Cited by 1,655Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorGenetic Associations and EpidemiologyStress Responses and Cortisol

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Interaction Between the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR), Stressful Life Events, and Risk of Depression: A Meta-analysis

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Risch, Neil, Herrell, Richard, Lehner, Thomas, Liang, Kung-Yee, Eaves, Lindon, Hoh, Josephine, Griem, Andrea, Kovacs, Maria, Ott, Jurg, Merikangas, Kathleen Ries·2009·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.2009.878PMC PMC2938776

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Substantial resources are being devoted to identify candidate genes for complex mental and behavioral disorders through inclusion of environmental exposures following the report of an interaction between the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and stressful life events on an increased risk of major depression. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a meta-analysis of the interaction between the serotonin transporter gene and stressful life events on depression using both published data and individual-level original data. DATA SOURCES: Search of PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases through March 2009 yielded 26 studies of which 14 met criteria for the meta-analysis. STUDY SELECTION: Criteria for studies for the meta-analyses included published data on the association between 5-HTTLPR genotype (SS, SL, or LL), number of stressful life events (0, 1, 2, > or = 3) or equivalent, and a categorical measure of depression defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) or use of a cut point to define depression from standardized rating scales. To maximize our ability to use a common framework for variable definition, we also requested original data from all studies published prior to 2008 that met inclusion criteria. Of the 14 studies included in the meta-analysis, 10 were also included in a second sex-specific meta-analysis of original individual-level data. DATA EXTRACTION: Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of the number of short alleles at 5-HTTLPR, the number of stressful life events, and their interaction on depression. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated separately for each study and then weighted averages of the individual estimates were obtained using random-effects meta-analysis. Both sex-combined and sex-specific meta-analyses were conducted. Of a total of 14,250 participants, 1769 were classified as having depression; 12,481 as not having depression. RESULTS: In the meta-analysis of published data, the number of stressful life events was significantly associated with depression (OR, 1.41; 95% CI,1.25-1.57). No association was found between 5-HTTLPR genotype and depression in any of the individual studies nor in the weighted average (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98-1.13) and no interaction effect between genotype and stressful life events on depression was observed (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.94-1.10). Comparable results were found in the sex-specific meta-analysis of individual-level data. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis yielded no evidence that the serotonin transporter genotype alone or in interaction with stressful life events is associated with an elevated risk of depression in men alone, women alone, or in both sexes combined.

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Replicating genotype–phenotype associations
NCI-NHGRI Working Group on Replication in Association Studies, Chanock, S. J., Manolio, T., Boehnke, M., Boerwinkle, E., Hunter, D. J., Thomas, G., Hirschhorn, J. N., Abecasis, G., Altshuler, D., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/447655a · Cited by 1,352
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Method
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Background
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Background
Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic studies of late-life depression
Tsang, R. S. M., Mather, K. A., Sachdev, P. S., & Reppermund, S. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.028 · Cited by 54
An international multicenter association study of the serotonin transporter gene in persistent ADHD
Landaas, E. T., Johansson, S., Jacobsen, K. K., Ribasés, M., Bosch, R., Sánchez‐Mora, C., Jacob, C. P., Boreatti‐Hümmer, A., Kreiker, S., Lesch, K. ‐., et al. (2010) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00567.x · Cited by 55
Early-life Stress, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, and Serotonin Transporter Gene: A Pilot Study
Coplan, J., Abdallah, C., Kaufman, J., Gelernter, J., Smith, E. L. P., Perera, T., Dwork, A., Kaffman, A., Gorman, J., Rosenblum, L. A., et al. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.011 · Cited by 41
The impact of lifestyle Physical Activity Counselling in IN-PATients with major depressive disorders on physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, depression, and cardiovascular health risk markers: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Gerber, M., Beck, J., Brand, S., Cody, R., Donath, L., Eckert, A., Faude, O., Fischer, X., Hatzinger, M., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., et al. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3468-3 · Cited by 58
“However, this association remains inconclusive, since some studies failed to replicate these findings [19, 20].”
Result
The Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) Genetic Predisposition to Impulsive Violence: Is It Relevant to Criminal Trials?
Baum, M. L. (2011) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-011-9108-6 · Cited by 63
“For example, the other most studied gene × environment interaction, the one between the 5HTT-LPR (the gene coding for the serotonin transporter), stressful life events, and depression, did not pass testing by a similar metaanalytical method [26].”
Method
Interaction between serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and stressful life events in adolescents' trajectories of anxious/depressed symptoms.
Petersen, I. T., Bates, J. E., Goodnight, J. A., Dodge, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Latendresse, S. J., & Dick, D. M. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027471 · Cited by 55
“Two recent meta-analyses (Munafò, Durrant, Lewis, & Flint, 2009; Risch et al., 2009) found no consistent interaction between SLEs and 5-HTTLPR genotype on depression and suggested that findings in previous studies may have been due to chance.”
Result
Polymorphisms of the HTR1a allele are linked to frontal brain electrical asymmetry
Bismark, A. W., Moreno, F., Stewart, J. L., Towers, D. N., Coan, J. A., Oas-Terpstra, J., Erickson, R. P., & Allen, J. J. B. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.12.002 · Cited by 55
More stressors prior to and during the course of bipolar illness in patients from the United States compared with the Netherlands and Germany
Post, R. M., Altshuler, L. L., Leverich, G. S., Nolen, W. A., Kupka, R., Grunze, H., Frye, M. A., Suppes, T. M., McElroy, S., Keck, P. E., et al. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.007 · Cited by 53
Psychotherapy and Genetic Neuroscience: An Emerging Dialog
Jiménez, J. P., Botto, A., Herrera, L., Leighton, C., Rossi, J. L., Quevedo, Y., Silva, J. R., Martínez, F. I., Assar, R., Salazar, L. A., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00257 · Cited by 62
Childhood adversity and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Chinese: results from China health and retirement longitudinal study
Yang, L., Hu, Y., Silventoinen, K., & Martikainen, P. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1569589 · Cited by 55
“Third, recent epigenetic studies found that genetic factors may confound the relationship between early-life stress and depression later in life, although the findings were not conclusive (Brown and Harris, 2008; Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
Effects of stress on the structure and function of the medial prefrontal cortex: Insights from animal models
Wellman, C. L., Bollinger, J. L., & Moench, K. M. (2019) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2019.11.007 · Cited by 53
An interaction between a neuropeptide Y gene polymorphism and early adversity modulates endocrine stress responses
Witt, S. H., Buchmann, A. F., Blomeyer, D., Nieratschker, V., Treutlein, J., Esser, G., Schmidt, M. H., Bidlingmaier, M., Wiedemann, K., Rietschel, M., et al. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.015 · Cited by 54
A dimensional approach to modeling symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders in the marmoset monkey
Oikonomidis, L., Santangelo, A. M., Shiba, Y., Clarke, F. H., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (2017) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22446 · Cited by 54
“…et al., 1996; Canli and Lesch, 2007; Caspi et al., 2010) and marked changes in the activity of emotion circuits in the brain (Brown and Hariri, 2006; Murphy et al., 2013); although meta-analyses have called into question the gene-behavior association (Munaf o et al., 2009; Risch et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResult
Protective and Harmful Effects of Religious Practice on Depression Among Jewish Individuals With Mood Disorders
Pirutinsky, S., & Rosmarin, D. H. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617748402 · Cited by 54
“In this regard, religion’s relationship with depression parallels widely established correlations with frustration in other major life domains such as job dissatisfaction (Faragher, Cass, & Cooper, 2005), marital distress (Proulx, Helms, & Buehler, 2007), and negative life events (Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
Genetic predictors of response to treatment with citalopram in depression secondary to traumatic brain injury
Lanctôt, K. L., Rapoport, M. J., Chan, F., Rajaram, R. D., Strauss, J., Sicard, T., McCullagh, S., Feinstein, A., Kiss, A., Kennedy, J. L., et al. (2010) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699051003789229 · Cited by 57
Developmental Origins of Chronic Physical Aggression and Epigenetics
Tremblay, R. E., & Moshe Szyf, A. (2010) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi.10.40 · Cited by 54
A Variable-Number-of-Tandem-Repeats Polymorphism in the Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene Affects Social Adaptation of Alcohol Use
Larsen, H., van der Zwaluw, C. S., Overbeek, G. J., Granic, I., Franke, B., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610376654 · Cited by 56
Risk of Depression in the Offspring of Parents with Depression: The Role of Emotion Regulation, Cognitive Style, Parenting and Life Events
Loechner, J., Sfärlea, A., Starman‐Wöhrle, K., Oort, F. J., Thomsen, L. A., Schulte‐Körne, G., & Platt, B. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00930-4 · Cited by 71
Treating Anxiety Disorders in Older Adults: Current Treatments and Future Directions
Bower, E. S., Wetherell, J. L., Mon, T., & Lenze, E. J. (2015) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000064 · Cited by 88
The interaction between stress and genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis of depression
McGuffin, P., & Rivera, M. (2015) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20230 · Cited by 56
“Subsequently, there have been more that fifty studies trying to replicate Caspi’s findings, and the results have been somewhat contradictory (4,19), with two “negative” metaanalyses (20,21) receiving much attention.”
Background
The serotonin transporter gene and functional and pathological adaptation to environmental variation across the life span
Homberg, J. R., & van den Hove, D. (2012) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.003 · Cited by 53
“A meta-analysis first reported that there was no interaction between the 5-HTTLPR sallele and stressful life events on depression (Risch et al., 2009), but it appeared that not all studies were included.”
Quantitative Genetics in the Era of Molecular Genetics: Learning Abilities and Disabilities as an Example
Haworth, C. M. A., & Plomin, R. J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.01.026 · Cited by 55
Gene × Environment effects of serotonin transporter, dopamine receptor D4, and monoamine oxidase A genes with contextual and parenting risk factors on symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety, and depression in a community sample of 4-year-old children
Lavigne, J. V., Herzing, L. B. K., Cook, E. H., LeBailly, S. A., Gouze, K. R., Hopkins, J., & Bryant, F. B. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412001241 · Cited by 59
“Two meta-analyses (Munafo, Durrant, Lewis, & Flint, 2009; Risch et al., 2009) contradict Caspi et al.’s (2003) early finding that the effects of stressful life events on depression was greater when a short allele was present.”
Background
Early life adversity and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to affect DNA methylation of the corticotropin-releasing factor gene promoter region in the adult rat brain
van der Doelen, R. H. A., Arnoldussen, I. A. C., Ghareh, H., van Och, L., Homberg, J. R., & Kozicz, T. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414001345 · Cited by 55
“…serotonin transporter (5-HTT, SLC6A4) gene, which is the 5-HTT linked polymorphic region (5- HTTLPR), has been shown to moderate the impact of stressful life events on the occurrence of major depression (Caspi et al., 2003; Karg, Burmeister, Shedden, & Sen, 2011; but see also Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
Refining the Candidate Environment
Vrshek‐Schallhorn, S., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M. G., Griffith, J. W., Sutton, J. M., Redei, E. E., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Hammen, C. L., & Adam, E. K. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613499329 · Cited by 57
“…interaction Received 11/27/12; Revision accepted 7/1/13 236 Vrshek-Schallhorn et al. increasing stress relative to L/L homozygotes (Karg, Burmeister, Shedden, & Sen, 2011), although two smaller, earlier meta-analyses were negative (Munafò, Durrant, Lewis, & Flint, 2009; Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
The impact of adverse life events and the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism on the development of eating disorder symptoms
Akkermann, K., Kaasik, K., Kiive, E., Nordquist, N., Oreland, L., & Harro, J. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.013 · Cited by 56
Support for involvement of glutamate decarboxylase 1 and neuropeptide y in anxiety susceptibility
Donner, J., Sipilä, T., Ripatti, S., Kananen, L., Chen, X., Kendler, K. S., Lönnqvist, J. K., Pirkola, S. P., Hettema, J. M., & Hovatta, I. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32029 · Cited by 52
Challenges in the Use of Literature-based Meta-Analysis to Examine Gene-Environment Interactions
Palla, L., Higgins, J. P. T., Wareham, N. J., & Sharp, S. J. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq051 · Cited by 52
Meta‐analysis of the serotonin transporter promoter variant (5‐HTTLPR) in relation to adverse environment and antisocial behavior
Tielbeek, J. J., Linnér, R. K., Beers, K., Posthuma, D., Popma, A., & Polderman, T. J. C. (2016) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32442 · Cited by 56
“Moreover, meta-analyses have been inconclusive with two studies [Munafo et al., 2009; Risch et al., 2009] failing to support the”
Result
Is serotonin transporter genotype associated with epigenetic susceptibility or vulnerability? Examination of the impact of socioeconomic status risk on African American youth
Beach, S. R. H., Brody, G. H., Lei, M., Kim, S., Cui, J., & Philibert, R. A. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000990 · Cited by 48
“Recent reviews have questioned the role of 5-HTTLPR in the prediction of depression and other forms of psychopathology (Risch et al., 2009).”
Religious Involvement, the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism, and Drug Use in Young Adults
Dew, R. E., & Koenig, H. G. (2013) · International Journal of Social Science Studies · doi:10.11114/ijsss.v2i1.235 · Cited by 51
“Associations between the S allele of the serotonin transporter promoter region and depressive illness and anxious personality traits have been known for many years (Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
Can Neuroscience Advance Social Psychological Theory? Social Neuroscience for the Behavioral Social Psychologist
Amodio, D. M. (2010) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.6.695 · Cited by 53
The possible contributory role of the S allele of 5-HTTLPR in the emergence of suicidality
Gonda, X., Fountoulakis, K. Ν., Harro, J., Pompili, M., Akiskal, H. S., Bagdy, G., & Rihmer, Z. (2010) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110376693 · Cited by 55
Interaction of chronic stress with serotonin transporter and catechol-O -methyltransferase polymorphisms in predicting youth depression
Conway, C., Hammen, C. L., Brennan, P. A., Lind, P. A., & Najman, J. M. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20715 · Cited by 51
Practitioner Review: A critical perspective on gene–environment interaction models – what impact should they have on clinical perceptions and practice?
Munafo, M. R., Zammit, S., & Jonathan Flint, C. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12261 · Cited by 51
Interaction Between Childhood Adversity, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor val/met and Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism on Depression: The TRAILS Study
Nederhof, E., Bouma, E., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Ormel, J. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.006 · Cited by 52
The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is associated with altered hemodynamic responses during appetitive conditioning
Klucken, T., Wehrum‐Osinsky, S., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Hennig, J., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. M. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22085 · Cited by 51
“For instance, recent meta-analyses reported an association between the s-allele and the risk for major depression probably mediated by stressful life events [Karg et al., 2011] but see [Risch et al., 2009].”
Result
The contribution of stress to the comorbidity of migraine and major depression: results from a prospective cohort study
Swanson, S. A., Zeng, Y., Weeks, M., & Colman, I. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002057 · Cited by 51
Adverse Life Events and Allele-Specific Methylation of the Serotonin Transporter Gene (SLC6A4) in Adolescents
van der Knaap, L. J., Riese, H., Hudziak, J. J., Verbiest, M. M. P. J., Verhulst, F. C., Oldehinkel, A. J., & van Oort, F. V. A. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000159 · Cited by 51
“Replication of this finding, however, has not always been successful (44,45).”
Background
Elucidating the Possible Role of FoxO in Depression
Rana, T., Behl, T., Sehgal, A., Mehta, V., Singh, S., Sharma, N., & BUNGAU, S. G. (2021) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-021-03364-4 · Cited by 51
Anomalous functional brain activation following negative mood induction in children with pre-school onset major depression
Pagliaccio, D., Luby, J. L., Gaffrey, M., Belden, A. C., Botteron, K. N., Gotlib, I. H., & Barch, D. M. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.11.008 · Cited by 53
A protective genetic variant for adverse environments? The role of childhood traumas and serotonin transporter gene on resilience and depressive severity in a high-risk population
Carli, V., Mandelli, L., Zaninotto, L., Roy, A., Recchia, L., Stoppia, L., Gatta, V., Sarchiapone, M., & Serretti, A. (2011) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.04.008 · Cited by 54
From Psychiatric Disorders to Animal Models: A Bidirectional and Dimensional Approach
Donaldson, Z. R., & Hen, R. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.004 · Cited by 52
“these findings, along with evidence that the short (S) allele may be more environmentally reactive, have been inconsistent in human studies (42,43,45,46,76).”
Result
Aggressive behavior, related conduct problems, and variation in genes affecting dopamine turnover
Grigorenko, E. L., DeYoung, C. G., Eastman, M., Getchell, M., Haeffel, G. J., af Klinteberg, B., Koposov, R. A., Oreland, L., PAKSTIS, A. J., Ponomarev, O. A., et al. (2010) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20339 · Cited by 52
Misconceptions about gene-environment interactions in psychiatry
Zammit, S., Owen, M. J., & Lewis, G. (2010) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmh.13.3.65 · Cited by 50
Differential sensitivity to the environment: contribution of cognitive biases and genes to psychological wellbeing
Fox, E., & Beevers, C. G. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.114 · Cited by 58
Distinguishing differential susceptibility, diathesis-stress, and vantage sensitivity: Beyond the single gene and environment model
Jolicoeur‐Martineau, A., Belsky, J., Székely, E., Widaman, K. F., Pluess, M., Greenwood, C. M. T., & Wazana, A. D. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001438 · Cited by 50
“Another problem with single-gene and single-environment G×E models is that most G×E models involving single genes and single environments have very small effect sizes and low replication rates (P. H. Lee et al., 2012; Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
The Power Threat Meaning Framework: Addressing Adversity, Challenging Prejudice and Stigma, and Transforming Services
Read, J., & Harper, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2020.1773356 · Cited by 50
Gene-Environment-Wide Interaction Studies in Psychiatry
van Os, J., & Rutten, B. P. F. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.09060904 · Cited by 50
Current developments and controversies: does the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-httlpr) modulate the association between stress and depression?
Wankerl, M., Wüst, S., & Otte, C. (2010) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32833f0e3a · Cited by 49
Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies and New Targets in OCD
Pittenger, C. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2020_204 · Cited by 54

Authors: Risch, N., Herrell, R., Lehner, T., Liang, K.-Y., Eaves, L., Hoh, J., Griem, A., Kovacs, M., Ott, J., & Merikangas, K. R.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Risch, Neil
Lehner, Thomas
Merikangas, Kathleen Ries
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2009-06-17
Volume: 301
Issue: 23
Pages: 2462
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.878
PMC: PMC2938776
OpenAlex: W2042170262
Cited by: 1,655
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 138 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 147 · 2012: 176
FWCI: 94.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
National Institute of Mental Health (Z01MH002804)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: 5-HTTLPR, serotonin transporter gene, life events, major depressive disorder, gene-environment interaction, short allele, depression risk, sex differences, genetic susceptibility, microdata
MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Genotype, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins

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Interaction Between the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR), Stressful Life Events, and Risk of Depression: A Meta-analysis

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