk of neovascular AMD vs nonsmokers in this age group (95% CI, 1.4-7.4). These associations were not observed in subjects 85 years or older. Smoking was not associated with atrophic AMD. A strong increased risk of neovascular AMD was present in those who had smoked more than 10 pack-years (relative risk, 6.5; 95% CI, 2.9-14.8). Adjusting the results for atherosclerosis did not change the association. Persons who had quit smoking 20 or more years before the eye examination had no increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence for a dose-response relationship between smoking and AMD, particularly in persons with the neovascular form of the disease.

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Authors: Vingerling, J. R.
Affiliations: Erasmus MC (NL)
Corresponding author: Vingerling, Johannes R.
ORCID: Vingerling, Johannes R.
Venue: Archives of Ophthalmology
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1996-10-01
Volume: 114
Issue: 10
Pages: 1193
ISSN: 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140393005
OpenAlex: W2146304086
Cited by: 246
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 4.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords: age-related macular degeneration, smoking, neovascular AMD, atrophic AMD, pack-years, smoking cessation, atherosclerosis, dose-response relationship, older adults, Rotterdam Study
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Choroid, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Netherlands, Retinal Hemorrhage, Risk Factors, Smoking, Incidence, Prevalence

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Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Smoking: The Rotterdam Study

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