Cited by 1,276Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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Adolescent Onset of the Gender Difference in Lifetime Rates of Major Depression: A Theoretical Model

Cyranowski, Jill M., Frank, Ellen, Young, Elizabeth, Shear, M. Katherine·2000·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.21

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Abstract

Prepubescent boys are, if anything, more likely than girls to be depressed. During adolescence, however, a dramatic shift occurs: between the ages of 11 and 13 years, this trend in depression rates is reversed. By 15 years of age, females are approximately twice as likely as males to have experienced an episode of depression, and this gender gap persists for the next 35 to 40 years. We offer a theoretical framework that addresses the timing of this phenomenon. First, we discuss the social and hormonal mechanisms that stimulate affiliative needs for females at puberty. Next, we describe how heightened affiliative need can interact with adolescent transition difficulties to create a depressogenic diathesis as at-risk females reach puberty. This gender-linked vulnerability explains why adolescent females are more likely than males to become depressed when faced with negative life events and, particularly, life events with interpersonal consequences.

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BackgroundInfluential
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Authors: Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, M. K.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Cyranowski, Jill M.
Frank, Ellen
Young, Elizabeth
Shear, M. Katherine
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2000-01-01
Volume: 57
Issue: 1
Pages: 21
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.21
OpenAlex: W2025113055
Cited by: 1,276
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 30.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-18269, T32MH018269)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: adolescent depression, gender differences, major depressive disorder, puberty, endocrine effects, adolescent transition, diathesis
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Models, Psychological, Puberty, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Socialization, Age of Onset, Sex Distribution

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Adolescent Onset of the Gender Difference in Lifetime Rates of Major Depression: A Theoretical Model

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