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Cited by 957Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesBehavioral and Psychological Studies

Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review

Hirota, Tomoya, King, Bryan H.·2023·JAMA
DOI 10.1001/jama.2022.23661
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Abstract

Importance Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors or interests, is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 2.3% children aged 8 years in the US and approximately 2.2% of adults. This review summarizes evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of ASD. Observations The estimated prevalence of ASD has been increasing in the US, from 1.1% in 2008 to 2.3% in 2018, which is likely associated with changes in diagnostic criteria, improved performance of screening and diagnostic tools, and increased public awareness. No biomarkers specific to the diagnosis of ASD have been identified. Common early signs and symptoms of ASD in a child's first 2 years of life include no response to name when called, no or limited use of gestures in communication, and lack of imaginative play. The criterion standard for the diagnosis of ASD is a comprehensive evaluation with a multidisciplinary team of clinicians and is based on semistructured direct observation of the child's behavior and semistructured caregiver interview focused on the individual's development and behaviors using standardized measures, such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition and the Autism Diagnostic Interview. These diagnostic measures have sensitivity of 91% and 80% and specificity of 76% and 72%, respectively. Compared with people without ASD, individuals with ASD have higher rates of depression (20%…

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  • Behavioral interventions such as Applied Behavior Analysis, Early Start Denver Model, and Pivotal Response Training demonstrate efficacy in improving communication, social skills, and adaptive behaviors in ASD.

    “Behavioral interventions remain foundational to ASD treatment, with approaches such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), and Pivotal Response Training (PRT) demonstrating efficacy in improving communication, social skills, and adaptive behaviors [91].”

    From The Impact of Social Media & Technology on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (2025) · cites this paper as [91]

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Authors
Hirota, T., & King, B. H.
Affiliations
University of California, San Francisco (US)
ORCID
Venue
JAMA
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2023-01-10
Volume
329
Issue
2
Pages
157
ISSN
  • 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
  • 0098-7484
DOI
10.1001/jama.2022.23661
OpenAlex
W4315436281
Cited by
957
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 312 · 2025: 356 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 1
FWCI
35.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • JAMA (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, autism screening, early signs and symptoms, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, epilepsy, behavioral interventions, Early Start Denver Model, pharmacotherapy, risperidone, aripiprazole, psychostimulants, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, adverse drug reactions, social communication
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Humans, Irritable Mood, United States

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