The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Signs and Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal
Abstract
To test the validity, magnitude, and clinical significance of the signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal defined by DSM-III, both observed and reported signs and symptoms were measured in 50 smokers during two days of ad lib smoking and then during the first four days of abstinence. Observer and subject ratings of the DSM-III symptoms of craving for tobacco, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and restlessness increased after cessation. In addition, bradycardia, impatience, somatic complaints, insomnia, increased hunger, and increased eating occurred after cessation. The frequency and intensity of these symptoms varied across subjects; however, the average distress from tobacco withdrawal was similar to that observed in psychiatric outpatients. Subjects who had more withdrawal discomfort were more tolerant to the cardiovascular effects of nicotine. Subjects who had more withdrawal discomfort did not have a lower rate of smoking cessation.
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“Different types of syndromes have been described with the withdrawal from SSRIs and other CNS drug classes, including benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, antidepressants, opiates, barbiturates, and alcohol: (1) new withdrawal symptoms (classic withdrawal symptoms from CNS drugs) [1,[4][5][6][9][10][11][12] , (2) rebound [2,6,9,[13][14][15][16] , and (3) persistent postwithdrawal disorders [7,17,18] (”
From New Classification of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Persistent postwithdrawal disorders or tardive receptor supersensitivity disorders have been described with the use of antipsychotic medication [7,17,18] .”
From New Classification of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Tardive dyskinesia and supersensitivity psychosis are well-known postwithdrawal disorders (also called supersensitivity syndromes) [7,17,18] .”
From New Classification of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as [17]
Citations
Cites
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TOLERANCE TO, AND DEPENDENCE ON, SOME NON-OPIATE PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
Kalant, H., LeBlanc, A. E., & Gibbins, R. J. (1971) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(25)06888-7 · Cited by 771
Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence
Shiffman, S. M., & Jarvik, M. E. (1976) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00634151 · Cited by 542
Nicotine and its metabolites. Radioimmunoassays for nicotine and cotinine
Langone, J. J., Gjika, H. B., & Vunakis, H. V. (1973) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00748a032 · Cited by 394
A Scale to Differentiate between Types of Smoking as Related to the Management of Affect
Ikard, F. F., Green, D. E., & Horn, D. (1969) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826086909062040 · Cited by 354
Effect of nicotine on the tobacco withdrawal syndrome
Hughes, J. R., Hatsukami, D. K., Pickens, R. W., Krahn, D. D., Malin, S., & Luknic, A. (1984) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00427428 · Cited by 286
Self-citationTobacco withdrawal symptoms: An experimental analysis
Hatsukami, D. K., Hughes, J. R., Pickens, R. W., & Svikis, D. S. (1984) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00427451 · Cited by 217
Self-citationHow a cigarette is smoked determines blood nicotine levels
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Socially anxious smokers experience greater negative affect and withdrawal during self-quit attempts
Buckner, J. D., Langdon, K. J., Jeffries, E. R., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.01.004 · Cited by 14
Hughes, J. R., Peters, E. N., Callas, P. W., Peasley-Miklus, C., Oga, E., Etter, J.-F., & Morley, N. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz169 · Cited by 10
Self-citationGaskins, R. B., Jennings, E. G., Thind, H., Fava, J. L., Horowitz, S., Lantini, R., Becker, B. M., & Bock, B. C. (2015) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-014-0295-7 · Cited by 6
Anthenelli, R. M., McKenna, B. S., Giannini, J., Attaluri, S. V., Rubin, M., O’Crowley, E., Miller, S., & Heffner, J. L. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111012 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Hughes, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, John R.
- ORCID
- Hughes, John R.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1986-03-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 289
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2110569081
- Cited by
- 1,669
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 18.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-02988-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- nicotine withdrawal, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, smoking cessation, nicotine tolerance, irritability, anxiety, craving, bradycardia, insomnia, dietary habits, observer ratings
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Chewing Gum, Female, Humans, Male, Manuals as Topic, Nicotine, Plants, Toxic, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Nicotiana, Tobacco Use Disorder
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