The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 52 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Gait speed and survival in older adults.
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival. Physical performance measures, such as gait speed, might help account for variability, allowing clinicians to make more individualized estimates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between gait speed and survival. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies (collected between 1986 and 2000), using individual data from 34,485 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older with baseline gait speed data, followed up for 6 to 21 years. Participants were a mean (SD) age of 73.5 (5.9) years; 59.6%, women; and 79.8%, white; and had a mean (SD) gait speed of 0.92 (0.27) m/s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival rates and life expectancy. RESULTS: There were 17,528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%-88.8%) and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95% CI, 46.5%-70.6%). Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P < .001). Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s. At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women. Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.
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43 Own result · 15 Sources not found · 9 Own interpretation · 7 Own method
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“Stratification by sex-specific median height failed to show systematic differences in survival rates between short and tall participants, so results presented are not stratified by height.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“In some subsets of slow walkers of Hispanic descent, survival rates were 10% to 20% higher than in other groups (eTable 2).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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“Stratification by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic) suggested generally similar survival rates by gait speed among age and sex groups.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<. 001).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The overall HR for survival per each 0.1 m/s faster gait speed was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<.001) when pooled across all studies using a random-effects meta-analytic statistical approach”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
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In the paper
“Gait speeds of 1.0 m/s or higher consistently demonstrated survival that was longer than expected by age and sex alone.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed added substantially37 to age and sex in 7 of the 9 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.734) that was not significantly different from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (0.732; (P=.95; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Three studies had sufficiently consistent data on functional status at baseline to allow pooling.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although the sample size of very slow walkers was small, our data suggest that there may be a subpopulation who walk very slowly but survive for long periods.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
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In the paper
“Study follow-up time ranged from 6.0 to 21.0 years, with participants followed up for a mean of 12.2 and a median of 13.8 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Of the total, 59.6% were women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Predicted years of remaining life for each sex and age increased as gait speed increased, with a gait speed of about 0.8 m/s at the median life expectancy at most ages for both sexes (Figure 2; a PDF of enlarged graphs is available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, there was a wide range of gait speeds, from less than 0.4 m/s (n=1247) to more than 1.4 m/s (n=1491).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,491- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this older adult population, the relationship of gait speed with remaining years of life was consistent across age groups, but the absolute number of expected remaining years of life was larger at younger ages.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“For 70-year-old men, life expectancy ranged from 7 to 23 years and for women, from 10 to 30 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“There were substantial numbers of African American (n=3852) and Hispanic (n=2650) participants.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 3,852- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mortality rates appear to be related to length of follow-up (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92 and at age 80 years from 0.22 to 0.86 (eFigure 4B).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For the 3 levels of functional status (independent, difficulty with instrumental ADLs, and dependent in ADLs), the pooled HR per 0.1-m/s increase in gait speed for those who were independent was 0.92 (P= .005), for those with difficulty in instrumental activities was also 0.92 (P<.001) but was 0.94 (P=.02) among those dependent in ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The studies had a wide age range, including 1765 persons older than 85 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,765- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were consistent associations across studies, although given the large sample sizes, Q statistics were often statistically significant (details available in eFigure 1A–M available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Age-adjusted HRs by study ranged from 0.83 to 0.94 and all were significant (P<.001; Figure 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When dichotomized at a score of 100 into low and high activity, MrOS had consistent and statistically significant HRs for low (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81–0.88) and high (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84–0.90) physical”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the pooled sample, median survival in years for the age groups 65 through 74 years was 12.6 for men and 16.8 for women; for 75 through 84 years, 7.9 for men and 10.5 for women; and for 85 years or older, 4.6 for men and 6.4 years for women (eTable 3 available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with differences in the probability of survival at all ages in both sexes, but was especially informative after age 75 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 17 528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%–88.8%)and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95%CI, 46.5%–70.6%).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“Further adjustment for sex, BMI, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diseases, prior hospitalization, and self-reported health did not change the results (overall HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.89–0.91; P<.001).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“The 9 participating studies contributed a total of 34 485 participants (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 34,485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were 17 528 total deaths across all studies, with rates varying from 18.40% to 91.87% in individual studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In the Hispanic EPESE, the HR for low physical activity was significant (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96) but the HR for higher physical activity was not (0.99; 95% CI, 0.95–1.04).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Pooled HRs for all subgroups except functional status were consistently in the range of 0.81 to 0.92 and all were significant (P<.002).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were greater than those for age, sex, and chronic diseases in 4 of 9 studies, approximately equivalent in 5 studies and inferior in no studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For 10-year survival, 6 studies had sufficient follow-up time to perform many of the analyses (Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We assessed usual vs fast gait speed in the single study with both measures (Invecciare in Chianti18 study: usual, 0.727 [95% CI, 0.678–0.776]; fast, 0.684 [95% CI, 0.630–0.739]), suggesting that fast walks did not have an advantage in survival prediction over usual-paced walks.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For these studies, gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.741) that was not significantly different (P=.78) from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (P=.75; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed added predictive ability to age and sex in 4 of 6 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In our data, predicted life expectancy at the median for age and sex occurs at about 0.8 m/s; faster gait speeds predict life expectancy beyond the median.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed has been recommended as a potentially useful clinical indicator of well-being among the older adults.14”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because physical activity measures were not sufficiently consistent across studies, effects could not be pooled.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed could be considered a simple and accessible summary indicator of vitality because it integrates known and unrecognized disturbances in multiple organ systems, many of which affect survival.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Only a few models assess overall predictive capacity using C statistics; the reported values are in the range found in the present study (published area under the curve range, 0.66–0.8261 vs this study, 0.717 and 0.737).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because gait speed can be assessed by nonprofessional staff using a 4-m walkway and a stopwatch,21 it is relatively simple to measure compared with many medical assessments.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Several authors have proposed that gait speeds faster than 1.0 m/s suggest healthier aging while gait speeds slower than 0.6 m/s increase the likelihood of poor health and function.7,21”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participating study cohorts, while large and diverse, do not represent the universe of possible data.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strengths of this study are the very large sample of individual participant data from multiple diverse populations of community-dwelling elders who were followed up for many years and use of consistent measures of performance and outcome.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed might help refine survival estimates in clinical practice or research because it is simple and informative.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the gait speed–survival relationship seems continuous across the entire range, cut points may help interpretation.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, participants in these studies had no prior knowledge about the meaning of walking speed.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Slowing gait may reflect both damaged systems and a high-energy cost of walking.13,39–54”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed, age, and sex may offer the clinician tools for assessing expected survival to contribute to tailoring goals of care in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to assess the association of physical activity with survival in pooled analyses because measures of activity were highly variable across studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, median years of survival in this study resemble estimates for US adults across the sex and age range assessed.62”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Prior analyses used single cohorts and presented results as relative rather than absolute risk, as done herein.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some models use self-reported information but others also include physiological or performance data, for a total of 4 to more than 10 predictive factors.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study has the limitations of observational research; it cannot establish causal relationships and is vulnerable to various forms of healthy volunteer bias.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research studies analyzed herein used trained staff to measure gait speed. Staffin clinical settings would need initial training and may produce more variable results.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Others propose one cutoff around 0.8 m/s.13”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Long-distance walks have become accepted in some medical fields and may contribute information beyond short walks.66–68”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results found herein suggest that gait speed appears to be especially informative in older persons who report either no function all imitations or only difficulty with instrumental ADLs and may be less helpful for older adults who already report dependence in basic ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Similarly, mortality prediction models have been developed.3–5,57–60”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the longer distance and time to perform the test may limit feasibility in many clinical settings.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function.
“There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function, although several models have been developed from individual data sources.3–5”
The paper relies on this without support.
Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients.
“Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Edmonton Frail Scale is a multi-dimensional assessment instrument that includes the TUGT, and a test for cognitive impairment (108). It is quick to administer (less than 5 minutes) and is valid, reliable and feasible for routine use by non-geriatricians”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, gait speed was associated with survival in pooled analysis of individual data from 9 cohort studies (pooled HR per 0.1 m/s: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.87–0.90, P < 0.001) (78).”
From Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“including a significant association with survival at increments of 0.1 m/s.84”
In the citing paper
“accumulating evidence from both preclinical studies and recent human clinical trials strongly suggests that Mt have a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related functional decline, marked by slower walking speed.(Hiona and Leeuwenburgh 2008;Studenski, Perera, Patel, Rosano, Faulkner, Inzitari, Brach, Chandler, Cawthon, Connor, Nevitt, Visser, Kritchevsky, Badinelli, Harris, Newman, Cauley, Ferru”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Studenski et al. 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“SPPB, 0.738”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“95% CI, 0.690–0.735”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A). In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92”
Citations
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialQuantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialThe Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data.
Aitkin, M. A., Kalbfleisch, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530581 · Cited by 9,875
Guralnik, J. M., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., Glynn, R. J., Berkman, L. F., Blazer, D. G., Scherr, P. A., & Wallace, R. B. (1994) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/49.2.m85 · Cited by 9,792 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model
Therneau, T. M., & Grambsch, P. M. (2000) · Statistics for Biology and Health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3294-8 · Cited by 8,674
The combination of estimates from different experiments
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001666 · Cited by 5,380 · cited 5×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialStatistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data
Lawless, J. F. (2002) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118033005 · Cited by 4,521
The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.
Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., Enright, P., Furberg, C. D., Gardin, J. M., Kronmal, R. A., Kuller, L. H., Manolio, T. A., Mittelmark, M. B., Newman, A., et al. (1991) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w · Cited by 3,652
Survival Analysis Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data
Rao, M. B., Klein, J. P., & Moeschberger, M. L. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270658 · Cited by 3,617
The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation
Washburn, R. A., Smith, K. W., Jette, A. M., & Janney, C. A. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4 · Cited by 3,256 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,601–1,700 of 4,515
Manikowska, F., Jóźwiak, M., Idzior, M., Chen, P.-J. B., & Tarnowski, D. (2013) · Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja · doi:10.5604/15093492.1058420 · Cited by 22
de Souza, A. F., Máximo, R. D. O., Ramírez, P. C., Máximo, R. D. O., Luiz, M. M., Delinocente, M. L. B., Steptoe, A., de Oliveira, C. M., & Alexandre, T. D. S. (2025) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaf104 · Cited by 35
“Although the literature consistently supports the predictive power of low gait speed regarding adverse outcomes in older adults, this stands true irrespective of the adopted cut-off point [12, 43, 50–52].”
Yan, R., Jia, S., Lu, D., Song, W., Zhang, W., Sun, J., & Li, D. (2025) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100718 · Cited by 24
“Large cohort data suggest that such an improvement could translate into an approximately 24% reduction in all-cause mortality [74].”
Meyer, O., Dawson‐Hughes, B., Sidelnikov, E., Egli, A., Grob, D., Staehelin, H. B., Theiler, G., Kressig, R. W., Simmen, H., Theiler, R., et al. (2014) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2949-1 · Cited by 21
Balance ability and cognitive impairment influence sustained walking in an assisted living facility
Bowen, M. E., Crenshaw, J. R., & Stanhope, S. J. (2018) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2018.05.004 · Cited by 22
Caronni, A., Picardi, M., Pintavalle, G., Aristidou, E., Redaelli, V., Antoniotti, P., Sterpi, I., Tropea, P., & Corbo, M. (2019) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.07.007 · Cited by 22
Forward and backward walking in Parkinson disease: A factor analysis
Gilmore, G., Gouelle, A., Adamson, M. B., et al. (2019) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.08.005 · Cited by 21
Association Between Improved Mobility and Distal Health Outcomes
Shuman, V., Coyle, P. C., Perera, S., Swearingen, J. M. V., Albert, S. M., & Brach, J. S. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa086 · Cited by 21
“Impaired mobility is related to negative distal health outcomes (4,6,7,18,33).”
BackgroundSakai, Y., Wakao, N., Matsui, H., Tomita, K., Watanabe, T., & Iida, H. (2020) · Journal of orthopaedic surgery · doi:10.1177/2309499020918422 · Cited by 21
“Moreover, gait speed is associated with survival in older adults.(34) However, gaining muscle mass does not prevent the agingrelated loss of muscle strength.”
BackgroundFrailty syndrome in Brazilian older people: a population based study
Guedes, R. D. C., Dias, R. C., Neri, A. L., et al. (2020) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232020255.21582018 · Cited by 21
Point-of-care ultrasound measures of muscle and frailty measures
Madden, K. M., Feldman, B., Arishenkoff, S., & Meneilly, G. S. (2020) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-020-00401-3 · Cited by 21
Colorectal Cancer Screening in the Elderly
Betesh, A. L., & Schnoll‐Sussman, F. H. (2020) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2020.08.012 · Cited by 21
van Holstein, Y., van Deudekom, F. J., Trompet, S., Postmus, I., den Boogaard, A. U., van der Elst, M. J. T., de Glas, N. A., van Heemst, D., Labots, G., Altena, M., et al. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01975-0 · Cited by 24
Niederer, D., Engeroff, T., Fleckenstein, J., Vogel, O., & Vogt, L. (2021) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-021-00275-9 · Cited by 22
“Gait, in particular spatiotemporal gait characteristics, is a multidimensional construct including energy supply, movement control and demands on multiple organ systems [31].”
BackgroundDharmarajan, T. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30192-7_5 · Cited by 25
Step length and fall risk in adults with chronic kidney disease: a pilot study
Kimura, A., Paredes, W. M., Pai, R. N., et al. (2022) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-022-02706-w · Cited by 21
“To the extent that step length is highly correlated with gait speed, low step length may be due to the same processes that have been hypothesized to contribute to slow walking speed in the setting of aging [16].”
BackgroundThe impact of intravenous iron supplementation in elderly patients undergoing major surgery
Blum, L. V., Zierentz, P., Hof, L., Kloka, J. A., Messroghli, L., Zacharowski, K. D., Meybohm, P., & Choorapoikayil, S. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-02983-y · Cited by 20
Talamonti, D., Gagnon, C., Vincent, T. L., Nigam, A., Lesage, F., Bherer, L., & Fraser, S. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03306-x · Cited by 21
“, cognitive decline, falls, hospitalizations) [55, 56], the increase of .”
BackgroundImpact of Ninjin’yoeito on frailty and short life in klotho-hypomorphic (kl/kl) mice
Amitani, H., Chiba, S., Amitani, M. S., Michihara, S., Takemoto, R., Han, L., Fujita, N., Takahashi, R., & Inui, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.973897 · Cited by 21
“Gait velocity correlates with survival in older adults (Studenski et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSze, S., Pellicori, P., Zhang, J., et al. (2022) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcac073 · Cited by 21
12-year evolution of multimorbidity patterns among older adults based on Hidden Markov Models
Roso‐Llorach, A., Vetrano, D. L., Trevisan, C., Fernández‐Bertolín, S., Guisado‐Clavero, M., Carrasco-Ribelles, L. A., Fratiglioni, L., Violán, C., & Calderón‐Larrañaga, A. (2022) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.204395 · Cited by 20
“44 m if the participant reported walking quite slowly [24].”
BackgroundReduced Range of Gait Speed: A Parkinson’s Disease-Specific Symptom?
von der Recke, F., Warmerdam, E., Hansen, C., Romijnders, R., & Maetzler, W. (2023) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-223535 · Cited by 21
Piau, A., Charlon, Y., Campo, E., Vellas, B., & Nourhashemi, F. (2015) · JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies · doi:10.2196/rehab.4084 · Cited by 28
Multiple modes of assessment of gait are better than one to predict incident falls
Allali, G., Ayers, E. I., & Verghese, J. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.02.009 · Cited by 21
Toward a low-cost gait analysis system for clinical and free-living assessment
Ladha, C., Din, S. D., Nazarpour, K., et al. (2016) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591086 · Cited by 21
“INTRODUCTION Human locomotion or gait is a useful measure of overall health [1], cognitive decline [2], falls status [3] and longevity [4].”
BackgroundQuittan, M. (2016) · Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s10354-015-0418-x · Cited by 21
Hsu, C., Tsai, Y., Yau, C.-S., et al. (2016) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s16081156 · Cited by 21
The emergence of sarcopenia as an important entity in older people
Offord, N., & Witham, M. D. (2017) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-4-363 · Cited by 21
Soma, O., Hatakeyama, S., Okamoto, T., et al. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.24712 · Cited by 21
“Recent studies suggested that the key components of the Fried criteria (shrinking, gait speed, and handgrip strength) hold a similar predictive value as the full frailty assessment [13, 14], and basic blood biochemical tests, such as serum albumin, renal function, and hemoglobin, were reported to be significantly asso…”
BackgroundRelationship between lower limb coordination and walking speed after stroke: an observational study
Kwan, M. S.-M., Hassett, L. M., Ada, L., et al. (2018) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.10.006 · Cited by 21
Lindell, E., Kollén, L., Johansson, M., et al. (2019) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01303-6 · Cited by 21
Is frailty a prognostic factor for adverse outcomes in older patients with acute coronary syndrome?
Zhang, S., Meng, H., Chen, Q., Wang, X., Zou, J., Hao, Q., Yang, M. J., & Wu, J. (2019) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01311-6 · Cited by 21
Low psoas muscle index associates with long-term mortality in cirrhosis: construction of a nomogram
Hou, L., Deng, Y., Wu, H., Xu, X. P., Lin, L., Cui, B., Zhao, T., Fan, X., Mao, L., Hou, J., et al. (2020) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2020.02.49 · Cited by 20
“We select gait speed on account of its ease and validity across a variety of studies in multiple population which is indicative of health situations and physical performance decline (10,11).”
MethodJeong, I. C., Healy, R., Bao, B., Xie, W. H., Madeira, T., Sussman, M. S., Whitman, G. J. R., Schrack, J. A., Zahradka, N., Hoyer, E. H., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.1074 · Cited by 21
The use of rhythm in rehabilitation for patients with movement disorders
Bella, S. D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817422-7.00015-8 · Cited by 28
Miller, M. J., Morris, M. A., Magnusson, D., Putnam, K., Cook, P. F., Schenkman, M. L., & Christiansen, C. L. (2020) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12466 · Cited by 23
Rojer, A. G. M., Coni, A., Mellone, S., Ancum, J. M. V., Vereijken, B., Helbostad, J. L., Taraldsen, K., Mikolaizak, S., Becker, C., Aminian, K., et al. (2021) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000514150 · Cited by 20
Association between gait speed and bone strength in community-dwelling postmenopausal Japanese women
Sakazaki, T., Koike, T., Yanagimoto, Y., & Oshida, Y. (2012) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12199-012-0267-9 · Cited by 21
von Bonsdorff, M. B., Groffen, D. A. I., Vidal, J., Rantanen, T., Jónsson, P. V., García, M., Aspelund, T., Eiríksdóttir, G., Siggeirsdóttir, K., Launer, L. J., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.067 · Cited by 21
Influence of Regular Physical Activity on Warfarin Dose and Risk of Hemorrhagic Complications
Shendre, A., Beasley, T. M., Brown, T. M., Hill, C. E., Arnett, D. K., & Limdi, N. A. (2014) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/phar.1401 · Cited by 21
Inflammatory mediators, muscle and functional performance of community-dwelling elderly women
Felício, D. C., Pereira, D. S., Assumpção, A. M., de Jesus‐Moraleida, F. R., de Queiroz, B. Z., da Silva, J. P., Rosa, N. M. D. B., Dias, J. M. D., & Pereira, L. S. M. (2014) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.08.004 · Cited by 21
Windham, B. G., Wilkening, S. R., Lirette, S. T., Kullo, I. J., Turner, S. T., Griswold, M. E., & Mosley, T. H. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14229 · Cited by 21
Less Exercise and More Drugs: How a Low-Income Population Manages Chronic Pain
Turner, B. J., Rodriguez, N., Valerio, M. A., Liang, Y., Winkler, P., & Jackson, L. A. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.02.016 · Cited by 23
Hou, K., Liu, X., Kong, Z., Wang, H., Lu, M., & Hu, S. (2023) · Frontiers of Architectural Research · doi:10.1016/j.foar.2023.09.002 · Cited by 22
Sorror, M. L., Saber, W., Logan, B. R., Geller, N. L., Bellach, A., Kou, J., Wood, W. A., McCarty, J. M., Knight, T. G., Runaas, L., et al. (2025) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2025015793 · Cited by 21
“…of weight loss over the preceding year 29,30 ; scoring on patient-reported Karnofsky performance status (KPS) 31-33 ; 4-meter gait speed 6,34-36 ; Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Reporting System (PROMIS) physical function scale 13,37,38 ; Instrumental Activities of Daily Living…”
Callahan, K. E., Lovato, L., Miller, M. E., Marsh, A. P., Fielding, R. A., Gill, T. M., Groessl, E. J., Guralnik, J. M., King, A. C., Kritchevsky, S. B., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15468 · Cited by 20
“Furthermore, older adults with functional deficits have higher rates of hospitalization and recurrent readmissions,(5) along with higher overall healthcare use and costs.(6,7) From the *Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Preve…”
BackgroundResultKoh, W. L. E., Low, F., Kam, J. W., Rahim, S., Ng, W. F., & Ng, L. L. (2019) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301218823439 · Cited by 28
Tester and testing procedure influence clinically determined gait speed
Warden, S. J., Kemp, A. C., Liu, Z., & Moe, S. M. (2019) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.08.020 · Cited by 19
“0 m/s are associated with declines in health and life expectancy [2].”
BackgroundAssociation Between Social Network and Physical Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan
Imamura, K., Kamide, N., Sakamoto, M., et al. (2020) · Physical Therapy Research · doi:10.1298/ptr.e10028 · Cited by 20
Gait plasticity impairment as an early frailty biomarker
García, A. N., Ródenas, I. H., Molina, R. G., et al. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111137 · Cited by 20
Multidimensional Sleep Health and Physical Functioning in Older Adults
Tighe, C. A., Brindle, R. C., Stahl, S. T., Wallace, M. L., Bramoweth, A. D., Forman, D. E., & Buysse, D. J. (2021) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/23337214211016222 · Cited by 21
Serra‐Prat, M., Terradellas, M., Lorenzo, I., Arús, M., Burdoy, E., Salietti, A., Ramírez, S., Palomera, E., Papiol, M., & Pleguezuelos, E. (2021) · The Journal of Frailty & Aging · doi:10.14283/jfa.2021.38 · Cited by 20
“Although this improvement in functional capacity may seem poor, it is worth remembering the clinical relevance of gait speed as an indicator of functional performance, frailty and health, and noting that gait speed is strongly associated with survival in older adults (34).”
BackgroundSingle-Task or Dual-Task? Gait Assessment as a Potential Diagnostic Tool for Alzheimer’s Dementia
Oh, C. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210690 · Cited by 20
Park, S., Lee, S., Kim, Y., Lee, Y., Kang, M. W., Kim, K., Kim, Y. C., Han, S. S., Lee, H., Lee, J. P., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.08.061 · Cited by 19
Sencan, C., Dost, F. S., Bulut, E. A., & Işık, A. T. (2022) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2022.111832 · Cited by 23
Santanasto, A. J., Zmuda, J. M., Cvejkus, R., Gordon, C. L., Nair, S., Carr, J. J., Terry, J. G., Wheeler, V. W., & Miljkovic, I. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glac124 · Cited by 19
Wiley, E., Noguchi, K. S., Moncion, K., Stratford, P. W., & Tang, A. (2022) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzac077 · Cited by 20
Cahalin, L. P., Formiga, M. F., Anderson, B., Cipriano, G., Hernández-Álvarez, E. D., Owens, J. G., & Hughes, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.924614 · Cited by 23
Jeon, J., Kwon, S.-Y., Lee, Y.-M., Hong, J.-H., Yu, J.-H., Kim, S.-G., Kim, S.-G., & Lee, D.-Y. (2023) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111555 · Cited by 20
Assessing falls in the elderly population using G-STRIDE foot-mounted inertial sensor
Álvarez, M. N., Jiménez, A. R., Neira, G. G.-V., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36241-x · Cited by 20
Inflammatory Biomarkers and Gait Impairment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Brognara, L., Luna, O. C., Traina, F., & Cauli, O. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25031368 · Cited by 20
“Gait velocity is a simple screen of functional status in older adults, and predicts major adverse outcomes in older individuals such as falls, dementia, and death [1–6].”
BackgroundAwad, L. N., Jayaraman, A., Nolan, K. J., Lewek, M. D., Bonato, P., Newman, M. A., Putrino, D. F., Raghavan, P., Pohlig, R. T., Harris, B. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44791-5 · Cited by 23
“Slow walking is associated with a high fall risk, increased comorbidities, and reduced quality of life 11 – 15 .”
BackgroundOmega-3 polyunsatured fatty acids and physical performance across the lifespan: a narrative review
Azzolino, D., Bertoni, C., Cosmi, V. D., Spolidoro, G. C. I., Agostoni, C. V., Lucchi, T. A., & Mazzocchi, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1414132 · Cited by 25
“Physical performance is usually measured in older people by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (11, 72), the 400-meter walk test (400-MWT) (74), gait speed (70, 71), and the Timed-Up and Go (TUG) test (73), as suggested by the EWGSOP2 (3).”
MethodBindawas, S. M., & Vennu, V. S. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120201849 · Cited by 18
Resistance training improves capacity to delay neuromuscular fatigue in older adults
Emerson, N. S., Stout, J. R., Fukuda, D. H., Robinson, E. H., Iv, Scanlon, T. C., Beyer, K. S., Fragala, M. S., & Hoffman, J. R. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.04.002 · Cited by 20
The Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Critical Walk Speed in Patients With COPD
Dolmage, T. E., Evans, R. A., Hill, K., Blouin, M., Brooks, D., & Goldstein, R. S. (2011) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.11-1059 · Cited by 20
Does knee replacement surgery for osteoarthritis improve survival? The jury is still out
Misra, D., Lu, N., Felson, D., Choi, H. K., Seeger, J., Einhorn, T., Neogi, T., & Zhang, Y.-Q. (2016) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209167 · Cited by 19
Therapeutic potential of eccentric exercises for age-related muscle atrophy
Lim, J. (2016) · Integrative Medicine Research · doi:10.1016/j.imr.2016.06.003 · Cited by 23
Implications of frailty screening in clinical practice
Satake, S., & Arai, H. (2016) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000341 · Cited by 20
Determination of functional fitness age in women aged 50 and older
Rojas, E. J. L., Prat, J. A., Peirau, X., et al. (2017) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2017.01.010 · Cited by 20
Muscle Mechanography: A Novel Method to Measure Muscle Function in Older Adults
Taani, M. H., Kovach, C. R., & Buehring, B. (2017) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20161209-03 · Cited by 20
Silva, N. C. B. S., Gill, D. P., Gregory, M. A., Bocti, J. P., & Petrella, R. J. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.011 · Cited by 20
“, 2014) and is related to shortened life span (Studenski et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDuchowny, K. A., Clarke, P. J., Gallagher, N. A., et al. (2018) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916517749256 · Cited by 20
Mount, S. W., Ferrucci, L., Wesselius, A., Zeegers, M. P., & Schols, A. M. W. J. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101957 · Cited by 20
“Walking speed is a complex movement which integrates circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, muscular and nervous systems [16]; in older persons, it is a key indicator of physical health and a strong predictor of all-cause, cardiovascular, and other-cause mortality [17-20].”
BackgroundRikkert, M. G. M. O., & Melis, R. J. F. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00723 · Cited by 20
Kositsawat, J., Kuo, C., Barry, L. C., Melzer, D. R., Bandinelli, S., Ferrucci, L., Wu, R., & Kuchel, G. A. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz165 · Cited by 20
Serrao, M., Pierelli, F., Sinibaldi, E., Chini, G., Castiglia, S. F., Priori, M., Gimma, D., Sellitto, G., Ranavolo, A., Conte, C., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00902 · Cited by 20
“The significance of treating gait disturbances is reinforced by prior work showing that gait outcomes are related to longevity (17), cognitive decline (18), and adverse events (19).”
BackgroundKaewjoho, C., Mato, L., Thaweewannakij, T., Nakmareong, S., Phadungkit, S., Gaogasigam, C., & Amatachaya, S. (2019) · Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal · doi:10.1142/s1013702520500031 · Cited by 20
Bland, K. A., Zopf, E. M., Harrison, M., Ely, M. G., Cormie, P., Liu, E., Dowd, A., & Martin, P. (2020) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2020.1800765 · Cited by 20
Qiao, Y., Gmelin, T. A., Renner, S. W., Boudreau, R. M., Martin, S., Wojczynski, M. K., Christensen, K., Andersen, S. L., Cosentino, S., Santanasto, A. J., et al. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa281 · Cited by 20
“Gait speed is an important predictor of many health outcomes, especially disability and mortality (3,4); thus, understanding the mechanisms for worsening gait speed is essential.”
BackgroundAbbasi, M., Khera, S., Dabravolskaj, J., Chevalier, B. A. M., & Parker, K. (2021) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics6010018 · Cited by 21
“Slow gait speeds are associated with falls, disability, institutionalization and death [27,28].”
BackgroundSarcopenia assessed by 4-step EWGSOP2 in elderly hemodialysis patients: Feasibility and limitations
Tocino, M. L. S., Serrano, B. M., Gracia-Iguacel, C., de-Alba-Peñaranda, A. M., Mas, S., López-González, A., Villoria-González, S., Pereira, M., Ortíz, A., & González‐Parra, E. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261459 · Cited by 21
“Step Test Male Female Find SARC-F (points) [6] �4 Assess GSD (kg) [10] < 27 <16 STS5 (s) [11] > 15 s for five rises Confirm ASM (kg) [12] < 20 < 15 Severity GS (m/s) [12, 13] � 0.”
Patient safety after partial and total knee replacement
Cobb, J. P. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60885-0 · Cited by 20
Silva, R. L. D., da Câmara, S. M. A., Nascimento, R. P., et al. (2016) · Revista Brasileira Ginecologia e Obstetrícia · doi:10.1055/s-0036-1584238 · Cited by 20
Weiner, D. K., Gentili, A., Coffey-Vega, K. L., Morone, N. E., Rossi, M. I., & Perera, S. (2018) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny065 · Cited by 21
Proteomic signatures of in vivo muscle oxidative capacity in healthy adults
Adelnia, F., Ubaida‐Mohien, C., Moaddel, R., Shardell, M. D., Lyashkov, A. E., Fishbein, K. W., Aon, M. A., Spencer, R. G. S., & Ferrucci, L. (2020) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13124 · Cited by 21
Change in motor function and adverse health outcomes in older African-Americans
Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., Leurgans, S. E., Bennett, D. A., & Barnes, L. L. (2015) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2015.07.009 · Cited by 21
Physical Performance and Short-Term Mortality in Very Old Mexican Americans
Panas, L. J., Siordia, C., Angel, R. J., Eschbach, K., & Markides, K. S. (2013) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2013.839021 · Cited by 20
Hass, C. J., Malczak, P., Nocera, J. R., Stegemöller, E. L., Shukala, A., Malaty, I. A., Jacobson, C. E., Okun, M. S., & McFarland, N. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/d4b5158e-0dd1-4e14-b03a-1af4d5f06c0e · Cited by 20
Utilising LiDAR for fall detection
Frøvik, N., Malekzai, B. A., & Øvsthus, K. (2021) · Healthcare Technology Letters · doi:10.1049/htl2.12001 · Cited by 19
“A person walked along the stapled line from left to right (see Figure 6), with a mean velocity of v = 0.7 ± 0.2 m/s for these experiments, which is a realistic gait speed for elderly people [23].”
BackgroundInfluentialBrand, Y. E., Kluge, F., Palmerini, L., Paraschiv-Ionescu, A., Becker, C., Cereatti, A., Maetzler, W., Sharrack, B., Vereijken, B., Yarnall, A. J., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71491-3 · Cited by 19
Sert, H., Eren, M. G., Gürçay, B., & Koç, F. (2025) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-025-01176-5 · Cited by 23
Sourdet, S., van Kan, G. A., Soto, M. E., Houles, M., Cantet, C., Nourhashémi, F., Vellas, B. J., Pahor, M., & Rolland, Y. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.11.003 · Cited by 20
Relevance of sex, age and gait kinematics when predicting fall-risk and mortality in older adults
Porta, S., Martínez, A., Millor, N., et al. (2020) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109723 · Cited by 19
Karim, H. T., Rosso, A. L., Aizenstein, H. J., Bohnen, N. I., Studenski, S. A., & Rosano, C. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102401 · Cited by 19
“It is generally well accepted that walking with age becomes both slower (Studenski et al., 2011) and less ‘automated’, with greater en-”
Self-citationBlanquet, M., Ducher, G., Sauvage, A., Dadet, S., Guiyedi, V., Farigon, N., Guiguet‐Auclair, C., Berland, P., Bohatier, J., Boirie, Y., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-021-00906-5 · Cited by 19
Spatiotemporal gait characteristics and risk of mortality in community-dwelling older adults
Doi, T., Nakakubo, S., Tsutsumimoto, K., Kurita, S., Ishii, H. H., & Shimada, H. (2021) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.06.007 · Cited by 19
Hornby, T. G., Rafferty, M. R., Pinto, D., French, D. D., & Jordan, N. (2021) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.05.017 · Cited by 20
Intra-day variation in daily outdoor walking speed among community-dwelling older adults
Kawai, H., Obuchi, S. P., Hirayama, R., Watanabe, Y., Hirano, H., Fujiwara, Y., Ihara, K., Kim, H., Kobayashi, Y., Mochimaru, M., et al. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02349-w · Cited by 18
“A pooled analysis of large-scale cohort studies has shown that a faster walking speed was related to the survival rate [5].”
Backgroundvan der Veen, Y., Post, A., Kremer, D., Koops, C. A., Marsman, E. M., Appeldoorn, T. Y. J., Touw, D. J., Westerhuis, R., Heiner-Fokkema, M. R., Franssen, C. F. M., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082709 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Studenski, S.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Studenski, Stephanie
- ORCID
- Studenski, Stephanie
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-05
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC3080184
- OpenAlex
- W2159296038
- Semantic Scholar
- 25de2f67035336224c9f1e37f58c5b531d34b9ed
- Cited by
- 4,558
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 377 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 267 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 399 · 2020: 389 · 2019: 358 · 2018: 272 · 2017: 301 · 2016: 255 · 2015: 273 · 2014: 243 · 2013: 184 · 2012: 166
- FWCI
- 100.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute on Aging (AG023641, AG 024827, K07AG023641, P30AG024827, P30AG021332)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- walking speed, survival, older adults, life expectancy, physical performance, mortality prediction, goals of care, community-dwelling older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Gait, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, United States, Cohort Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Survival Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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