Cited by 208Infection Control and VentilationIndoor Air Quality and Microbial ExposureCOVID-19 impact on air quality

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Indoor Air Changes and Potential Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission

Allen, Joseph G., Ibrahim, Andrew M.·2021·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.2021.5053

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This JAMA Insights review summarizes basic measures of indoor air ventilation as a means to explain how increases in frequency of air exchange and filtration capture efficiency could mitigate far-field airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 inside rooms and buildings.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jama.2021.5053

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment ? a multidisciplinary systematic review
Li, Y., Leung, G. M., Tang, J. W.-T., Yang, X., Chao, C. Y. H., Lin, J. Z., Lu, J. W. Z., Nielsen, P. V., Niu, J., Qian, H., et al. (2007) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00445.x · Cited by 1,057
Ventilation rates and health: Multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature
Sundell, J., Levin, H., Nazaroff, W. W., Cain, W. S., Fisk, W. J., Grimsrud, D. T., Gyntelberg, F., Li, Y., Persily, A. K., Pickering, A. C., et al. (2011) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00703.x · Cited by 740
The ventilation problem in schools: literature review
Fisk, W. J. (2017) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12403 · Cited by 338
Challenges in developing ventilation and indoor air quality standards: The story of ASHRAE Standard 62
Persily, A. (2015) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.026 · Cited by 249
Role of mechanical ventilation in the airborne transmission of infectious agents in buildings
Luongo, J., Fennelly, K., Keen, J., Zhai, Z., Jones, B. W., & Miller, S. (2015) · Indoor Air: International Journal of Indoor Environment and Health · doi:10.1111/ina.12267 · Cited by 134
Preventing the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 With Masks and Other “Low-tech” Interventions
Lerner, A. M., Folkers, G. K., & Fauci, A. S. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.21946 · Cited by 70
Healthy Buildings
Allen, J. G., & Macomber, J. D. (2020) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674246102 · Cited by 57
Self-citation

Show all 10 references

Sorted by citations

The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842
Self-citation
Environmental Factors Influencing COVID-19 Incidence and Severity
Weaver, A., Head, J. R., Gould, C. F., Carlton, E. J., & Remais, J. V. (2022) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052120-101420 · Cited by 194
“Toxicol 36(4):359–85 [PubMed: 16809103]”
BackgroundInfluential
Work and worker health in the post-pandemic world: a public health perspective
Peters, S. E., Dennerlein, J. T., Wagner, G. R., & Sorensen, G. (2022) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00259-0 · Cited by 187
COVID-19, the Built Environment, and Health
Frumkin, H. (2021) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp8888 · Cited by 130
“These will need to balance thermal comfort, fresh air exchanges, and reducing energy use (Allen and Ibrahim 2021; Burridge et al. 2021; Ferdyn-Grygierek et al. 2019).”
Background
A look into the future of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: an expert consultation [viewpoint].
Iftekhar, E. N., Priesemann, V., Balling, R., Bauer, S., Beutels, P., Valdez, A. S. C., Cuschieri, S., Czypionka, T., Dumpis, U., Glaab, E., et al. (2021) · BORIS (University Library Bern) · doi:10.17863/cam.75145 · Cited by 119
A comprehensive review of microbial contamination in the indoor environment: sources, sampling, health risks, and mitigation strategies
Chawla, H., Anand, P., Garg, K., Bhagat, N., Varmani, S. G., Bansal, T., McBain, A. J., & Marwah, R. G. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1285393 · Cited by 140
“The COVID-19 pandemic has recently shown the extreme contagiousness of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus in the indoor environment, which has been responsible for high morbidity and mortality (199).”
Background
A look into the future of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: an expert consultation
Iftekhar, E. N., Priesemann, V., Balling, R., Bauer, S., Beutels, P., Valdez, A. C., Cuschieri, S., Czypionka, T., Dumpis, U., Glaab, E., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100185 · Cited by 132
“tilation in high-occupant-density situations or in locations where masks are not worn all of the time are suggested [109].”
Debulking SARS-CoV-2 in saliva using angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in chewing gum to decrease oral virus transmission and infection
Daniell, H., Nair, S. K., Esmaeili, N., Wakade, G., Shahid, N., Ganesan, P. K., Islam, M. R., Shepley‐McTaggart, A., Feng, S., Gary, E. N., et al. (2021) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.11.008 · Cited by 72
“, classrooms, retail shops, restaurants, gyms, churches), air exchanges through filters to decrease transmission.(1) Most people emit >100 times smaller aerosols (<5 mm) during talking, breathing, or coughing.”
Control of airborne infectious disease in buildings: Evidence and research priorities
de Mesquita, P. J. B., Delp, W. W., Chan, W. R., Bahnfleth, W. P., & Singer, B. C. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12965 · Cited by 64
Nine Lessons Learned From the COVID-19 Pandemic for Improving Hospital Care and Health Care Delivery
Wei, E. K., Long, T. G., & Katz, M. H. (2021) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4237 · Cited by 59
Portable air cleaners and residential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 aerosols: A real‐world study
Myers, N. T., Laumbach, R. J., Black, K., Ohman‐Strickland, P., Alimokhtari, S., Legard, A., Resende, A. D., Calderón, L. D., Lu, F. T., Mainelis, G., et al. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13029 · Cited by 47
Applying the Hierarchy of Controls: What Occupational Safety Can Teach us About Safely Navigating the Next Phase of the Global COVID-19 Pandemic
Sehgal, N. J., & Milton, D. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.747894 · Cited by 57
“Lay-persons are infrequently trained in the correct use of PPE, and in the current pandemic frequently ill-equipped—nonmedical masks and fabric face coverings are not PPE, and wearing a non-medical mask does not eliminate SARS-CoV-2 infection risk to the individual (17).”
BackgroundInfluential
Revisiting COVID-19 policies: 10 evidence-based recommendations for where to go from here
Halperin, D. T., Hearst, N., Hodgins, S., Bailey, R. C., Klausner, J. D., Jackson, H., Wamai, R. G., Ladapo, J. A., Over, M., Baral, S., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12082-z · Cited by 47
Can 10× cheaper, lower-efficiency particulate air filters and box fans complement High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) purifiers to help control the COVID-19 pandemic?
Srikrishna, D. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155884 · Cited by 43
Quantifying Environmental Mitigation of Aerosol Viral Load in a Controlled Chamber With Participants Diagnosed With Coronavirus Disease 2019
Parhizkar, H., Dietz, L. G., Olsen-Martinez, A., Horve, P. F., Barnatan, L., Northcutt, D., & Wymelenberg, K. G. V. D. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac006 · Cited by 41
Post-COVID ventilation design: Infection risk-based target ventilation rates and point source ventilation effectiveness
Kurnitski, J., Kiil, M., Mikola, A., Võsa, K.-V., Aganović, A., Schild, P. G., & Seppänen, O. (2023) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113386 · Cited by 43
Effectiveness of portable air filtration on reducing indoor aerosol transmission: preclinical observational trials
Lee, J., Rounds, M., McGain, F., Schofield, R., Skidmore, G. M., Wadlow, I., Kevin, K., Stevens, A., Marshall, C. L., Irving, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.012 · Cited by 39
“Both of these air change methods reduce aerosols in indoor environments such that, in practice, it is possible to combine the two, so air ventilation (ACHHVAC) and air filtration (ACHe) rates can be added into a total air changes per hour (ACH) parameter for the purpose of infection control associated with aerosol tra…”
BackgroundMethod
Prediction of respiratory droplets evolution for safer academic facilities planning amid COVID-19 and future pandemics: A numerical approach
Quiñones, J. J., Doosttalab, A., Sokolowski, S., Voyles, R. M., Castaño, V. M., Zhang, L. T., & Castillo, L. (2022) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104593 · Cited by 42
“Several experimental and numerical studies have demonstrated that using different air changes per hour rates (ACH) in indoor environments affects the risk of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infectious diseases [12,74,75].”
Nosocomial Outbreak of COVID-19 in a Hematologic Ward
Jung, J., Lee, J., Jo, S., Bae, S., Kim, J. Y., Cha, H. H., Lim, Y., Kwak, S. H., Hong, M. J., Kim, E. O., et al. (2021) · Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.3947/ic.2021.0046 · Cited by 35
“In addition, there is growing evidence for airborne-transmission of SARS-CoV-2 [1-4] and previous studies suggest that thorough investigation should be performed including the possibility of airborne-transmission [5-7].”
Background
Comparison of bacterial filtration efficiency vs. particle filtration efficiency to assess the performance of non-medical face masks
Whyte, H. E., Montigaud, Y., Audoux, E., Verhoeven, P. O., Prier, A., Leclerc, L., Sarry, G., Laurent, C., Coq, L. L., Joubert, A., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05245-4 · Cited by 35
Beyond the vaccines: a glance at the small molecule and peptide-based anti-COVID19 arsenal
Nepali, K., Sharma, R. L., Sharma, S., Thakur, A., & Liou, J. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-022-00847-6 · Cited by 36
“However, reduced susceptibility to vaccine-induced immunity owing to the emergence of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly the rise of omicron, has emerged as a major threat in the context of the clinical utility of COVID-19 vaccines [13].”
Background
Predicting the SARS-CoV-2 effective reproduction number using bulk contact data from mobile phones
Rüdiger, S., Konigorski, S., Rakowski, A., Edelman, J. A., Zernick, D., Thieme, A. H., & Lippert, C. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2026731118 · Cited by 36
“However, in view of the discussion on spreading by aerosol particles, it is possible that even a short presence of an infectious individual may be sufﬁcient in some circumstances (24).”
Orthodoxy, illusio, and playing the scientific game: a Bourdieusian analysis of infection control science in the COVID-19 pandemic
Greenhalgh, T., Özbilgin, M. F., & Contandriopoulos, D. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16855.3 · Cited by 40
“…from an overlapping team entitled ‘Covid-19 has redefined airborne transmission’ 14 , the Lancet published ‘Ten scientific reasons in support of air-borne transmission of SARS-CoV-2’ 2 and the Journal of the American Medical Association published a review article on ventilation and filtration 88 .”
SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Transmission Indoors: A Closer Look at Viral Load, Infectivity, the Effectiveness of Preventive Measures and a Simple Approach for Practical Recommendations
Kriegel, M., Hartmann, A., Buchholz, U., Seifried, J., Baumgarte, S., & Gastmeier, P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010220 · Cited by 38
Real-World Effectiveness of Portable Air Cleaners in Reducing Home Particulate Matter Concentrations
Lu, F. T., Laumbach, R. J., Legard, A., Myers, N. T., Black, K., Ohman‐Strickland, P., Alimokhtari, S., Resende, A. D., Calderón, L. D., Mainelis, G., et al. (2023) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.230202 · Cited by 26
“In a 15 × 15 × 8 ft (1800 ft 3 ) room, a typical PAC with a clean air delivery rate (CADR) of 300 cfm provides clean air equivalent to 10 air changes per hour (ACH) (Allen and Ibrahim, 2021).”
Home indoor air quality and cognitive function over one year for people working remotely during COVID-19
Young, A. S., Parikh, S., Dedesko, S., Bliss, M., Xu, J., Zanobetti, A., Miller, S. L., & Allen, J. G. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111551 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Measuring interpersonal transmission of expiratory droplet nuclei in close proximity
Fu, L., Nielsen, P. V., Wang, Y., & Liu, L. (2021) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x211029689 · Cited by 26
“Therefore, we must adapt our indoor environment control strategies to address the potential implications of airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission.(5,6) SARS-CoV-2 most commonly spreads between people during periods of close contact.”
Background
Monitors to improve indoor air carbon dioxide concentrations in the hospital: A randomized crossover trial
Laurent, M. R., & Frans, J. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151349 · Cited by 29
Guidance on Mitigating the Risk of Transmitting Respiratory Infections During Nebulization by the COPD Foundation Nebulizer Consortium
Biney, I. N., Ari, A., Barjaktarević, I., Carlin, B. W., Christiani, D. C., Cochran, L. W., Drummond, M., Johnson, K., Kealing, D., Kuehl, P. J., et al. (2023) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2023.11.013 · Cited by 25
Impact of ventilation and avoidance measures on SARS-CoV-2 risk of infection in public indoor environments
Ghoroghi, A., Rezgui, Y., & Wallace, R. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156518 · Cited by 22
“Allen and Ibrahim (2021) explain how ventilation is essential in limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and that previously most buildings were not designed for infection control.”
The Facility Infection Risk Estimator™: A web application tool for comparing indoor risk mitigation strategies by estimating airborne transmission risk
Harmon, M., & Lau, J. (2021) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x211039544 · Cited by 21
“Far-field aerosols refer to aerosols beyond roughly six feet from an infected person, and their concentration level is generally closer to the whole room average aerosol concentration level than for near-field aerosols.(7) Near-field aerosols refer to aerosols within roughly six feet of an infected person and occur at…”
Background
SARS-CoV-2 indoor air transmission is a threat that can be addressed with science
Samet, J. M., Burke, T. A., Lakdawala, S. S., Lowe, J. J., Marr, L. C., Prather, K. A., Shelton-Davenport, M. K., & Volckens, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2116155118 · Cited by 21
Analysis of occupants’ exposure risk of cough-expelled droplets in the workspace with various mixing ventilation layouts
Fang, X. Z., Li, X., Yan, Y., Tao, Y., Chen, Z., & Yan, P. (2022) · Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow · doi:10.1007/s42757-022-0142-x · Cited by 20
“However, this could lead to large concerns with respect to the high energy consumption as surplus air supply may be sometimes unnecessary within low pathogen concentration condition, and thus more focus has been put on the ventilation schemes (Allen and Ibrahim, 2021).”
Background
Prevalence of long COVID decreases for increasing COVID-19 vaccine uptake
Domenico, M. D. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001917 · Cited by 22
“For instance, monitoring and controlling air quality [68] can reduce the risk of airborne transmission for any indoor environment [69], but requires clear targets on air changes per hour and air filtration to become an effective public health intervention [70, 71].”
Background
Effectiveness of rapid SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing in supporting infection control for hospital-onset COVID-19 infection: Multicentre, prospective study
Stirrup, O., Blackstone, J., Mapp, F., MacNeil, A., Panca, M., Holmes, A. H., Machin, N. W., Shin, G. Y., Mahungu, T. W., Saeed, K. B. A., et al. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.78427 · Cited by 20
Evaluation of an in-duct bipolar ionization device on particulate matter and gas-phase constituents in a large test chamber
Zeng, Y., Heidarinejad, M., & Stephens, B. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108858 · Cited by 23
Numerical studies of indoor particulate and gaseous micropollutant transport and its impact on human health in densely-occupied spaces
Li, X., Yan, Y., Fang, X. Z., & Tu, J. Y. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123031 · Cited by 19
Detection and isolation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariants collected from residential settings
Vass, W. B., Shankar, S. N., Lednicky, J. A., Yang, Y., Manzanas, C., Zhang, Y., Boyette, J. A., Chen, J., Chen, Y., Shirkhani, A., et al. (2023) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2023.2251537 · Cited by 18
Colliding respiratory jets as a mechanism of air exchange and pathogen transport during conversations
Giri, A., Biswas, N., Chase, D. L., Xue, N., Abkarian, M., Mendez, S., Saha, S., & Stone, H. A. (2021) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2021.915 · Cited by 18
“The latter largely concerns ventilation and has been the subject of numerous investigations (Bhagat & Linden 2020; Bhagat et al. 2020; Klompas, Baker & Rhee 2020; Morawska & Cao 2020; Allen & Ibrahim 2021; Bazant & Bush 2021; Mathai et al. 2021; Ng et al. 2021; Poydenot et al. 2021).”
Background
Longitudinal analysis of built environment and aerosol contamination associated with isolated COVID-19 positive individuals
Horve, P. F., Dietz, L. G., Bowles, G., MacCrone, G., Olsen-Martinez, A., Northcutt, D., Moore, V., Barnatan, L., Parhizkar, H., & Wymelenberg, K. G. V. D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11303-8 · Cited by 19
Nonlinear bias toward complex contagion in uncertain transmission settings
St-Onge, G., Hébert‐Dufresne, L., & Allard, A. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2312202121 · Cited by 17
Solar Chimneys as an Effective Ventilation Strategy in Multi-Storey Public Housing in the Post-COVID-19 Era
Leng, P. C., Aw, S. B., Ali, N. E., Ling, G. H. T., Lee, Y. L., & Ahmad, M. H. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12060820 · Cited by 16
Reusability of face masks: Influence of washing and comparison of performance between medical face masks and community face masks
Whyte, H. E., Joubert, A., Leclerc, L., Sarry, G., Verhoeven, P. O., Coq, L. L., & Pourchez, J. (2022) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2022.102710 · Cited by 18
Use of portable air purifiers to reduce aerosols in hospital settings and cut down the clinical backlog
Salmonsmith, J., Ducci, A., Balachandran, R., Guo, L., Torii, R., Houlihan, C. F., Epstein, R., Rubin, J. S., Tiwari, M. K., & Lovat, L. B. (2023) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268823000092 · Cited by 16
“Use of portable air cleaners (PAC) with HEPA filters also contribute to the air changes in a room, improving ventilation and reducing build-up of infectious particles [17, 22, 23].”
BackgroundResult
Orthodoxy, illusio, and playing the scientific game: a Bourdieusian analysis of infection control science in the COVID-19 pandemic
Greenhalgh, T., Özbilgin, M. F., & Contandriopoulos, D. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16855.2 · Cited by 15
Health Equity, Schooling Hesitancy, and the Social Determinants of Learning
Levinson, M., Geller, A. C., & Allen, J. G. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100032 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Evaluation of an Air Cleaning Device Equipped with Filtration and UV: Comparison of Removal Efficiency on Particulate Matter and Viable Airborne Bacteria in the Inlet and Treated Air
Li, P., Koziel, J. A., de Macêdo, N. R., Zimmerman, J. J., Wrzesinski, D., Sobotka, E., Balderas, M., Walz, W. B., Paris, R. V., Lee, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316135 · Cited by 15
“The CADR value is useful in establishing whether a particular device can achieve the target ACHe in a designated space [6,7].”
Background
COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation Strategies
Kim, D.-Y., Shinde, S. K., Lone, S., Palem, R. R., & Ghodake, G. S. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11121243 · Cited by 16
Considerations for the Safe Operation of Schools During the Coronavirus Pandemic
Lordan, R., Prior, S., Hennessy, E. J., Naik, A. S., Ghosh, S., Paschos, G. K., Skarke, C., Barekat, K., Hollingsworth, T., Juska, S. A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.751451 · Cited by 16
“97% efficiency can supplement or replace centrally located filters (199).”
Background
Going Online?—Can Online Exercise Classes during COVID-19-Related Lockdowns Replace in-Person Offers?
Füzéki, E., Schröder, J., Reer, R., Groneberg, D. A., & Banzer, W. E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19041942 · Cited by 14
“spaces where appropriate outdoor air ventilation is not feasible [38].”
Background
Long term monitoring of CO2 levels and ventilation rates in a naturally ventilated residential apartment
de Jode, M. L. (2024) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100030 · Cited by 13
“In the context of the prevention of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Allen and Ibrahim suggested ventilation rates of 4–6 ACH as a target [18].”
Reducing environmentally mediated transmission to moderate impacts of an emerging wildlife disease
Hoyt, J. R., Parise, K. L., DePue, J. E., Kaarakka, H. M., Redell, J. A., Scullon, W. H., O’Reskie, R., Foster, J. T., Kilpatrick, A. M., Langwig, K. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14371 · Cited by 13
Development and use of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) for conceptual framework and study protocol development exploring relationships between dwelling characteristics and household transmission of COVID-19 – England, 2020
Taylor, H., Crabbe, H., Humphreys, C., Dabrera, G., Mavrogianni, A., Verlander, N. Q., & Leonardi, G. S. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.111145 · Cited by 13
“The density of household members to volume of the property determines how much air is available to each individual [54].”
Rapid evidence review to inform safe return to campus in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Greenhalgh, T., Katzourakis, A., Wyatt, T. D., & Griffin, S. D. C. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17270.1 · Cited by 14
Effectiveness of Do-it-Yourself Air Cleaners in Reducing Exposure to Respiratory Aerosols in Us Classrooms: A Longitudinal Study of K-12 Schools
Jehn, M., Andino, J. M., Russell, B., Rana, V., Akter, S., Creed, M., Sodhi, H., Holmes, B., Palit, T., Wani, J., et al. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111603 · Cited by 13
Building parameters linked with indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Horne, J., Dunne, N., Singh, N., Safiuddin, M., Esmaeili, N., Erenler, M., Ho, I., & Luk, E. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117156 · Cited by 12
SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Transmission Indoors: A Closer Look at Viral Load, Infectivity, the Effectiveness of Preventive Measures and a Simple Approach for Practical RecommendationsPreprint
Kriegel, M., Hartmann, A., Buchholz, U., Seifried, J., Baumgarte, S., & Gastmeier, P. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.21265910 · Cited by 12
The cost-effectiveness of standalone HEPA filtration units for the prevention of airborne SARS CoV-2 transmission
Zafarí, Z., de Oliveira, P. M., Gkantonas, S., Ezeh, C., & Muennig, P. A. (2022) · Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation · doi:10.1186/s12962-022-00356-1 · Cited by 14
“Other studies support the transmission of Covid-19 by aerosols [37], and suggest that indoor ventilation can significantly reduce infection [39].”
Result
Optimal configuration of architectural building design parameters for higher educational buildings
Alghamdi, S., Tang, W., Kanjanabootra, S., & Alterman, D. (2023) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2023.08.066 · Cited by 11
A computational framework for transmission risk assessment of aerosolized particles in classrooms
Tan, K., Gao, B., Yang, C.-H., Johnson, E. L., Hsu, M., Passalacqua, A., Krishnamurthy, A., & Ganapathysubramanian, B. (2023) · Engineering With Computers · doi:10.1007/s00366-022-01773-9 · Cited by 10
Performance evaluation of contamination control and pressurization in a biosafety laboratory
Permana, I., Agharid, A. P., & Wang, F. (2025) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115545 · Cited by 10
Clinical features and laboratory findings first case of B. 1.617.2 (delta) variant concern (VOC) in Iraq
Essa, R. A., Ahmed, S. K., Bapir, D. H., Abubakr, C. P., Rasul, S. A., Khdir, A., & Wsu, Z. H. (2021) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102814 · Cited by 12
“…devices and preventive measures against this variant; for this reason, we suggest vaccination, wearing masks, social distancing, and lockdown [32,33] are the great challenges to reduce the impact of the delta variant B.1.617.2. the limitation of our study is only one case; therefore, a large…”
Influential
Intermediate levels of asymptomatic transmission can lead to the highest epidemic fatalities
Park, S. W., Dushoff, J. G., Grenfell, B. T., & Weitz, J. S. (2023) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad106 · Cited by 11
“…campaigns (45–47), asymptomatic testing programs (48–50), mask-wearing indoors and in crowded environments (51–53), and through improvements in ventilation (54, 55)) while also improving the treatment of symptomatic cases, particularly amongst older individuals at highest risk for severe outcomes.”
Classroom scale measurements of the efficacy of ventilation, filtration, and electronic air cleaners for the removal of aerosol particles
Gord, J. R., Vigil, C. R., Richards, S., & Bertram, T. H. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110758 · Cited by 11
Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems in healthcare: a scoping review
Chair, S. Y., Ng, S. T., Chao, C. Y. H., & Xu, J. F. (2023) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2023.08.012 · Cited by 11
Simulation-based suggestions for lockdown rules in dense urban areas considering indoor-outdoor droplet transmission under natural ventilation conditions
Fan, X., Zhang, X., Weerasuriya, A. U., Hang, J., Zhai, Z. J., Luo, Q., & Ou, C. (2024) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2024.105401 · Cited by 9
Performance evaluation of an electrostatic precipitator with a copper plate using an aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 surrogate (bacteriophage phi 6)
Jeong, S. B., Shin, J. H., Kim, S. W., Seo, S., & Jung, J. H. (2023) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2023.103124 · Cited by 9
Does working from home work? That depends on the home
Stroom, M., Eichholtz, P. M. A., & Kok, N. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306475 · Cited by 11
Overview of the Role of Spatial Factors in Indoor SARS-CoV-2 Transmission: A Space-Based Framework for Assessing the Multi-Route Infection Risk
Zhen, Q., Zhang, A., Huang, Q., Li, J., Du, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191711007 · Cited by 8
“[143] suggested that increasing air changes per hour and air filtration is a simplified but important concept that could be deployed to help reduce risk from within-room, far-field airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2.”
Background
The year public health lost its soul: a critical view of the COVID-19 response
Contandriopoulos, D. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00583-8 · Cited by 8
“By the summer of 2020, it became clear that the virus was likely airborne and by early 2021 the scientific consensus was that most COVID cases were caused by aerosol transmission (Allen & Ibrahim, 2021; Tang et al., 2021).”
Background
Experimental Evaluations of the Impact of an Additive Oxidizing Electronic Air Cleaner on Particles and Gases
Zeng, Y., Laguerre, A., Gall, E. T., Heidarinejad, M., & Stephens, B. (2022) · Pollutants · doi:10.3390/pollutants2020010 · Cited by 8
Measuring aerosols in the operating theatre and beyond using a real‐time sensor network
Hecker, J. G., He, J., Rochlin, R., Brannen, C., Teng, S., Glenn, K., & Novosselov, I. V. (2022) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15842 · Cited by 10
“For safe and efficient use of potentially high-risk environments, such as operating theatres, it is important to understand and quantify how aerosols disperse over time and space [5, 6].”
Background
Using the big data analysis and basic information from lecture Halls to predict air change rate
Hsu, H.-C., Pan, C.-Y., Wu, I.-C., Liu, C.-C., & Zhuang, Z.-Y. (2022) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105817 · Cited by 8
“Under the severe epidemic, indoor ACH needs to be increased to 4 – 6 times [36].”
Background
Airborne transmission: a new paradigm with major implications for infection control and public health
Chen, J., Stevenson, A., Freeman, J., & Jermy, M. (2023) · New Zealand Medical Journal · doi:10.26635/6965.6028 · Cited by 7
Assessing respiratory epidemic potential in French hospitals through collection of close contact data (April–June 2020)
Shirreff, G., Huynh, B.-T., Duval, A., Pereira, L. C., Annane, D., Dinh, A., Lambotte, O., Bulifon, S., Guichardon, M., Beaune, S., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50228-8 · Cited by 7
“Finally, the simulations we have implemented are limited to direct short-range human-to-human transmission and do not take into account for the risk of diffusion via air flows from physically separated individuals within a clinical unit 19,20 .”
Method
Frequent Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission among Non-close Contacts Exposed to COVID-19 Patients
Jung, J., Lee, J., Kim, E.-J., Namgung, S., Kim, Y., Yun, M., Lim, Y., Kim, E. O., Bae, S., Kim, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e233 · Cited by 7
Airborne infection probability in relation of room air distribution: an experimental investigation
Lipczyńska, A., Bivolarova, M. P., Guo, L., Kierat, W., & Melikov, A. K. (2022) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202235605014 · Cited by 7
Effects of portable air cleaners and A/C unit fans on classroom concentrations of particulate matter in a non-urban elementary school
Azevedo, A., Liddie, J. M., Liu, J., Schiff, J. E., Adamkiewicz, G., & Hart, J. E. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278046 · Cited by 7
Associations between indoor air exposures and cognitive test scores among university students in classrooms with increased ventilation rates for COVID-19 risk management
Dedesko, S., Pendleton, J., Young, A. S., Coull, B. A., Spengler, J. D., & Allen, J. G. (2025) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-025-00770-6 · Cited by 7
“In response, several new enhanced ventilation targets were proposed during the emergency phase of the pandemic [28 – 30].”
Self-citation
Ventilation and Infection Control in Healthcare Facilities: A Post-COVID-19 Literature Synthesis
Tak, M. S. N., & Mousavi, E. S. (2025) · Air · doi:10.3390/air3040030 · Cited by 6
“According to [53], filtered air can be measured in equivalent air changes per hour (ACHe) and added to the ACH from the outdoor air.”
Elucidating the role of environmental management of forests, air quality, solid waste and wastewater on the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2
Huraimel, K. A., Alhosani, M., Gopalani, H., Kunhabdulla, S., & Stietiya, M. H. (2022) · Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances · doi:10.1016/j.heha.2022.100006 · Cited by 7
Covid-19 no ambiente de trabalho e suas consequências à saúde dos trabalhadores
Moreira, M. D. F. R., Meirelles, L. C., & Cunha, L. A. M. (2021) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-11042021e208 · Cited by 6
“…rastreamento e quarentena de con-tactantes, desinfecção frequente do local de trabalho (especialmente superfícies de contato excessivo), higiene das mãos, monitoramento ambiental e uso adequado de EPI – encontram apoio nas evidências científicas 40 e recomen-dações da WHO 39 e da ILO 41 .”
Background
Ventilation Methods against Indoor Aerosol Infection of COVID-19 in Japan
Hayashi, M., Yanagi, U., Honma, Y., YAMAMOTO, Y., OGATA, M., Kikuta, K., Kagi, N., & Tanabe, S. (2023) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos14010150 · Cited by 6
Bacteria Filtration Efficiency for Different Types of Protective Face Masks
Linšak, Ž., Ražov, L., Furlan, N., Begić, G., Pavičić Žeželj, S., Crvelin, G., Broznić, D., & Tomić Linšak, D. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13105972 · Cited by 5
Addressing Environmental Health
Berenji, M., Baker, B. A., Saberi, P., McLellan, R. K., Wendland, D., Trangle, K. L., Spaeth, K. R., Green-McKenzie, J., & Fagan, K. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003246 · Cited by 6
“23 26 In addition, studies linking redlining with poorer health outcomes make clear the relationship between the built environment and environmental justice.”
Mathematical modeling of gas-phase mass transfer in hydrous materials for a total heat exchange ventilator
Wang, X., Sotokawa, H., Gomyo, T., Yoo, S., Chung, J., & Ito, K. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112291 · Cited by 5
Single-pass wind tunnel testing for recirculating virus aerosol control technologies
Ouyang, H. X., Qiao, Y., Yang, M., Marabella, I. A., Hogan, C. J., Torremorell, M., & Olson, B. A. (2022) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2022.106045 · Cited by 5
Control measure implications of COVID-19 infection in healthcare facilities reconsidered from human physiological and engineering aspects
Yang, Y., Lin, Y.-J., You, S., Lu, T., Chen, C., Wang, W., & Liao, C. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-24815-7 · Cited by 5
“…Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515006, Taiwan 1 3 mask), there has been limited knowledge in other mitigation measures such as applications of engineering controls (e.g., air supply rate and room volume) on disease transmissions in hospitals or healthcare facilities (Allen and Ibrahim 2021).”
Background
Efficient trapping and destruction of SARS-CoV-2 using PECO-assisted Molekule air purifiers in the laboratory and real-world settings
Acharya, A., Surbaugh, K. L., Thurman, M., Wickramaratne, C., Myers, P. D., Mittal, R., Pandey, K., Klug, E., Stein, S. J., Ravnholdt, A. R., et al. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115487 · Cited by 5
Systematically omitting indoor air quality: sub-standard guidance for shelters, group homes and long-term care in Ontario during the COVID-19 pandemic
Katz, A. S., Li, T., James, L., Siegel, J. A., & O'Campo, P. J. (2023) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2023.2262736 · Cited by 5
“We chose these key words because best practices for reducing airborne transmission of COVID-19 through improvements to indoor air quality include ventilation, filtration, and, in some cases, ultraviolet disinfection (Allen & Ibrahim, 2021; ASHRAE, 2021; Morawska et al., 2020).”
Method
Synergistic Inactivation of Airborne Viruses by Low‐Concentration Ozone With High Humidity and Temperature
Nishimura, H., Sakata, S., Dapat, I. C., Segawa, M., Mizutani, Y. H., Imaizumi, J., Shirato, K., Ohmiya, S., Katsumi, M., & Yokoyama, T. (2025) · Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/1348-0421.13204 · Cited by 5
“Thus, numerous countermeasures have been suggested to reduce airborne transmission, including using face masks [7], increasing ventilation in buildings [8, 9], and using stand ‐ alone air ‐ filtration units [10] to control the number of airborne particles containing the virus.”
How to address SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission to ensure effective protection of healthcare workers? A review of the literature
Romano-Bertrand, S., Carré, Y., Aho, S., & Lepelletier, D. (2021) · Infectious Diseases Now · doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2021.05.005 · Cited by 6
Standard precautions should include ‘safe ventilation’ to minimise far-afield airborne transmission in health and social care settings
Martinot, M. (2022) · Infection Disease & Health · doi:10.1016/j.idh.2022.11.001 · Cited by 6
“Thus, HCWs including ancillary staff should be educated on how to improve ACH when necessary, by implementing standard precautions and procedures, including through opening of windows and controlling airflow to prevent transmission of airborne infections between patients.”
Influential
Airborne influenza virus shedding by patients in health care units: Removal mechanisms affecting virus transmission
Hanna, F., Alameddine, I., Zaraket, H., Alkalamouni, H., & El‐Fadel, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290124 · Cited by 5
Energy-Efficient Strategies for Mitigating Airborne Pathogens in Buildings—Building Stage-Based Sustainable Strategies
Kapoor, N. R., Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Arora, H. C., Kumar, A., & Gaur, S. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16020516 · Cited by 5
Managing infectious aerosols to counter engineered pandemics: Current recommendations and future research
Lerner, A., Mainelis, G., Hallman, W. K., Kipen, H. M., Magalhães, M., Buckley, B., Laurent, J. G. C., & Eyal, N. (2025) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.70054 · Cited by 4
“With a CADR of 300 cubic feet per minute (CFM), a typical PAC can provide 10 eACHs in a 15 × 15 × 8 foot room, while two PACs can provide 10 eACHs in a room twice that size (Allen & Ibrahim, 2021; Myers et al., 2022).”
High technology and low technology measures to reduce risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission
Donskey, C. J. (2023) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2023.03.007 · Cited by 4
Evaluation of Interventions to Improve Ventilation in Households to Reduce Risk for Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Ha, W., Stiefel, M., Gries, J., Cadnum, J. L., Torres-Teran, M. M., Wilson, B. M., & Donskey, C. J. (2022) · Pathogens and Immunity · doi:10.20411/pai.v7i2.553 · Cited by 4
Holistic understanding of ventilation rate in occupational health risk control
Chen, K. (2023) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15087 · Cited by 4
“53,54 It has been established that a substantial reduction in infection risk for a number of differentvirusesisachievedwhentheventilationrateisincreasedfrom 0.5 to 6 ACH.”
BackgroundInfluential
Architectural interventions to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in emergency departments
Hernández-Mejía, G., Scheithauer, S., Blaschke, S., Kucheryava, N., Schwarz, K., Moellmann, J., Tomori, D. V., Bartz, A., Jaeger, V. K., Lange, B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2024.05.019 · Cited by 4

Authors: Allen, J. G., & Ibrahim, A. M.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Allen, Joseph G.
ORCID: Allen, Joseph G.
Ibrahim, Andrew M.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2021-05-25
Volume: 325
Issue: 20
Pages: 2112
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.5053
OpenAlex: W3155295303
Cited by: 208
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 46
FWCI: 28.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › COVID-19 impact on air quality
Keywords: indoor ventilation, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, airborne transmission, air exchange rate, air filtration efficiency, indoor air quality, COVID-19 pandemic, building ventilation
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aerosols, Air Microbiology, Filtration, Housing, Humans, Schools, Time Factors, Ventilation, Air Pollution, Indoor, Air Filters

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Indoor Air Changes and Potential Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks