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Cited by 1,071Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal Imaging and AnalysisOcular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome

Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration

Smith, Wayne, Assink, Jacqueline, Klein, Ronald, Mitchell, Paul, Klaver, Caroline C.W, Klein, Barbara E.K, Hofman, Albert, Jensen, Susan +2 more·2001·Ophthalmology
DOI 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00580-7
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Abstract

Objective To assess the prevalence and potential risk factors for late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in three racially similar populations from North America, Europe, and AUSTRALIA:Design Combined analysis of population-based eye disease prevalence data.Participants There were 14,752 participants with gradable photographs from the Beaver Dam Eye Study (n = 4756), Rotterdam Study (n = 6411), and Blue Mountains Eye Study (n = 3585).Main outcome measures AMD diagnosis was made from masked grading of stereo macular photographs. Final classification of AMD cases was agreed by consensus between study investigators.Results AMD prevalence was strongly age related. Overall, AMD was present in 0.2% of the combined population aged 55 to 64 years, rising to 13% of the population older than 85 years. Prevalence of neovascular AMD (NV) increased from 0.17% among subjects aged 55 to 64 years to 5.8% for those older than 85 years. Prevalence of pure geographic atrophy (GA) increased from 0.04% to 4.2% for these age groups. There were no significant gender differences in the prevalence of NV or GA. Subjects in the Rotterdam population had a significantly lower age-adjusted and smoking-adjusted risk of NV than subjects in the Beaver Dam and Blue Mountains populations. Apart from age, tobacco smoking was the only risk factor consistently associated with any form of AMD in all sites separately and in pooled analyses over the three sites.Conclusions These combined data from racially similar communities across three continents provide strong and consistent evidence that tobacco smoking is the principal known preventable exposure associated with any form of AMD.

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  • The systematic review included 18 prospective and cross-sectional studies and 8 case control studies, contributing 94,058 patients and 3,178 late AMD cases.

    “In total, data from 18 prospective, cross-sectional studies and 8 case control studies [12,24-26,28,30,31,33-47,49-54,57-73] were included in the final analysis, contributing a sample of some 94,058 patients (ranging from 261 to 22,071) including 3,178 (ranging from 8 to 776) late AMD cases.”

    From Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2010) · cites this paper as [25]

  • Age is the strongest risk factor associated with the development of AMD.

    “Age is the strongest risk factor associated with the development of AMD (3, 112, 140) (Figure 3).”

    From Unraveling a Multifactorial Late-Onset Disease: From Genetic Susceptibility to Disease Mechanisms for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as [140]

  • Pooled data from two population-based studies estimate the prevalence of advanced AMD at about 0.2% in ages 55 to 64, increasing to 13% in those older than 85 years.

    “The pooled data from two population-based studies reveal an estimated prevalence of advanced AMD of ~0.2% in ages 55 to 64, increasing to 13% in those older than 85 years (140).”

    From Unraveling a Multifactorial Late-Onset Disease: From Genetic Susceptibility to Disease Mechanisms for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as [140]

  • Female sex may be a risk factor in individuals aged over 75 years, with the relative risk for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in women possibly as much as twice that observed in age-matched men.

    “Female sex may be a risk factor in individuals aged over 75 years,16 with the relative risk for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in women possibly as much as twice that observed in age-matched men.”

    From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [16]

  • The incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration increases with age, as does the development of large drusen and pigmentary changes.

    “These three large population-based studies have found that the incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration increases with age, as does the development of large drusen and pigmentary changes.”

    From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [16]

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Authors
Smith, W., Assink, J., Klein, R., Mitchell, P., Klaver, C. C. W., Klein, B. E. K., Hofman, A., Jensen, S., Wang, J. J., & de Jong, P. T. V. M.
Affiliations
  • Australian National University (AU)
  • Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author
Mitchell, Paul
ORCID
Venue
Ophthalmology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2001-04
Volume
108
Issue
4
Pages
697-704
ISSN
0161-6420 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00580-7
OpenAlex
W1543801259
Cited by
1,071
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 60
FWCI
11.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
Keywords
age-related macular degeneration, neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, prevalence, risk factors, smoking, age, gender differences, Beaver Dam Eye Study, Rotterdam Study, Blue Mountains Eye Study, cross-population comparison
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, New South Wales, Risk Factors, Smoking, Wisconsin, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution

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