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Cited by 135Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum DisordersChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to the Child Behavior ChecklistObsessive-Compulsive Scale: A Cross-cultural Twin Study

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Hudziak, James J., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Althoff, Robert R., Stanger, Catherine, Rettew, David C., Nelson, Elliot C., Todd, Richard D., Bartels, Meike +1 more·2004·Archives of General Psychiatry
DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.61.6.608
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Abstract

CONTEXT: We have reported elsewhere on the development of an 8-item Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (OCS) contained in the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to identify children who meet criteria for DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive disorder. Twin studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder have indicated a significant genetic component to its expression. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on childhood obsessive-compulsive behavior using the CBCL OCS in twin samples. DESIGN: The CBCL data were received by survey of twins in the Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR) and the Missouri Twin Study (USA/MOTWIN). SETTING: General community twin samples. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 4246 twin pairs aged 7 years, 2841 aged 10 years, and 1562 aged 12 years (who also participated in the study at 7 and 10 years of age) from the NTR and 1461 mixed-age twin pairs (average age, approximately 9 years) from the USA/MOTWIN. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Model fitting to test for genetic and environmental influences, sex differences, and sibling interaction/rater contrast effects on the CBCL OCS. RESULTS: In each case, the best-fitting model was one that indicated significant additive genetic influences (range, 45%-58%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 45%-61%), and unique environmental influences (range, 42%-55%; 95% CI, 39%-55%), with shared environmental influences in the NTR sample aged 12 years (16%). Sex differences were seen in the mixed-age USA/MOTWIN model, but not in the NTR samples. No evidence of dominance, sibling interaction, or rater-contrast effects was seen. These data were relatively consistent across age and cultures. CONCLUSIONS: The CBCL OCS is influenced by genetic factors (approximately 55%) and unique environmental factors (approximately 45%) in the younger sample, with common environmental influences only at 12 years of age. These effects do not vary with differences in sex or sibling interaction/rater contrast effects. Our data reveal higher genetic influences for obsessive-compulsive behavior and do not demonstrate genetic differences across sex.

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  • The common single nucleotide polymorphism heritability of OCD is estimated at 28% in meta-analyses, while overall heritability is reported at 40% to 50%.

    “The common single nucleotide polymorphism heritability of OCD has been estimated to be 28% in meta-analyses (18), whereas the overall heritability is reported to be 40% to 50% (19–24).”

    From Maternal Effects as Causes of Risk for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [22]

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  1. Brown FW. Heredity in the psychoneuroses. Proc R Soc Med. 1942;35:785-790.
  2. Carey G, Gottesman II. Twin and family studies of anxiety, phobia, and obsessive- compulsive disorder. In: Klein D, Rabkin J, eds. Anxiety: New Research and Chang- ing Concepts. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1981:117-136.
  3. Schindler KM, Richter MA, Kennedy JL, Pato MT, Pato CN. Association between homozygosity at the COMT gene locus and obsessive compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet. 2000;96:721-724.

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Authors
Hudziak, J. J., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Althoff, R. R., Stanger, C., Rettew, D. C., Nelson, E. C., Todd, R. D., Bartels, M., & Boomsma, D. I.
Affiliations
  • University of Vermont (US)
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author
Hudziak, James J.
ORCID
Venue
Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2004-06-01
Volume
61
Issue
6
Pages
608
ISSN
0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.61.6.608
OpenAlex
W2139403557
Cited by
135
References
65
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 9
FWCI
10.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH052813, MH-52813, MH-58799)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
obsessive-compulsive behavior, pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder, genetic factors, shared environmental factors, twin studies, Child Behavior Checklist, sex differences, sibling interaction, heritability
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Child, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Male, Missouri, Models, Genetic, Molecular Biology, Netherlands, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality Inventory, Phenotype, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, United States, Gene Expression

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