Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal: A Replication and Extension
Abstract
Smokers (n = 315) who wished to quit were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to groups using either nicotine or placebo gum. Self-reported and observed symptoms of tobacco withdrawal were collected before cessation and at follow-ups of 1 to 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months. Self-reported and/or observed anger, anxiety, craving, difficulty concentrating, hunger, impatience, and restlessness were the most prominent symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. These symptoms had returned to precessation levels by 1 month except increased weight, hunger, and craving continued for 6 months in many smokers. Nicotine gum decreased most symptoms, including craving and hunger but not weight. Abstinent smokers with more intense withdrawal were not more likely to relapse. Abstinent smokers who gained more weight were less likely to relapse.
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Nicotine withdrawal symptoms typically peak within the first week and taper over 3-4 weeks, though some reports say they subside within 10 days and others say they persist past 31 days.
“Nicotine withdrawal symptoms are typically reported to reach a peak within the first week of abstinence and taper off for the next 3–4 weeks [119, 124]. However, some reports indicate that symptoms can subside within 10 days [125], while others indicate that withdrawal symptoms may persist past 31 days [126, 127].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [124]
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- Authors
- Hughes, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, John R.
- ORCID
- Hughes, John R.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1991-01-01
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 52
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2098475441
- Cited by
- 449
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da004066-04)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-03728, DA-0298, DA-04066)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- nicotine withdrawal, nicotine gum, smoking cessation, nicotine replacement therapy, craving, hunger, weight gain, relapse, anger, anxiety, restlessness, concentration difficulties
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adult, Chewing Gum, Female, Humans, Hunger, Male, Nicotine, Placebos, Polymethacrylic Acids, Polyvinyls, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Weight Gain, Substance-Related Disorders, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
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