Cited by 704Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchGenetic Associations and EpidemiologyChild Abuse and Trauma

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A Twin Study of Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Liability for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

True, William R.·1993·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160019002

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Abstract

We studied 4042 Vietnam era veteran monozygotic and dizygotic male twin pairs to determine the effects of heredity, shared environment, and unique environment on the liability for 15 self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms included in the symptom categories of reexperiencing the trauma, avoidance of stimuli related to the trauma, and increased arousal. Quantitative genetic analysis reveals that inheritance has a substantial influence on liability for all symptoms. Symptoms in the reexperiencing cluster and one symptom in the avoidance and numbing cluster are strongly associated with combat exposure, and monozygotic pairs are more highly concordant for combat exposure than dizygotic pairs. By fitting a bivariate genetic model, we show that there are significant genetic influences on symptom liability, even after adjusting for differences in combat exposure; genetic factors account for 13% to 30% of the variance in liability for symptoms in the reexperiencing cluster, 30% to 34% for symptoms in the avoidance cluster, and 28% to 32% for symptoms in the arousal cluster. There is no evidence that shared environment contributes to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.

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Authors: True, W. R.
Affiliations: Saint Louis University (US)
Corresponding author: True, William R.
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1993-04-01
Volume: 50
Issue: 4
Pages: 257
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160019002
OpenAlex: W2029281360
Cited by: 704
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 18.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh037685-17)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH37685)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA07261-01, 1 RO1 DA0 4604-01, T32DA007261)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress symptoms, heritability, genetic susceptibility, shared environment, nonshared environment, monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, combat exposure, Vietnam War veterans, re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, hyperarousal
MeSH terms: Asia, Southeastern, Combat Disorders, Diseases in Twins, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Models, Genetic, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Warfare

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A Twin Study of Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Liability for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

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