The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 52 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Gait speed and survival in older adults.
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival. Physical performance measures, such as gait speed, might help account for variability, allowing clinicians to make more individualized estimates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between gait speed and survival. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies (collected between 1986 and 2000), using individual data from 34,485 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older with baseline gait speed data, followed up for 6 to 21 years. Participants were a mean (SD) age of 73.5 (5.9) years; 59.6%, women; and 79.8%, white; and had a mean (SD) gait speed of 0.92 (0.27) m/s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival rates and life expectancy. RESULTS: There were 17,528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%-88.8%) and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95% CI, 46.5%-70.6%). Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P < .001). Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s. At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women. Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.
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43 Own result · 15 Sources not found · 9 Own interpretation · 7 Own method
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“Stratification by sex-specific median height failed to show systematic differences in survival rates between short and tall participants, so results presented are not stratified by height.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“In some subsets of slow walkers of Hispanic descent, survival rates were 10% to 20% higher than in other groups (eTable 2).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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“Stratification by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic) suggested generally similar survival rates by gait speed among age and sex groups.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<. 001).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The overall HR for survival per each 0.1 m/s faster gait speed was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<.001) when pooled across all studies using a random-effects meta-analytic statistical approach”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
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In the paper
“Gait speeds of 1.0 m/s or higher consistently demonstrated survival that was longer than expected by age and sex alone.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed added substantially37 to age and sex in 7 of the 9 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.734) that was not significantly different from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (0.732; (P=.95; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Three studies had sufficiently consistent data on functional status at baseline to allow pooling.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although the sample size of very slow walkers was small, our data suggest that there may be a subpopulation who walk very slowly but survive for long periods.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
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In the paper
“Study follow-up time ranged from 6.0 to 21.0 years, with participants followed up for a mean of 12.2 and a median of 13.8 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Of the total, 59.6% were women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Predicted years of remaining life for each sex and age increased as gait speed increased, with a gait speed of about 0.8 m/s at the median life expectancy at most ages for both sexes (Figure 2; a PDF of enlarged graphs is available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, there was a wide range of gait speeds, from less than 0.4 m/s (n=1247) to more than 1.4 m/s (n=1491).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,491- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this older adult population, the relationship of gait speed with remaining years of life was consistent across age groups, but the absolute number of expected remaining years of life was larger at younger ages.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“For 70-year-old men, life expectancy ranged from 7 to 23 years and for women, from 10 to 30 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“There were substantial numbers of African American (n=3852) and Hispanic (n=2650) participants.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 3,852- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mortality rates appear to be related to length of follow-up (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92 and at age 80 years from 0.22 to 0.86 (eFigure 4B).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For the 3 levels of functional status (independent, difficulty with instrumental ADLs, and dependent in ADLs), the pooled HR per 0.1-m/s increase in gait speed for those who were independent was 0.92 (P= .005), for those with difficulty in instrumental activities was also 0.92 (P<.001) but was 0.94 (P=.02) among those dependent in ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The studies had a wide age range, including 1765 persons older than 85 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,765- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were consistent associations across studies, although given the large sample sizes, Q statistics were often statistically significant (details available in eFigure 1A–M available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Age-adjusted HRs by study ranged from 0.83 to 0.94 and all were significant (P<.001; Figure 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When dichotomized at a score of 100 into low and high activity, MrOS had consistent and statistically significant HRs for low (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81–0.88) and high (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84–0.90) physical”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the pooled sample, median survival in years for the age groups 65 through 74 years was 12.6 for men and 16.8 for women; for 75 through 84 years, 7.9 for men and 10.5 for women; and for 85 years or older, 4.6 for men and 6.4 years for women (eTable 3 available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with differences in the probability of survival at all ages in both sexes, but was especially informative after age 75 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 17 528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%–88.8%)and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95%CI, 46.5%–70.6%).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“Further adjustment for sex, BMI, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diseases, prior hospitalization, and self-reported health did not change the results (overall HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.89–0.91; P<.001).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“The 9 participating studies contributed a total of 34 485 participants (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 34,485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were 17 528 total deaths across all studies, with rates varying from 18.40% to 91.87% in individual studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In the Hispanic EPESE, the HR for low physical activity was significant (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96) but the HR for higher physical activity was not (0.99; 95% CI, 0.95–1.04).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Pooled HRs for all subgroups except functional status were consistently in the range of 0.81 to 0.92 and all were significant (P<.002).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were greater than those for age, sex, and chronic diseases in 4 of 9 studies, approximately equivalent in 5 studies and inferior in no studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For 10-year survival, 6 studies had sufficient follow-up time to perform many of the analyses (Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We assessed usual vs fast gait speed in the single study with both measures (Invecciare in Chianti18 study: usual, 0.727 [95% CI, 0.678–0.776]; fast, 0.684 [95% CI, 0.630–0.739]), suggesting that fast walks did not have an advantage in survival prediction over usual-paced walks.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For these studies, gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.741) that was not significantly different (P=.78) from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (P=.75; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed added predictive ability to age and sex in 4 of 6 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In our data, predicted life expectancy at the median for age and sex occurs at about 0.8 m/s; faster gait speeds predict life expectancy beyond the median.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed has been recommended as a potentially useful clinical indicator of well-being among the older adults.14”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because physical activity measures were not sufficiently consistent across studies, effects could not be pooled.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed could be considered a simple and accessible summary indicator of vitality because it integrates known and unrecognized disturbances in multiple organ systems, many of which affect survival.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Only a few models assess overall predictive capacity using C statistics; the reported values are in the range found in the present study (published area under the curve range, 0.66–0.8261 vs this study, 0.717 and 0.737).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because gait speed can be assessed by nonprofessional staff using a 4-m walkway and a stopwatch,21 it is relatively simple to measure compared with many medical assessments.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Several authors have proposed that gait speeds faster than 1.0 m/s suggest healthier aging while gait speeds slower than 0.6 m/s increase the likelihood of poor health and function.7,21”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participating study cohorts, while large and diverse, do not represent the universe of possible data.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strengths of this study are the very large sample of individual participant data from multiple diverse populations of community-dwelling elders who were followed up for many years and use of consistent measures of performance and outcome.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed might help refine survival estimates in clinical practice or research because it is simple and informative.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the gait speed–survival relationship seems continuous across the entire range, cut points may help interpretation.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, participants in these studies had no prior knowledge about the meaning of walking speed.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Slowing gait may reflect both damaged systems and a high-energy cost of walking.13,39–54”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed, age, and sex may offer the clinician tools for assessing expected survival to contribute to tailoring goals of care in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to assess the association of physical activity with survival in pooled analyses because measures of activity were highly variable across studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, median years of survival in this study resemble estimates for US adults across the sex and age range assessed.62”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Prior analyses used single cohorts and presented results as relative rather than absolute risk, as done herein.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some models use self-reported information but others also include physiological or performance data, for a total of 4 to more than 10 predictive factors.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study has the limitations of observational research; it cannot establish causal relationships and is vulnerable to various forms of healthy volunteer bias.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research studies analyzed herein used trained staff to measure gait speed. Staffin clinical settings would need initial training and may produce more variable results.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Others propose one cutoff around 0.8 m/s.13”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Long-distance walks have become accepted in some medical fields and may contribute information beyond short walks.66–68”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results found herein suggest that gait speed appears to be especially informative in older persons who report either no function all imitations or only difficulty with instrumental ADLs and may be less helpful for older adults who already report dependence in basic ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Similarly, mortality prediction models have been developed.3–5,57–60”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the longer distance and time to perform the test may limit feasibility in many clinical settings.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function.
“There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function, although several models have been developed from individual data sources.3–5”
The paper relies on this without support.
Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients.
“Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Edmonton Frail Scale is a multi-dimensional assessment instrument that includes the TUGT, and a test for cognitive impairment (108). It is quick to administer (less than 5 minutes) and is valid, reliable and feasible for routine use by non-geriatricians”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, gait speed was associated with survival in pooled analysis of individual data from 9 cohort studies (pooled HR per 0.1 m/s: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.87–0.90, P < 0.001) (78).”
From Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“including a significant association with survival at increments of 0.1 m/s.84”
In the citing paper
“accumulating evidence from both preclinical studies and recent human clinical trials strongly suggests that Mt have a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related functional decline, marked by slower walking speed.(Hiona and Leeuwenburgh 2008;Studenski, Perera, Patel, Rosano, Faulkner, Inzitari, Brach, Chandler, Cawthon, Connor, Nevitt, Visser, Kritchevsky, Badinelli, Harris, Newman, Cauley, Ferru”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Studenski et al. 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“SPPB, 0.738”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“95% CI, 0.690–0.735”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A). In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92”
Citations
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialQuantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialThe Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data.
Aitkin, M. A., Kalbfleisch, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530581 · Cited by 9,875
Guralnik, J. M., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., Glynn, R. J., Berkman, L. F., Blazer, D. G., Scherr, P. A., & Wallace, R. B. (1994) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/49.2.m85 · Cited by 9,792 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model
Therneau, T. M., & Grambsch, P. M. (2000) · Statistics for Biology and Health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3294-8 · Cited by 8,674
The combination of estimates from different experiments
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001666 · Cited by 5,380 · cited 5×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialStatistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data
Lawless, J. F. (2002) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118033005 · Cited by 4,521
The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.
Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., Enright, P., Furberg, C. D., Gardin, J. M., Kronmal, R. A., Kuller, L. H., Manolio, T. A., Mittelmark, M. B., Newman, A., et al. (1991) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w · Cited by 3,652
Survival Analysis Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data
Rao, M. B., Klein, J. P., & Moeschberger, M. L. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270658 · Cited by 3,617
The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation
Washburn, R. A., Smith, K. W., Jette, A. M., & Janney, C. A. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4 · Cited by 3,256 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,501–1,600 of 4,515
Diem, S. J., Lui, L., Langsetmo, L., Taylor, B. C., Cawthon, P. M., Cauley, J. A., Ensrud, K. E., & (SOF), S. O. O. F. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx209 · Cited by 25
“Gait speed has previously been shown to predict survival in older adults, including among those aged ≥85 years (10), as well as subsequent disability (32) and institutionalization (33).”
BackgroundMammalian Target of Rapamycin at the Crossroad Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes
Liang, H., Nie, J., Skike, C. E. V., Valentine, J. M., & Orr, M. E. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3540-2_10 · Cited by 24
McGrath, R., Vincent, B. M., Peterson, M. D., Jurivich, D. A., Dahl, L. J., Hackney, K. J., & Clark, B. C. (2019) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.10.016 · Cited by 26
Application of Cut‐Points for Low Muscle Strength and Lean Mass in Mobility‐Limited Older Adults
Grosicki, G. J., Travison, T. G., Zhu, H., Magaziner, J., Binder, E. F., Pahor, M., Correa‐de‐Araujo, R., Cawthon, P. M., Bhasin, S., Orwig, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16525 · Cited by 24
“Our results demonstrated that grip strength, both absolute and relative to BMI, was the most discriminative of slow walking speed, an excellent indicator of disability and mortality risk in older men and women.(4,5) Consistent with companion epidemiological studies,(23-25) we selected maximal grip strength (Grip max)…”
ResultBárbara, R. C. S., de Freitas, S. M. S. F., Bagesteiro, L. B., et al. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1590/s1413-35552012005000039 · Cited by 24
Caronni, A., Picardi, M., Scarano, S., Malloggi, C., Tropea, P., Gilardone, G., Aristidou, E., Pintavalle, G., Redaelli, V., Antoniotti, P., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1228302 · Cited by 23
“The Mini-BESTest (8), the 10 m walking test (35), and the ITUG (15) were administered to each participant at rehabilitation admission and discharge.”
MethodTaraldsen, K., Polhemus, A. M., Engdal, M., Jansen, C.-P., Becker, C., Brenner, N., Blain, H., Johnsen, L. G., & Vereijken, B. (2023) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-023-06922-4 · Cited by 23
“Gait speed is a robust measure of general health and function among older adults [54, 55], and commonly used as a measure of walking ability and functional mobility when evaluating interventions to improve mobility also after hip fracture [17].”
Orlando, G., Brown, S. J., Jude, E. B., Bowling, F. L., Boulton, A. J. M., & Reeves, N. D. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-1858 · Cited by 27
Evaluation and Rehabilitation after Adult Lumbar Spine Surgery
Sakaguchi, T., Gunjotikar, S., Tanaka, M., Komatsubara, T., Łątka, K., Ekade, S. J., Prabhu, S. P., Takamatsu, K., Yasuda, Y., & Nakagawa, M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13102915 · Cited by 30
“The six-minute walk test involves walking for 6 min on a 30 m walking path and measuring the distance [72].”
MethodAncel, S., Michaud, J., Migliavacca, E., Jomard, C., Fessard, A., Garcia, P., Karaz, S., Raja, S., Jacot, G. E., Desgeorges, T., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci163648 · Cited by 25
“Gait speed, a validated clinical variable to assess muscle function that predicts quality of life and mortality (48), was also positively associated with circulating levels of PLP and to a lesser extent of NAM (Figure 6B).”
Clinical Guidelines on Frailty
Tkacheva, O. N., Kotovskaya, Y. V., Рунихина, Н. К., Frolova, E. V., Naumov, A. V., Vorobyeva, N. M., Сергеевна, О. В., Mkhitaryan, E. A., Шарашкина, Н. В., Tyukhmenev, E. A., et al. (2025) · Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.37586/2686-8636-1-2025-6-48 · Cited by 30
Ayaki, M., Negishi, K., & Tsubota, K. (2014) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2014.1550 · Cited by 24
Zhang, Y., Beenakker, K. G. M., Butala, P. M., et al. (2012) · doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6345895 · Cited by 23
A velocidade da marcha pode identificar idosos com medo de cair?
Moreira, M. A., Oliveira, B. S., de Moura, K. Q., et al. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/s1809-98232013000100008 · Cited by 23
Spatiotemporal and variability gait data in community-dwelling elderly women from Brazil
Kirkwood, R. N., Gomes, H. A., Sampaio, R. F., et al. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0157 · Cited by 23
Slower Walking Speed in Older Men Improves Triceps Surae Force Generation Ability
Stenroth, L., Sipilä, S., Finni, T. J., et al. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001065 · Cited by 23
Pathways, Contributors, and Correlates of Functional Limitation Across Specialties: Workshop Summary
Kritchevsky, S. B., Forman, D. E., Callahan, K. E., Ely, E. W., High, K. P., McFarland, F., Pérez‐Stable, E. J., Schmader, K. E., Studenski, S. A., Williams, J. P., et al. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly093 · Cited by 24
Self-citationChu, C. H., Puts, M. T. E., Brooks, D., Parry, M. J. E., & McGilton, K. S. (2018) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1097/rnj.0000000000000186 · Cited by 23
“Lastly, gait speed is a predictor of lower extremity function (Guralnik et al., 1994; Studenski et al., 2011) and falls (Kearney, Harwood, Gladman, Lincoln, & Masud, 2013) for those over 85 years old (Toots et al.”
BackgroundLunn, D. E., Chapman, G. J., & Redmond, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.02.002 · Cited by 23
Bioimpedance analysis and physical functioning as mortality indicators among older sarcopenic people
Bjorkman, M. P., Pitkälä, K. H., Jyväkorpi, S. K., Strandberg, T. E., & Tilvis, R. S. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.04.012 · Cited by 22
“The use of different sarcopenia criteria in several studies has shown that increased sarcopenia is associated with over-mortality (Roubenoff et al., 2003; Cesari et al., 2009; Bunout et al., 2011; Studenski et al., 2011; Landi et al., 2010; Landi et al., 2012; Arango-Lopera et al., 2013; Atkins et al., 2014; Batsis et…”
BackgroundSañudo, B., Lora, M. D. H., & McVeigh, J. G. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003428 · Cited by 23
“Walking speed has been also shown to be an indicator of disability in older adults (36).”
BackgroundChristiansen, C. L., Miller, M. J., Kline, P. W., Fields, T. T., Sullivan, W. J., Blatchford, P. J., & Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E. (2020) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12374 · Cited by 23
“8 m/s is an indicator of low life expectancy and poor ability for community ambulation.(50,51) The 2 MW was performed on a level walkway, with walkway length differing between some participants based on their home environment (7-15 m) but remaining consistent for each participant at each test session.”
BackgroundVahlberg, B. M., Lundström, E., Eriksson, S., Holmbäck, U. C., & Cederholm, T. (2020) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215520954346 · Cited by 23
Diminich, E. D., Clouston, S., Kranidis, A. M., Kritikos, M., Kotov, R., Kuan, P. F., Carr, M. A., Bromet, E. J., & Luft, B. J. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22631 · Cited by 23
“Walking speed is a good predictor of the risk of mortality (Studenski et al., 2011) and is associated with neuroinflammatory diseases.”
BackgroundSullivan, K., Ranadive, R., Su, D., Neyland, B. R., Hughes, T. M., Hugenschmidt, C. E., Lockhart, S. N., Wong, D. F., Jack, C. R., Gottesman, R. F., et al. (2021) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-020-00435-y · Cited by 23
The Effect of Aging on Body Temperature: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis
Júnior, P. R. H., & Sardeli, A. V. (2021) · Current Aging Science · doi:10.2174/1874609814666210624121603 · Cited by 24
Faster or longer steps: Maintaining fast walking in older adults at risk for mobility disability
Baudendistel, S. T., Schmitt, A. C., Stone, A. E., et al. (2021) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.07.002 · Cited by 23
Cai, M., Jacob, M. A., Norris, D. G., de Leeuw, F., & Tuladhar, A. M. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glab247 · Cited by 24
“Additional 64 patients were excluded due to: (1) territorial infarcts present on imaging in 2011 and 2015, as these infarcts are considered potential confounders for gait performance (n = 31); (2) gait-related disorders other than SVD (eg, polyneuropathy, arthrosis in lower extremities, musculoskeletal constraints, lu…”
BackgroundLoureiro, V., Gomes, M., Loureiro, N., Aibar‐Almazán, A., & Hita‐Contreras, F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010842 · Cited by 25
“These parameters deteriorate with aging, and their impairment has a great impact on public health, since they are not only well-known fall risk factors, but they may also lead to a loss of independence and disability and are major causes of morbidity and mortality in older adults [18].”
BackgroundOrcioli‐Silva, D., Islam, A., Baker, M. R., Gobbi, L. T. B., Rochester, L., & Pantall, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.739998 · Cited by 23
“Walking ability is a sensitive indicator of health status in older adults (OA) (Studenski et al., 2011; Morris et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBrach, J. S., Perera, S., Shuman, V., Gil, A. B., Kriska, A. M., Nadkarni, N. K., Rockette‐Wagner, B., Cham, R., & VanSwearingen, J. M. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12921 · Cited by 24
“We focused on (1) vector magnitude (counts/d), (2) moderate and vigorous activity (min/d), (3) sedentary behavior (min/d), and (4) steps taken (steps/d).”
BackgroundInvestigating walking speed variability of young adults in the real world
Baroudi, L., Yan, X., Newman, M., Barton, K. L., Cain, S. M., & Shorter, K. A. (2022) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.08.012 · Cited by 23
Amaro‐Gahete, F. J., Jurado, J., Cisneros, A., Corres, P., Mármol-Pérez, A., Osuna‐Prieto, F. J., Fernández-Escabías, M., Salcedo, E., Hermán‐Sánchez, N., Gahete, M. D., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14214647 · Cited by 23
“Gait speed has been proved to predict adverse outcomes related to sarcopenia, falls, disability, cognitive impairment and mortality [74,75].”
BackgroundTimed up and go test and long-term survival in older adults after oncologic surgery
Hendriks, S., Huisman, M. G., Ghignone, F., Vigano, A. A. L., Carino, N. D. L., Farinella, E., Girocchi, R., Audisio, R. A., Munster, B. C. V., de Bock, G. H., et al. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03585-4 · Cited by 26
“Functional tests can integrate known and unrecognized disturbances in multiple organ systems, such as heart, lungs, circulatory and musculoskeletal systems [13, 14].”
BackgroundKanzaki, N., Ono, Y., Shibata, H., et al. (2015) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s93077 · Cited by 23
Macfarlane, M. D., Looi, J. C., Walterfang, M., Spulber, G., Velakoulis, D., Styner, M. A., Crisby, M., Örndahl, E., Erkinjuntti, T., Waldemar, G., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.04.011 · Cited by 22
Association of exceptional parental longevity and physical function in aging
Ayers, E. I., Barzilai, N., Crandall, J. P., Milman, S., & Verghese, J. (2014) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-014-9677-5 · Cited by 23
Sleep–Wake Disturbances in Sedentary Community‐Dwelling Elderly Adults with Functional Limitations
Fragoso, C. A. V., Miller, M. E., Fielding, R. A., King, A. C., Kritchevsky, S. B., McDermott, M. M., Myers, V. H., Newman, A. B., Pahor, M., Gill, T. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12845 · Cited by 23
Bjerke, J., Öhberg, F., Nilsson, K. G., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.01.033 · Cited by 23
Veilleux, L., Raison, M., Rauch, F., Robert, M. T., & Ballaz, L. (2015) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.10.007 · Cited by 23
Quiben, M., & Hazuda, H. P. (2015) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20140152 · Cited by 23
Ferrigno, C., Stoller, I. S., Shakoor, N., Thorp, L. E., & Wimmer, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4032123 · Cited by 23
Stride variability measures derived from wrist- and hip-worn accelerometers
Urbanek, J. K., Harezlak, J., Glynn, N. W., Harris, T. B., Crainiceanu, C., & Zipunnikov, V. (2016) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.11.045 · Cited by 22
“To benchmark AD and PD against standard accelerometry summaries and physical function tests, we evaluate their association with four measures: cadence (C), vector magnitude counts (VMC), time on Five-Times-Sit-To-Stand (Chr5s) test [25] and usual gait speed measured on a 6 meter distance test (Pace6m) [26].”
Automatic car driving detection using raw accelerometry data
Strączkiewicz, M., Urbanek, J. K., Fadel, W. F., et al. (2016) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/37/10/1757 · Cited by 23
“We use walking as the reference because it is an important and recognizable activity that has been also shown to be associated with health outcomes [16].”
MethodHuppert, T. J., Karim, H. T., Lin, C.-C., Alqahtani, B. A., Greenspan, S. L., & Sparto, P. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184918 · Cited by 23
Venditti, E. M., Zgibor, J. C., Bilt, J. V., Kieffer, L. A., Boudreau, R. M., Burke, L. E., Glynn, N. W., Jakicic, J. M., Smith, K. J., Semler, L., et al. (2018) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igy012 · Cited by 23
Lower cerebral vasoreactivity as a predictor of gait speed decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Chung, C., Maldonado, D. P., Jor’dan, A. J., Alfaro, F. J., Lioutas, V., Núñez, M.-Z., & Novak, V. (2018) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-018-8981-x · Cited by 23
Tarantini, S., Yabluchanskiy, A., Fülöp, G. Á., Kiss, T., Perz, A., O’Connor, D., Johnson, E., Sorond, F. A., Ungvari, Z. I., & Csiszár, A. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly242 · Cited by 23
“Previous studies in older adults suggest that measures of gait variability are more closely related to cognitive decline or falls than other measures based on the mean values of other gait characteristics (1).”
BackgroundGretebeck, K. A., Blaum, C. S., Moore, T., Brown, R. B., Gałecki, A. T., Strasburg, D. M., Chen, S., & Alexander, N. B. (2019) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2018-0240 · Cited by 23
“2 m/s in this study is associated with better functional outcomes and increased life expectancy.[19] A decrease in CGS of 0.”
BackgroundNunes, P. R. P., Martins, F. M., Souza, A. P., Carneiro, M. A. S., Nomelini, R. S., Michelin, M. A., Murta, E. F. C., de Oliveira, E. P., & Orsatti, F. L. (2019) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001399 · Cited by 22
“The chair stand test provides a valid measure of physical function.(11,13,14,31) In the present”
Münch, M., Weibel, R., Sofios, A., Huang, H., Infanger, D., Portegijs, E., Giannouli, E., Mundwiler, J., Conrow, L., Rantanen, T., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-8069-2 · Cited by 24
“In prospective studies, poor physical function as well as reduced gait speed alone have been shown to be highly predictive of falls [27, 28], dependency in basic activities of daily living [29–31], healthcare utilization [32–34], and mortality [35, 36].”
BackgroundÖhlin, J., Ahlgren, A., Folkesson, R., Gustafson, Y., Littbrand, H., Olofsson, B., & Toots, A. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-1433-3 · Cited by 23
“increased dependence in activities of daily living (ADL) [2], falls [2], dementia [3], and mortality [4].”
BackgroundFGF23 , Frailty, and Falls in SPRINT
Jovanovich, A. J., Ginsberg, C., You, Z., Katz, R., Ambrosius, W. T., Berlowitz, D. R., Cheung, A. K., Cho, M., Lee, A. K., Punzi, H. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16895 · Cited by 23
“Former 1,087 (46) 260 (44) 274 (46) 282 (47) 271 (46)”
Lorbergs, A. L., Noseworthy, M. D., Adachi, J. D., Stratford, P. W., & MacIntyre, N. J. (2015) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-015-0018-1 · Cited by 23
Physical Activity Predicts Higher Physical Function in Older Adults: The Osteoarthritis Initiative
Batsis, J. A., GERMAIN, C. M., Vásquez, E., Zbehlik, A. J., & Bartels, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2014-0531 · Cited by 27
Sarcopenia, frailty and mortality: the evidence is growing
Dodds, R. M., & Sayer, A. A. (2016) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afw148 · Cited by 23
“Importantly, the current findings would support the use of both sarcopenia and frailty assessments by clinicians aiming to identify older people at increased risk of death, for example when weighing up the risks and potential benefits of an intervention [12].”
BackgroundLiang, C., Chou, M.-Y., Peng, L., Liao, M.-C., Chu, C.-L., Lin, Y.-T., & Chen, L. (2014) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2014.06.034 · Cited by 21
Loh, D. A., Hairi, N. N., Choo, W. Y., Hairi, F. M., Peramalah, D., Kandiben, S., Lee, P. L., Gani, N., Madzlan, M. F., Hamid, M. A. I. A., et al. (2015) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-015-0002-7 · Cited by 22
Functional Performance and Balance in the Oldest-Old
Kafri, M., Hutzler, Y. S., Korsensky, O., & Laufer, Y. (2017) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0000000000000133 · Cited by 23
Soma, O., Hatakeyama, S., Okamoto, T., et al. (2019) · Medical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12032-019-1313-x · Cited by 22
Roca, F., Lang, P. O., & Chassagne, P. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804766-8.00007-8 · Cited by 23
Blair, C. K., Harding, E., Herman, C. J., Boyce, T. W., Demark‐Wahnefried, W., Davis, S. M., Kinney, A. Y., & Pankratz, V. S. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/20834 · Cited by 22
“The adverse consequences of functional limitations, especially mobility limitations, include an increased number of falls, hospital/nursing home admissions, diminished quality of life, premature death, and substantial financial costs [8-11].”
BackgroundAibar‐Almazán, A., Martínez‐Amat, A., Cruz‐Díaz, D., la Torre‐Cruz, M. J. D., Jiménez‐García, J. D., Zagalaz‐Anula, N., Peiró, M. T. R., de Guevara, N. M.-L., & Hita‐Contreras, F. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003790 · Cited by 26
“Finally, gait speed is an important measure of health among older individuals (38), which has been identified as one of the most reliable and accurate measures of frailty in older women, even better than chronological age (39).”
BackgroundAn update in toxicology of ageing
Račková, L., Mach, M., & Brnoliaková, Z. (2021) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2021.103611 · Cited by 22
Dosing Activity and Return to Preulcer Function in Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcer Remission
Fernando, M. E., Woelfel, S. L., Perry, D., Najafi, B., Khan, T., DuBourdieu, C., Shin, L., & Armstrong, D. G. (2021) · Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association · doi:10.7547/20-166 · Cited by 22
Association of hearing loss with total and cause-specific mortality in US adults
Feng, X., Li, W., Cheng, M., et al. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16038-z · Cited by 22
Sun, X., Liu, Z., Chen, F., & Du, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95108-1 · Cited by 22
The Effects of Different Types of Dual Tasking on Balance in Healthy Older Adults
de Barros, G. M., Melo, F., Domingos, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11090933 · Cited by 22
Is slowness a better discriminator of disability than frailty in older adults?
de Oliveira, D. C., Máximo, R. D. O., Ramírez, P. C., de Souza, A. F., Luiz, M. M., Delinocente, M. L. B., Chagas, M. H. N., Steptoe, A., de Oliveira, C. M., & Alexandre, T. D. S. (2021) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12810 · Cited by 22
“Changes in domains considered central to the maintenance of mobility capacity, such as the central nervous, osteoarticular, sensory-perception, and musculoskeletal systems, have been associated with a greater risk of impaired mobility, evidenced by slow gait speed.(34) Slowness is considered an important warning sign…”
BackgroundHicks, G. E., Pohlig, R. T., Coyle, P. C., et al. (2021) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab227 · Cited by 22
Dun, Y., Liu, C., Ripley-Gonzalez, J. W., Liu, P., Zhou, N., Gong, X., You, B., Du, Y., Liu, J., Li, B., et al. (2021) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.2001043 · Cited by 24
“Impairment of exercise capacity and decreased 6-MWD are likewise associated with greater risks of morbidity and mortality in the general population [32] and patients with various lung diseases [25].”
BackgroundBrañas, F., Galindo, M. J., Torralba, M., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266191 · Cited by 22
“2m/s, which reflects a good health and functional status and suggests better-than-average life expectancy [9].”
BackgroundCha, K., Choi, S. P., Kim, S. H., et al. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03339-2 · Cited by 22
“5–6 m (8–20 ft) required to exceed the domestic activity of daily living (ADL) and used in several studies [9, 10, 13, 23, 24] could not be confidently ascertained.”
MethodLangevin, S., Caspi, A., Barnes, J. C., Brennan, G. M., Poulton, R., Purdy, S. C., Ramrakha, S., Tanksley, P. T., Thorne, P. R., Wilson, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114402 · Cited by 29
“However, other research has established that our outcome measures, such as Pace of Aging and gait speed, are associated with morbidity and mortality in older adults [12,64]).”
BackgroundCai, F., Patharkar, A., Wu, T., Lure, F. Y. M., Chen, H., & Chen, V. C. (2023) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3263071 · Cited by 22
“Despite the extensive literature on the use of gait features in supporting the diagnosis of memory and cognitive dysfunctions [4], [10], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], existing gait datasets are limited to young, healthy individuals and collected in a clinical/laboratory setting.”
BackgroundLevinger, P., Goh, A., Dunn, J., Katite, J., Paudel, R., Onofrio, A., Batchelor, F., Panisset, M. G., & Hill, K. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04132-5 · Cited by 23
“(iv) Walking speed—using the Four Meters Walk test [26].”
MethodGait control by the frontal lobe
Takakusaki, K. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00021-2 · Cited by 26
Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Calvani, R., Álvarez‐Bustos, A., Tosato, M., Russo, A., Landi, F., Picca, A., & Marzetti, E. (2024) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02693-y · Cited by 21
“Furthermore, although walking speed (WS) provides information on physical and cognitive status as well as survival [9–11], it is typically assessed as a measure of disease severity or the sequelae of an acute illness (e.g., stroke) [6, 12].”
BackgroundHuman motion activity recognition and pattern analysis using compressed deep neural networks
Kumari, N. V., Yadagani, A., Behera, B., Semwal, V. B., & Mohanty, S. (2024) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization · doi:10.1080/21681163.2024.2331052 · Cited by 26
“But in (Studenski et al. 2011) the authors show that along with the aforementioned predictors, gait speed, is a key indicator in the survival analysis of individuals.”
Buford, T. W., Fillingim, R. B., Manini, T. M., Sibille, K. T., Vincent, K. R., & Wu, S. S. (2015) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.016 · Cited by 32
Iwata, A., Higuchi, Y., Kimura, D., Okamoto, K., Arai, S., Iwata, H., & Fuchioka, S. (2012) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.12.002 · Cited by 22
Frailty and prognosis in advanced heart failure
Boxer, R. S., Shah, K. B., & Kenny, R. A. (2013) · Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care · doi:10.1097/spc.0000000000000027 · Cited by 22
Ji, J. S., Elbaz, A., & Weisskopf, M. G. (2013) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1205918 · Cited by 23
Treadmill gait speeds correlate with physical activity counts measured by cell phone accelerometers
Carlson, R. H., Huebner, D. R., Hoarty, C. A., Whittington, J., Haynatzki, G. R., Balas, M. C., Schenk, A. K., Goulding, E. H., POTTER, J. F., & Bonasera, S. J. (2012) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.02.025 · Cited by 22
Improvements in Balance in Older Adults Engaged in a Specialized Home Care Falls Prevention Program
Whitney, S. L., Marchetti, G. F., Ellis, J., & Otis, L. (2012) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0b013e3182550ea5 · Cited by 22
Murphy, S. L., Kratz, A. L., Kidwell, K., Lyden, A. K., Geisser, M. E., & Williams, D. A. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000549 · Cited by 22
“0 m/s).(35) The sample of eligible participants were not different according to demographic characteristics comparedwith thosewhowere ineligible except that those who were ineligible were younger (61.”
BackgroundOskutis, M., Lauerman, M. H., Kufera, J. A., Shanmuganathan, K., Burch, C. A., Kerns, T. J., Ho, S. M., Scalea, T. M., & Stein, D. M. (2016) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000001065 · Cited by 22
Batsis, J. A., GERMAIN, C. M., Vásquez, E., & Bartels, S. J. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.90 · Cited by 24
Hinrichs, T., Bücker, B., Klaaßen‐Mielke, R., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14392 · Cited by 22
Lee, W., Peng, L., Chiou, S.-T., & Chen, L. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40427 · Cited by 22
Inflammation Relates to Resistance Training–induced Hypertrophy in Elderly Patients
Norheim, K. L., Cullum, C. K., Andersen, J. L., Kjær, M., & Karlsen, A. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001221 · Cited by 22
Michaelis, L. C., Klepin, H. D., & Walter, R. B. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1465562 · Cited by 22
Validation of the Spanish version of the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale for older adults
Pérez, L. M., Figuls, M. R. I., Glynn, N. W., et al. (2018) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-018-0959-0 · Cited by 22
Hortobágyi, T., Uematsu, A., Sanders, L. M. J., et al. (2018) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000493360 · Cited by 22
Chastan, N., Bair, W.-N., Resnick, S. M., Studenski, S. A., & Decker, L. M. (2018) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.039 · Cited by 22
Self-citationMiller, M. J., Cook, P. F., Kline, P. W., Anderson, C. B., Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E., & Christiansen, C. L. (2019) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12121 · Cited by 23
“Participants were provided standardized instructions to walk at their everyday, self-selected pace.(49) After a practice trial, an average from two trials was used for analysis.”
MethodThe MOVECARE Project: Home-based Monitoring of Frailty
Lunardini, F., Luperto, M., Romeo, M., Renoux, J., Basilico, N., Krpic, A., Borghese, N. A., & Ferrante, S. (2019) · IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI ...) · doi:10.1109/bhi.2019.8834482 · Cited by 26
“Slow walking speed represents a widely used criterion in geriatric assessment, and some studies even consider it to be a vital indicator [15].”
BackgroundShaffer, N. C., Simonsick, E. M., Thorpe, R. J., & Studenski, S. A. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz103 · Cited by 22
“An assessment of gait speed and survival reported no difference in relative risk by race (34).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPhenotypic Frailty Assessment in Mice: Development, Discoveries, and Experimental Considerations
Baumann, C. W., Kwak, D., & Thompson, L. V. (2020) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00016.2020 · Cited by 21
Frailty Worsens Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes in Late Life Depression
Brown, P. J., Ciarleglio, A., Roose, S. P., Garcia, C. M., Chung, S., Alvarez, J., Stein, A., Gomez, S., & Rutherford, B. R. (2020) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.12.024 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Studenski, S.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Studenski, Stephanie
- ORCID
- Studenski, Stephanie
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-05
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC3080184
- OpenAlex
- W2159296038
- Semantic Scholar
- 25de2f67035336224c9f1e37f58c5b531d34b9ed
- Cited by
- 4,558
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 377 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 267 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 399 · 2020: 389 · 2019: 358 · 2018: 272 · 2017: 301 · 2016: 255 · 2015: 273 · 2014: 243 · 2013: 184 · 2012: 166
- FWCI
- 100.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute on Aging (AG023641, AG 024827, K07AG023641, P30AG024827, P30AG021332)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- walking speed, survival, older adults, life expectancy, physical performance, mortality prediction, goals of care, community-dwelling older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Gait, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, United States, Cohort Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Survival Analysis
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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