Cited by 1,655Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorGenetic Associations and EpidemiologyStress Responses and Cortisol

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Interaction Between the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR), Stressful Life Events, and Risk of Depression: A Meta-analysis

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Risch, Neil, Herrell, Richard, Lehner, Thomas, Liang, Kung-Yee, Eaves, Lindon, Hoh, Josephine, Griem, Andrea, Kovacs, Maria, Ott, Jurg, Merikangas, Kathleen Ries·2009·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.2009.878PMC PMC2938776

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Substantial resources are being devoted to identify candidate genes for complex mental and behavioral disorders through inclusion of environmental exposures following the report of an interaction between the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and stressful life events on an increased risk of major depression. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a meta-analysis of the interaction between the serotonin transporter gene and stressful life events on depression using both published data and individual-level original data. DATA SOURCES: Search of PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases through March 2009 yielded 26 studies of which 14 met criteria for the meta-analysis. STUDY SELECTION: Criteria for studies for the meta-analyses included published data on the association between 5-HTTLPR genotype (SS, SL, or LL), number of stressful life events (0, 1, 2, > or = 3) or equivalent, and a categorical measure of depression defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) or use of a cut point to define depression from standardized rating scales. To maximize our ability to use a common framework for variable definition, we also requested original data from all studies published prior to 2008 that met inclusion criteria. Of the 14 studies included in the meta-analysis, 10 were also included in a second sex-specific meta-analysis of original individual-level data. DATA EXTRACTION: Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of the number of short alleles at 5-HTTLPR, the number of stressful life events, and their interaction on depression. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated separately for each study and then weighted averages of the individual estimates were obtained using random-effects meta-analysis. Both sex-combined and sex-specific meta-analyses were conducted. Of a total of 14,250 participants, 1769 were classified as having depression; 12,481 as not having depression. RESULTS: In the meta-analysis of published data, the number of stressful life events was significantly associated with depression (OR, 1.41; 95% CI,1.25-1.57). No association was found between 5-HTTLPR genotype and depression in any of the individual studies nor in the weighted average (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98-1.13) and no interaction effect between genotype and stressful life events on depression was observed (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.94-1.10). Comparable results were found in the sex-specific meta-analysis of individual-level data. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis yielded no evidence that the serotonin transporter genotype alone or in interaction with stressful life events is associated with an elevated risk of depression in men alone, women alone, or in both sexes combined.

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Haberstick, B. C., Boardman, J. D., Wagner, B., Smolen, A., Hewitt, J. K., Killeya‐Jones, L. A., Tabor, J. W., Halpern, C. T., Brummett, B. H., Williams, R. B., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148373 · Cited by 34
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Starr, L. R., Stroud, C. B., Shaw, Z. A., & Vrshek‐Schallhorn, S. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000474 · Cited by 36
“Within the G × E literature, the single-variant candidate gene approach has grown increasingly controversial following a mix of positive and negative meta-analytic findings (Bleys, Luyten, Soenens, & Claes, 2018; Culverhouse et al., 2017; Karg, Burmeister, Shedden, & Sen, 2011; Munafò et al., 2009; Risch et al., 2009;…”
Background
The complex creation of happiness: Multidimensional conditionality in the drivers of happy people and societies
Lomas, T., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2021) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1991453 · Cited by 47
“Variation in this appeared to be implicated in mental health outcomes, with short (versus long) alleles linked to outcomes such as depression (Caspi et al., 2003), although the evidence is not uniformly conclusive or accepted (Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
Time moderates the interplay between 5-HTTLPR and stress on depression risk: gene x environment interaction as a dynamic process
Colli, C. D., Borgi, M., Poggini, S., Chiarotti, F., Cirulli, F., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Benedetti, F., Vai, B., & Branchi, I. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02035-4 · Cited by 40
Identification and functional characterization of three novel alleles for the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region
Ehli, E. A., Hu, Y., Lengyel-Nelson, T., Hudziak, J. J., & Davies, G. E. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.130 · Cited by 34
Gene × environment interactions in the prediction of response to antidepressant treatment
Klengel, T., & Binder, E. B. (2012) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145712001459 · Cited by 35
“Subsequent replications, non-replications and meta-analyses of this generenvironment interaction point towards the importance of the type and assessment of the environmental factors in such studies (Munafo et al., 2008 ; Risch et al., 2009 ; Karg et al., 2011 ; Uher et al., 2011).”
Background
Emerging Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Status
Shapiro, G. D., Fraser, W. D., & Séguin, J. R. (2012) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371205701108 · Cited by 36
Hippocampal volume and serotonin transporter polymorphism in major depressive disorder
Ahdidan, J., Foldager, L., Rosenberg, R., Rodell, A. B., Videbech, P., & Mors, O. N. (2013) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2013.3 · Cited by 33
“A meta-analysis investigated this association together with stressful life events (24) using both published data and individual-level original data from 14 studies, found no evidence of an elevated risk of depression associated with the 5-HTTLPR genotype alone or associated with stressful life events, in men or women…”
Method
The effect of rearing experience and TPH2 genotype on HPA axis function and aggression in rhesus monkeys: A retrospective analysis
Chen, G., Novak, M. A., Meyer, J. S., Kelly, B. J., Vallender, E. J., & Miller, G. M. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.10.012 · Cited by 34
Chronic family stress interacts with 5-HTTLPR to predict prospective depressive symptoms among youth
Jenness, J. L., Hankin, B. L., Abela, J. R. Z., Young, J. F., & Smolen, A. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20904 · Cited by 33
“First, many but not all adult studies demonstrated a significant G!E.[12] Before Karg et al.”
The 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism moderates the effect of stressful life events on drinking behavior in college students of African descent
Kranzler, H. R., Scott, D. M., Tennen, H. A., Feinn, R., Williams, C. D., Armeli, S., Taylor, R. E., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., & Covault, J. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32051 · Cited by 33
“Further, meta-analyses of the growing literature on the moderating effect of 5-HTTLPR on risk of depression following stressful events have yielded very different conclusions regarding the validity of the association [Risch et al., 2009;Karg et al., 2011].”
Result
The HPA Axis in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Depressive Disorders: Integrating Clinical and Molecular Findings
Baumeister, D., Lightman, S. L., & Pariante, C. M. (2016) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.034413 · Cited by 33
“However, whilst this research points in interesting directions for future research, it should be noted that gene environment interactions of 5-HTTLPR with stressful life events are somewhat controversial and not unequivocally established, despite several meta-analyses attempting to draw more definitive conclusions (Mu…”
Result
Childhood emotional and sexual maltreatment moderate the relation of the serotonin transporter gene to stress generation.
Harkness, K. L., Bagby, R. M., Stewart, J. G., Rocque, C. L. L., Mazurka, R., Strauss, J. S., Ravindran, A. V., Rector, N. A., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., & Kennedy, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000034 · Cited by 34
Sex differences modulating serotonergic polymorphisms implicated in the mechanistic pathways of risk for depression and related disorders:
Perry, L. M., Goldstein‐Piekarski, A. N., & Williams, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23877 · Cited by 38
“, 2014), although others have yielded negative results (Munaf o et al., 2009; Risch et al., 2009).”
Result
The potential role of EMDR on trauma in affective disorders: A narrative review
Perlini, C., Donisi, V., Rossetti, M. G., Moltrasio, C., Bellani, M., & Brambilla, P. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.001 · Cited by 39
“Also, SLEs have been identified as the only risk factor to be significantly correlated with the onset of depression (Risch et al., 2009), with risk doubled in case of traumatic events (especially emotional abuse and neglect) lived during childhood.”
Background
EMDR for Depression: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Sepehry, A. A., Lam, K., Sheppard, M., Guirguis‐Younger, M., & Maglio, A.-S. (2021) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-20-00038 · Cited by 41
Continuous GSK-3β overexpression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus induces prodepressant-like effects and increases sensitivity to chronic mild stress in mice
Zhang, K., Song, X., Xu, Y. J., Li, X., Liu, P., Sun, N., Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Xie, Z., & Peng, J. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.033 · Cited by 33
“The links between exposure to stressful life events and increased vulnerability to experiencing major depression have been confirmed in previous studies (McEwen, 2007; Risch et al., 2009).”
Result
Childhood Adoption and Mental Health in Adulthood: The Role of Gene-Environment Correlations and Interactions in the UK Biobank
Lehto, K., Hägg, S., Lu, D., Karlsson, R., Pedersen, N. L., & Mosing, M. A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.016 · Cited by 34
Mental Health Stigma: Theory, Developmental Issues, and Research Priorities
Martinez, A. G., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy420 · Cited by 33
Process and Outcome in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Research: The Need for a (Relatively) New Paradigm
Luyten, P., Blatt, S. J., & Mayes, L. C. (2011) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-792-1_21 · Cited by 35
Genetic and hormonal sensitivity to threat: Testing a serotonin transporter genotype × testosterone interaction
Josephs, R. A., Telch, M. J., Hixon, J. G., Evans, J. J., Lee, H., Knopik, V. S., McGeary, J. E., Hariri, A. R., & Beevers, C. G. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.006 · Cited by 32
“We touch on generalization in the discussion, and focus now on replication, a topic that has generated quite a bit of attention lately in the genetic association literature (Risch et al., 2009; Caspi et al., 2010; Karg et al., 2011).”
Ethical, Legal, Social, and Policy Implications of Behavioral Genetics
Berryessa, C. M., & Cho, M. K. (2013) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163743 · Cited by 38
“However, this approach has also been challenged—a large meta-analysis found no association between 5HTT and life stress in depression (92), suggesting that causation of behavioral traits and the solution to the “missing heritability” and the “dark matter” of the genome (72) will remain elusive.”
The Power of Theory, Research Design, and Transdisciplinary Integration in Moving Psychopathology Forward
Vaidyanathan, U., Vrieze, S. I., & Iacono, W. G. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1015367 · Cited by 36
“As mentioned earlier, note also that genetic studies of the serotonin transporter gene (Karg et al., 2011; Munafo et al., 2009; Risch, 2009) have not shed much light on the etiology of depression, though arguably such studies are more technologically advanced than a simple blink reflex or ERP…”
BackgroundResult
Prediction of life stress on athletes’ burnout: the dual role of perceived stress
Chyi, T., Lu, F. J.-H., Wang, E. T. W., Hsu, Y., & Chang, K.-H. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4213 · Cited by 32
“In regard to mental problems, research found high in stress is associated with depression (Risch et al., 2009), increasing hopelessness and suicide ideation (Davidson et al., 2009; Glick et al., 2012), lowering well-being (DiBartolo & Shaffer, 2002), decreasing performance (Humphrey, Yow & Bowden,…”
Background
Association Between a Serotonin Transporter Gene Variant and Hopelessness Among Men in the Heart and Soul Study
Kangelaris, K. N., Vittinghoff, E., Otte, C., Na, B., Auerbach, A. D., & Whooley, M. A. (2010) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1403-0 · Cited by 32
Strong effects of environmental factors on prevalence and course of major depressive disorder are not moderated by 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms in a large Dutch sample
Peyrot, W. J., Middeldorp, C. M., Jansen, R., Smit, J. H., de Geus, E. J. C., Hottenga, J.-J., Willemsen, G., Vink, J. M., Virding, S., Barragan, I., et al. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.044 · Cited by 31
Depression as a cardiovascular disorder: central-autonomic network, brain-heart axis, and vagal perspectives of low mood
Valenza, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Network Physiology · doi:10.3389/fnetp.2023.1125495 · Cited by 35
“Furthermore, there is no evidence that serotonin transporter genotype alone or its interaction with stressful life events is associated with an increased risk of depression (Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
Affective psychotherapy in post-traumatic reactions guided by affective neuroscience: memory reconsolidation and play
Högberg, G. (2011) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s10380 · Cited by 35
Introduction: What is a ‘gene’ and why does it matter for political science?
Hatemi, P., Byrne, E. M., & McDermott, R. (2012) · Journal of Theoretical Politics · doi:10.1177/0951629812437752 · Cited by 31
“However, it is critical to note that most candidate markers account for a very small amount of the variance, and most results fail to withstand efforts at replication or meta-analysis (e.g. see Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
Biomarkers of intergenerational risk for depression: A review of mechanisms in longitudinal high-risk (LHR) studies
Jacobs, R. H., Orr, J. L., Gowins, J. R., Forbes, E. E., & Langenecker, S. A. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.038 · Cited by 33
“Current understanding of exactly how this may influence risk for depression is unknown, as replication has proven difficult (Risch et al., 2009).”
Which patient will feel down, which will be happy? The need to study the genetic disposition of emotional states
Sprangers, M. A. G., Bartels, M., Veenhoven, R., Baas, F., Martin, N. G., Mosing, M. A., Movsas, B., Ropka, M. E., Shinozaki, G., & Swaab, D. F. (2010) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9652-2 · Cited by 31
Chronic and remitting trajectories of depressive symptoms in the elderly. Characterisation and risk factors
Carrière, I., Farré, A., Proust‐Lima, C., Ryan, J. L., Ancelin, M., & Ritchie, K. A. (2016) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796015001122 · Cited by 31
“Vulnerability to depression following adverse childhood exposures has been observed to be modulated by 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, with carriers of the short (S) allele having increased risk although not consistently (Karg et al., 2011; Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
Epigenetic marks as the link between environment and development: examination of the associations between attachment, socioeconomic status, and methylation of the SLC6A4 gene
Jones‐Mason, K., Allen, I. E., Bush, N. R., & Hamilton, S. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.480 · Cited by 30
“Although two meta-analyses concluded that there was no significant association between the SLC6A4 genotypes and psychopathology (Munaf o et al. 2009; Risch et al. 2009), more recent reviews have concluded otherwise.”
Result
Serotonin transporter and BDNF genetic variants interact to predict cognitive reactivity in healthy adults
Wells, T. T., Beevers, C. G., & McGeary, J. E. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.019 · Cited by 32
Aging of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in nonhuman primates with depression-like and aggressive behavior
Goncharova, N. D., Marenin, V. Y., & Oganyan, T. E. (2010) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100227 · Cited by 31
Maternal anxiety about a child's diabetes risk in the TEDDY study: the potential role of life stress, postpartum depression, and risk perception
Roth, R., Lynch, K. F., Lernmark, B., Baxter, J., Simell, T. T., SMITH, L. B., Swartling, U., Ziegler, A., Johnson, S. B., & The TEDDY Study Group (2014) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12168 · Cited by 32
Relationship of recent stress to amygdala volume in depressed and healthy adults
Sublette, M. E., Galfalvy, H., Oquendo, M. A., Bart, C. P., Schneck, N., Arango, V., & Mann, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.036 · Cited by 31
“, 2014), and the association between stressful life events and depression risk (Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
Variation in the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and inertia of negative and positive emotions in daily life.
van Roekel, E., Verhagen, M., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Kuppens, P. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000336 · Cited by 34
“However, the evidence for these gene–environment interactions have been questioned in other meta-analytic studies that showed no significant effects (Culverhouse et al., 2017; Dun-can & Keller, 2011; Munafò, Durrant, Lewis, & Flint, 2009; Risch et al., 2009).”
Preclinical studies of stress, extinction, and prefrontal cortex: intriguing leads and pressing questions
Wellman, C. L., & Moench, K. M. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5023-4 · Cited by 33
Resilience in Gene–Environment Transactions
Wang, Z., & Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3661-4_4 · Cited by 32
Biology, Development, and Human Systems
Lickliter, R. E., & Honeycutt, H. G. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy105 · Cited by 31
Depressive rumination and the C957T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene
Whitmer, A. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-012-0112-z · Cited by 30
“We are aware that the results of candidate gene association studies do not always replicate (e.g., Risch et al., 2009).”
Linking the serotonin transporter gene, family environments, hippocampal volume and depression onset: A prospective imaging gene × environment analysis
Little, K., Olsson, C. A., Youssef, G. J., Whittle, S., Simmons, J. G., Yücel, M., Sheeber, L. B., Foley, D. L., & Allen, N. B. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000101 · Cited by 30
Association between serotonin transporter genotype, brain structure and adolescent-onset major depressive disorder: A longitudinal prospective study
Little, K., Olsson, C. A., Whittle, S., Youssef, G. J., Byrne, M. L., Simmons, J. G., Yücel, M., Foley, D. L., & Allen, N. B. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.85 · Cited by 29
A review of the 257 meta-analyses of the differences between females and males in prevalence and risk, protective factors, and treatment outcomes for mental disorder
Kayrouz, R., Karin, E., Staples, L., Dear, B. F., Nielssen, O. B., & Titov, N. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06848-7 · Cited by 45
The changing shape of clinical practice: Driven by science or by pragmatics?
Fonagy, P. (2010) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668731003590139 · Cited by 30
SLC6A4 polymorphism, population genetics, and psychiatric traits
Gelernter, J. E. (2014) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-013-1412-2 · Cited by 30
“These findings have been controversial in some quarters (Risch et al. 2009), but other investigators have considered them to be robust (Karg et al. 2010). where does this leave us—what is the importance of this locus in the GwaS and sequencing era?”
BackgroundResult
Gene–Environment Interplay and Individual Differences in Behavior
Anreiter, I., Sokolowski, H. M., & Sokolowski, M. B. (2017) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12158 · Cited by 34
Recent Stressful Life Events (SLE) and Adolescent Mental Health: Initial Validation of the LEIA, a New Checklist for SLE Assessment According to Their Severity, Interpersonal, and Dependent Nature
Moya-Higueras, J., Cuevas, A., Marqués-Feixa, L., Mezquita, L., Mayoral, M., Fañanás, L., Ortet, G., & Ibáñez, M. I. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191118817648 · Cited by 36
“…al., 2006) is far from completely consistent; and their moderator role on some mental disorders reported in gene–environment interaction studies (e.g., Caspi et al., 2003; Covault et al., 2007) has not always been replicated (Risch et al., 2009; Todkar, Nilsson, Oreland, Hodgins, & Comasco, 2013).”
Background
Messaging in Biological Psychiatry: Misrepresentations, Their Causes, and Potential Consequences
Dumas-Mallet, E., & Gonon, F. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000276 · Cited by 32
Early parent-child interactions and substance use disorder: An attachment perspective on a biopsychosocial entanglement
Gerra, M. L., Gerra, M. C., Tadonio, L., Pellegrini, P., Marchesi, C., Mattfeld, E., Gerra, G., & Ossola, P. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.052 · Cited by 36

Authors: Risch, N., Herrell, R., Lehner, T., Liang, K.-Y., Eaves, L., Hoh, J., Griem, A., Kovacs, M., Ott, J., & Merikangas, K. R.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Risch, Neil
Lehner, Thomas
Merikangas, Kathleen Ries
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2009-06-17
Volume: 301
Issue: 23
Pages: 2462
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.878
PMC: PMC2938776
OpenAlex: W2042170262
Cited by: 1,655
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 138 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 147 · 2012: 176
FWCI: 94.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
National Institute of Mental Health (Z01MH002804)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: 5-HTTLPR, serotonin transporter gene, life events, major depressive disorder, gene-environment interaction, short allele, depression risk, sex differences, genetic susceptibility, microdata
MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Genotype, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins

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Interaction Between the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR), Stressful Life Events, and Risk of Depression: A Meta-analysis

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