Yield of a public health screening of children for islet autoantibodies in Bavaria, Germany
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Public health screening for type 1 diabetes in its presymptomatic stages may reduce disease severity and burden on a population level. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of presymptomatic type 1 diabetes in children participating in a public health screening program for islet autoantibodies and the risk for progression to clinical diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Screening for islet autoantibodies was offered to children aged 1.75 to 5.99 years in Bavaria, Germany, between 2015 and 2019 by primary care pediatricians during well-baby visits. Families of children with multiple islet autoantibodies (presymptomatic type 1 diabetes) were invited to participate in a program of diabetes education, metabolic staging, assessment of psychological stress associated with diagnosis, and prospective follow-up for progression to clinical diabetes until July 31, 2019. EXPOSURES: Measurement of islet autoantibodies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was presymptomatic type 1 diabetes, defined by 2 or more islet autoantibodies, with categorization into stages 1 (normoglycemia), 2 (dysglycemia), or 3 (clinical) type 1 diabetes. Secondary outcomes were the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis and parental psychological stress, assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (range, 0-27; higher scores indicate worse depression; ≤4 indicates no to minimal depression; >20 indicates severe depression). RESULTS: Of 90 632 children screened (median [interquartile range {IQR}] age, 3.1 [2.1-4.2] years; 48.5% girls), 280 (0.31%; 95% CI, 0.27-0.35) had presymptomatic type 1 diabetes, including 196 (0.22%) with stage 1, 17 (0.02%) with stage 2, 26 (0.03%) with stage 3, and 41 who were not staged. After a median (IQR) follow-up of 2.4 (1.0-3.2) years, another 36 children developed stage 3 type 1 diabetes. The 3-year cumulative risk for stage 3 type 1 diabetes in the 280 children with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes was 24.9% ([95% CI, 18.5%-30.7%]; 54 cases; annualized rate, 9.0%). Two children had diabetic ketoacidosis. Median (IQR) psychological stress scores were significantly increased at the time of metabolic staging in mothers of children with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes (3 [1-7]) compared with mothers of children without islet autoantibodies (2 [1-4]) (P = .002), but declined after 12 months of follow-up (2 [0-4]) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children aged 2 to 5 years in Bavaria, Germany, a program of primary care-based screening showed an islet autoantibody prevalence of 0.31%. These findings may inform considerations of population-based screening of children for islet autoantibodies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Education and anticipatory guidance provided as part of type 1 diabetes screening programs have been shown to significantly reduce the risk of ketoacidosis at the onset of stage 3 type 1 diabetes.
“The education and anticipatory guidance provided as part of these programs have been shown to significantly reduce the risk of ketoacidosis at the onset of stage 3 type 1 diabetes129.”
From 100 years of insulin: celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [129]
The Discussion reports ketoacidosis in fewer than 5% of children in this screening study, compared with previously reported rates above 20% in unscreened children in Germany. The Staging and Follow-up section says children participated in a diabetes education program. These passages support a lower observed rate in a program that included education, but they do not establish a statistically significant reduction or show that education and anticipatory guidance caused it. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStage 1 is defined by the presence of at least two islet autoantibodies and normoglycaemia, and accounts for 80-90% of individuals with presymptomatic disease.
“Stage 1 is defined by the presence of at least two islet autoantibodies and normoglycaemia, and accounts for 80-90% of individuals with presymptomatic disease.8,12”
From The future of type 1 diabetes therapy (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
The Outcome Definitions section defines stage 1 as at least two islet autoantibodies with normal glucose tolerance. In Staging and Follow-up (page not provided), 196 of 239 children assigned a stage after screening were stage 1—about 82%. The paper does not establish that 80–90% of all individuals with presymptomatic disease are stage 1; its figure is limited to the children staged in this screening study. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStage 2 is defined by positive islet autoantibodies accompanied by dysglycaemia.
“Stage 2 is defined by positive islet autoantibodies accompanied by dysglycaemia.8,12”
From The future of type 1 diabetes therapy (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
The Outcome Definitions section defines stage 2 as dysglycemia accompanied by two or more islet autoantibodies. The claim captures the dysglycemia requirement but omits the minimum of two autoantibodies, an essential part of the definition. No page number is provided for the passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent data suggest that risk of diabetes is equally high in young children with multiple autoantibodies from the general population.
“Recent data suggest that risk of diabetes is equally high in young children with multiple autoantibodies from the general population [ 13 ].”
From Islet autoantibody profiles associated with higher diabetes risk in Lithuanian compared with English schoolchildren (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
Multiple studies indicate that measuring islet autoantibodies in relatives of those with type 1 diabetes or in children from the general population can effectively identify those who will develop type 1 diabetes.
“Multiple studies indicate that measuring islet autoantibodies in relatives of those with type 1 diabetes (47) or in children from the general population (72,73) can effectively identify those who will develop type 1 diabetes.”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i> (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
Measuring islet autoantibodies in relatives of those with type 1 diabetes, in children from the general population, or in children from the general population with high genetic risk can identify many individuals who will develop type 1 diabetes.
“Multiple studies indicate that measuring islet autoantibodies in relatives of those with type 1 diabetes (45), in children from the general population (71,72), or in children from the general population with high genetic risk (73) can identify many individuals who will develop type 1 diabetes.”
From 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [72]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models
Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2006) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790942 · Cited by 13,597 · see citing works
WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age
de Onís, M. (2006) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x · Cited by 3,991 · see citing works
Atkinson, M. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., & Michels, A. W. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60591-7 · Cited by 2,713 · see citing works
Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children
Ziegler, A. G., Rewers, M., Simell, O., Simell, T., Lempainen, J., Steck, A., Winkler, C., Ilonen, J., Veijola, R., Knip, M., et al. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.6285 · Cited by 1,312 · see citing works
Self-citationInsel, R. A., Dunne, J. L., Atkinson, M. A., Chiang, J. L., Dabelea, D., Gottlieb, P. A., Greenbaum, C. J., Herold, K. C., Krischer, J. P., Lernmark, Å., et al. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1419 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
Self-citationAn anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes
Herold, K. C., Bundy, B. N., Long, S. A., Bluestone, J. A., DiMeglio, L. A., Dufort, M. J., Gitelman, S. E., Gottlieb, P. A., Krischer, J. P., Linsley, P. S., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1902226 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Oral Insulin in Relatives of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
The Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Study Group (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1068 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Ziegler, A., Hummel, M., Schenker, M., & Bonifacio, E. E. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.3.460 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Self-citationChiang, J. L., Maahs, D. M., Garvey, K. C., Hood, K. K., Laffel, L. M., WEINZIMER, S. A., Wolfsdorf, J. I., & Schatz, D. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci18-0023 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
the TEDDY Study Group, Krischer, J. P., Lynch, K. F., Schatz, D. A., Ilonen, J., Lernmark, Å., Hagopian, W. A., Rewers, M. J., She, J.-X., Simell, O. G., et al. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3514-y · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
Wolfsdorf, J. I., Allgrove, J., Craig, M. E., Edge, J., Glaser, N. S., Jain, V., Lee, W. W., Mungai, L., Rosenbloom, A. L., Sperling, M. A., et al. (2014) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12165 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Bonifacio, E., Yu, L., Williams, A. K., Eisenbarth, G. S., Bingley, P. J., Marcovina, S. M., Adler, K., Ziegler, A. G., Mueller, P. W., Schatz, D. A., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0293 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-related islet autoantibody incidence in offspring of patients with type 1 diabetes
the BABYDIAB-BABYDIET Study Group, Ziegler, A.-G., & Bonifacio, E. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2472-x · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationCameron, F. J., Scratch, S. E., Nadebaum, C., Northam, E. A., Koves, I., Jennings, J., Finney, K., Neil, J. J., Wellard, R. M., Mackay, M., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1904 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Predicts Poor Long-term Glycemic Control
Duca, L. M., Wang, B., Rewers, M., & Rewers, A. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-0558 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Autoantibodies to zinc transporter 8 and SLC30A8 genotype stratify type 1 diabetes risk
Achenbach, P., Lampasona, V., Landherr, U., Koczwara, K., Krause, S. W., Grallert, H., Winkler, C., Pflüger, M., Illig, T., Bonifacio, E. E., et al. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1438-0 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationLarsson, H. E., Vehik, K., Bell, R. A., Dabelea, D., Dolan, L. M., Pihoker, C., Knip, M., Veijola, R., Lindblad, B., Samuelsson, U., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1026 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationGlucose area under the curve during oral glucose tolerance test as an index of glucose intolerance
Sakaguchi, K., Takeda, K., Maeda, M., Ogawa, W., Sato, T., Okada, S., Ohnishi, Y., Nakajima, H., & Kashiwagi, A. (2015) · Diabetology International · doi:10.1007/s13340-015-0212-4 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Bonifacio, E., Beyerlein, A., Hippich, M., Winkler, C., Vehik, K., Weedon, M. N., Laimighofer, M., Hattersley, A. T., Krumsiek, J., Frohnert, B. I., et al. (2018) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002548 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationRaab, J., Haupt, F., Scholz, M., Matzke, C., Warncke, K., Lange, K., Assfalg, R., Weininger, K., Wittich, S., Löbner, S., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011144 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationSchatz, D., Krischer, J. P., Horne, G., Riley, W. J., Spillar, R. P., Silverstein, J. H., Winter, W. E., MUIR, A. B., Derovanesian, D., & Shah, S. C. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117247 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Effect of Hydrolyzed Infant Formula vs Conventional Formula on Risk of Type 1 Diabetes
Knip, M., Akerblom, H., Taji, E. A., Becker, D., Bruining, J., Castaňo, L., Danne, T., de Beaufort, C. D., Dosch, H., Dupré, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.19826 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Winkler, C., Schober, E., Ziegler, A., & Holl, R. W. (2011) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00829.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationGroße, J., Hornstein, H., Manuwald, U., Kügler, J., Glauche, I., & Rothe, U. (2018) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0044-102090 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
IA-2 autoantibodies predict impending Type I diabetes in siblings of patients
Decochez, K., Leeuw, I. D., Keymeulen, B., Mathieu, C., Rottiers, R., Weets, I., Vandemeulebroucke, E., Truyen, I., Kaufman, L., Schuit, F. C., et al. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0949-8 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Strebelow, M., Schlosser, M., Ziegler, B., Rjasanowski, I. M., & ZIEGLER, M. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051213 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in Colorado youth, 1998-2012
Rewers, A., Dong, F., Slover, R. H., Klingensmith, G. J., & Rewers, M. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.1414 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Johnson, S. B., & Tercyak, K. P. (1995) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.18.10.1370 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Winkler, C., Haupt, F., Heigermoser, M., Zapardiel‐Gonzalo, J., Ohli, J., Faure, T., Kalideri, E., Hommel, A., Delivani, P., Berner, R., et al. (2019) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12870 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationPrognostic Performance of Metabolic Indexes in Predicting Onset of Type 1 Diabetes
Xu, P., Wu, Y., Zhu, Y., Dagne, G. A., Johnson, G. T., Cuthbertson, D. D., Krischer, J. P., Sosenko, J. M., Skyler, J. S., & on behalf of the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1) Study Group (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-0802 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
General population screening for type 1 diabetes
Insel, R. A., Dunne, J. L., & Ziegler, A. (2015) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000173 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationAmoroso, M., Achenbach, P., Powell, M. J., Coles, R. L., Chlebowska, M., Carr, L., Furmaniak, J., Scholz, M., Bonifacio, E. E., Ziegler, A., et al. (2016) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2016.08.013 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationJacobsen, L. M., Larsson, H. E., Tamura, R. N., Vehik, K., Clasen, J., Sosenko, J., Hagopian, W. A., She, J., Steck, A. K., Rewers, M., et al. (2019) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12812 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationHummel, M., Ziegler, A., & Roth, R. (2004) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01142.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSaydah, S., Shrestha, S. S., Zhang, P., Zhou, X., & Imperatore, G. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-1041 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Sardinian Autoimmunity Study Group, Velluzzi, F., Secci, G., Sepe, V., Klersy, C., Shattock, M., Foxon, R., Songini, M., Mariotti, S., Locatelli, M., et al. (2015) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-015-0751-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hoffmann, V. S., Weiß, A., Winkler, C., Knopff, A., Jolink, M., Bonifacio, E. E., & Ziegler, A. (2019) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1360-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationWarncke, K., Krasmann, M., Puff, R., Dunstheimer, D., Ziegler, A., & Beyerlein, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074339 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Jens Böhm, MD/Nilgün Durmus, MD (Wettstetten); Mirko Böhme, MD (Sulzberg); Sabine Böhm-Vogt, MD (Ottobrunn); Elisabeth Boretzki, MD; Thomas Boretzki, MD (Eichstätt); Karola Börzsönyi, MD (Freising); Nadja Bösel, MD (Neumarkt Opf.); Stephan Böse-O'Reilly, MD (München); Diana Boudova, MD (Neunburg vorm Wald); Michael Brack, MD (Urspringen); Malte Bräutigam, MD (Eichstätt); Walter Breiner, MD (Marktoberdorf); Ulrike Brendel, MD (Parsberg); Michael Brijnen von Oldershausen, MD (München); Christian Brückmann, MD (Brannenburg);
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s002 · Cited by 4,792 · see citing works
2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Ekhlaspour, L., Gaglia, J. L., Hilliard, M. E., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s002 · Cited by 2,086 · see citing works
2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Ebekozien, O., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s002 · Cited by 1,393 · see citing works
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Lernmark, Å., Metzger, B. E., Nathan, D. M., & Kirkman, M. S. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0036 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
100 years of insulin: celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy
Sims, E. K., Carr, A. L. J., Oram, R. A., DiMeglio, L. A., & Evans-Molina, C. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01418-2 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Haller, M. J., Bell, K. J., Besser, R. E. J., Casteels, K., Couper, J. J., Craig, M. E., Elding Larsson, H., Jacobsen, L., Lange, K., Oron, T., et al. (2024) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000543035 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationCost and cost-effectiveness of large-scale screening for type 1 diabetes in Colorado
McQueen, R. B., Geno Rasmussen, C., Waugh, K., Frohnert, B. I., Steck, A. K., Yu, L., Baxter, J., & Rewers, M. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Jensen, E. T., Stafford, J. M., Saydah, S., D’Agostino, R. B., Dolan, L. M., Lawrence, J. M., Marcovina, S., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Pihoker, C., Rewers, A., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-0389 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The future of type 1 diabetes therapy
Ziegler, A.-G., Cengiz, E., & Kay, T. W. H. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01438-2 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationThe countdown to type 1 diabetes: when, how and why does the clock start?
Ziegler, A.-G. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05927-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationLong, A. E., Caygill, C. H., Gillespie, K. M., Marčiulionytė, D., & Williams, A. J. K. (2020) · Clinical and Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.13524 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ziegler, A.-G., Kick, K., Bonifacio, E., Haupt, F., Hippich, M., Dunstheimer, D., Lang, M., Laub, O., Warncke, K., Lange, K., Assfalg, R., Jolink, M., Winkler, C., Achenbach, P., & for the Fr1da Study Group
- Affiliations
- TUM Klinikum (DE)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Klinikum Augsburg, Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Augsburg, Germany
- Berufsverband der Kinder- und Jugendärzte e.V., Landesverband Bayern, Augsburg, Germany
- PaedNetz Bayern e.V., Rosenheim, Germany
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ziegler, Anette-Gabriele
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-01-28
- Volume
- 323
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 339
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC6990943
- OpenAlex
- W3003622489
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 15
- FWCI
- 20.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (3-SRA-2015-72-M-R, LP00228, 1-SRA-2014-310-M-R)
- Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (G-1911-03274)
- B. Braun-Stiftung (BBST-D-15-00016)
- Diabetes-Stiftung
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (FKZ 01GI0805)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- islet autoantibodies, public health screening, children, dysglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, parental psychological stress, depression, primary care pediatricians, Bavaria, screening yield, diabetes education, well-child visits
- MeSH terms
- Autoantibodies, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Germany, Humans, Islets of Langerhans, Male, Mass Screening, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Asymptomatic Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
