The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Adolescent Onset of the Gender Difference in Lifetime Rates of Major Depression: A Theoretical Model
Abstract
Prepubescent boys are, if anything, more likely than girls to be depressed. During adolescence, however, a dramatic shift occurs: between the ages of 11 and 13 years, this trend in depression rates is reversed. By 15 years of age, females are approximately twice as likely as males to have experienced an episode of depression, and this gender gap persists for the next 35 to 40 years. We offer a theoretical framework that addresses the timing of this phenomenon. First, we discuss the social and hormonal mechanisms that stimulate affiliative needs for females at puberty. Next, we describe how heightened affiliative need can interact with adolescent transition difficulties to create a depressogenic diathesis as at-risk females reach puberty. This gender-linked vulnerability explains why adolescent females are more likely than males to become depressed when faced with negative life events and, particularly, life events with interpersonal consequences.
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“There now is consensus that the gender difference in depression has a multifactorial etiology”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Cyranowski et al., 2000
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Chenji, S., Cox, E., Jaworska, N., Swansburg, R., & Macmaster, F. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.664 · Cited by 8
Eye Movement Study on Attention Bias to Body Height Stimuli in Height Dissatisfied Males
Chen, F., Liu, J., Chen, S., Chen, H., & Gao, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02209 · Cited by 8
“…could in turn augment negative affections while avoidant strategies could reduce negative affections (Butler and NolenHoeksema, 1994), which may explain why females were more likely to become depressed than males after suffering from negative events (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987; Cyranowski et al., 2000).”
BackgroundShukla, N. K., Shukla, M., Ahmad, S., Shukla, R., & Khan, Z. (2016) · International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics · doi:10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20164601 · Cited by 12
Religious support and psychological well-being: gender differences among religious Jewish Israelis
Lazar, A., & Bjorck, J. P. (2016) · doi:10.1080/13674676.2016.1207160 · Cited by 8
Huckert, T., & Krampen, G. (2010) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.2010.00058.x · Cited by 8
“For example, Dalgard et al. (2006) found that women experienced more stressful life events than men in the previous 6 months in a community sample of 8,787 adult subjects from different European countries.”
BackgroundZhang, Q., Pan, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, W., Wang, L., & Jean, J. A. (2021) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-021-09997-5 · Cited by 19
Electroconvulsive therapy and women: An international survey
Morrison, L., Cunliffe, S., Hancock, S. P., Harrop, C., Johnstone, L., & Read, J. (2025) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2025.2568222 · Cited by 8
“Returning to the sex difference in incidence of depression, we should note that the difference does not emerge till adolescence and then reduces with age until disappearing by about age 65 (Albert, 2015; Cyranowski et al., 2000; Kuehner, 2017; Patten et al., 2006).”
Mohan, L., Roos, L. G., Bui, T. Q., Sichko, S., & Slavich, G. M. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100525 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, adolescent females are at a much higher risk of developing depression than adolescent males (Cyranowski et al., 2000; Seedat et al., 2009).”
Pala, Ö. O., Çıtaker, S., Güney, E., Sepici, A., Bozkurt, G. M. G., Arslan, B., & Gürü, M. (2024) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.1515/jom-2023-0056 · Cited by 10
Park, S. J., Wasil, A. R., Gillespie, S., Shingleton, R. M., Weisz, J. R., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2023) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_937_21 · Cited by 9
“[30,31] In India specifically, gender discrimination may contribute to the elevated rates of depression and anxiety.”
Stark, L., Seff, I., Mutumba, M., & Fulu, E. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021505 · Cited by 8
On the Use of Aggregate Survey Data for Estimating Regional Major Depressive Disorder Prevalence
Morales, D., Krause, J., & Burgard, J. P. (2021) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-021-09808-8 · Cited by 7
McCormick, E. M. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101001 · Cited by 7
“In contrast, we might expect general developmental increases in negative emotionality (e.g., depression) across some periods of development (e. g., adolescence; Cyranowski et al., 2000; Garber et al., 2002), which habituation effects could work to attenuate.”
BackgroundOlino, T., Klein, D., & Seeley, J. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002186 · Cited by 7
“Female sex (Hankin et al., 1998; Cyranowski et al., 2000; Hyde et al., 2008), anxiety and substance use disorders (Kim-Cohen et al.”
BackgroundLáng, A. (2019) · Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika · doi:10.1556/0406.20.2019.002 · Cited by 13
Different Alternatives of Subjective Well‐Being: A Gender Analysis
Lera-López, F., Ollo-López, A., & Sánchez-Santos, J. (2018) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12494 · Cited by 7
Szabo, C. P. (2014) · Journal of psychiatry · doi:10.4172/psychiatry.1000124 · Cited by 2
Prevalence of Depression Among Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis
Sharma, V. (2012) · doi:10.15373/22501991/june2014/17 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, M. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2000-01-01
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025113055
- Cited by
- 1,276
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 30.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-18269, T32MH018269)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- adolescent depression, gender differences, major depressive disorder, puberty, endocrine effects, adolescent transition, diathesis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Models, Psychological, Puberty, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Socialization, Age of Onset, Sex Distribution
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