Psychosocial treatments targeting anxiety and depression in adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum: review of the latest research and recommended future directions

White, Susan W.; Simmons, Grace Lee; Gotham, Katherine O.; Conner, Caitlin M.; Smith, Isaac C.; Beck, Kelly B.; Mazefsky, Carla A.

doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0949-0

Cited by 157Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and Assessments

Psychosocial treatments targeting anxiety and depression in adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum: review of the latest research and recommended future directions

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White, Susan W., Simmons, Grace Lee, Gotham, Katherine O., Conner, Caitlin M., Smith, Isaac C., Beck, Kelly B., Mazefsky, Carla A.·2018·Current Psychiatry Reports

DOI 10.1007/s11920-018-0949-0PMC PMC6421847

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Abstract

Purpose of review This synthesis of treatment research related to anxiety and depression in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) focuses on the scientific support for various forms of psychosocial interventions, useful adaptations to standard interventions, and engagement of candidate therapeutic mechanisms.Recent findings There is considerable evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to treat co-occurring problems with anxiety, but there has been relatively little research on treatment of co-occurring depression. Multiple mechanisms of treatment effect have been proposed, but there has been little demonstration of target engagement via experimental therapeutics. Comorbidity between ASD and anxiety and/or mood problems is common. Although there is evidence for the use of CBT for anxiety, little work has addressed how to effectively treat depression. There is emerging support for alternative treatment approaches, such as mindfulness-based interventions. We encourage rigorous, collaborative approaches to identify and manipulate putative mechanisms of change.

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The factors affecting mental health problems are complex and multifaceted, with many unrelated to parenting behavior or parent mental health, and require more direct management to result in improvement.
“The factors affecting mental health problems are complex and multifaceted, with many unrelated to parenting behavior or parent mental health, and require more direct management to result in improvement (White et al., 2018).”
From Parent, child, and family outcomes following Acceptance And Commitment Therapy for parents of autistic children: A randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as White et al., 2018
The Conclusions (page unavailable) say that anxiety and depression in adolescents and adults with ASD warrant targeted treatment, and ‘Identifying and Engaging Common Factors’ discusses several potential mechanisms. The paper does not establish that many factors are unrelated to parenting behavior or parent mental health, nor that direct management is required for improvement. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
CBT and MBT have been the most widely studied mental health interventions in autism.
“Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) have been the most widely studied mental health interventions in autism (Benevides, Shore, Andresen, et al., 2020;Spain et al., 2015;White et al., 2018).”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as White et al., 2018
The Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy section reports more than 10 randomized trials of adapted CBT for anxiety in autism, supporting CBT as extensively studied. The Mindfulness and Non-CBT Psychosocial Approaches section describes mindfulness-based intervention research as preliminary and identifies only one randomized trial in autistic adults. It does not establish that mindfulness-based therapy is among the most widely studied mental health interventions in autism. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Emerging evidence suggests that mindfulness-based interventions may enhance stress regulation and coping with stress in autistic adults.
“Emerging evidence suggests that mindfulness-based interventions may enhance stress regulation and coping with stress in autistic adults (Hourston & Atchley, 2017; White et al., 2018).”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction for autistic adults: A feasibility study in an outpatient context. (2024) · cites this paper as White et al., 2018
In “Mindfulness and Non-CBT Psychosocial Approaches” (page unavailable), the review describes preliminary evidence for mindfulness-based interventions in autistic adults and identifies improved emotion regulation as a potential mechanism. It reports reduced anxiety and depression and preliminary efficacy for an intervention targeting emotion dysregulation, but does not report a specific improvement in stress regulation or coping with stress. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A small number of studies have investigated mindfulness-based interventions for autistic adults with preliminary results indicating improved well-being and quality of life.
“A small number of studies have investigated mindfulness-based interventions for autistic adults with preliminary results indicating improved well-being and quality of life (Cachia et al., 2016; Hourston & Atchley, 2017; White et al., 2018).”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction for autistic adults: A feasibility study in an outpatient context. (2024) · cites this paper as White et al., 2018
The “Mindfulness and Non-CBT Psychosocial Approaches” section describes a small number of studies in autistic adults and reports preliminary reductions in anxiety and depression following mindfulness-based interventions. It does not report improved quality of life as an intervention outcome; its discussion of quality of life in the Introduction concerns the impact of anxiety and depression, not the results of mindfulness treatment. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Needs and preferences among autistic adults include the utilization of written communication, elimination of metaphors from treatment materials, reduction of sensory overload as well as a stronger focus on behavioral rather than cognitive mechanisms within the intervention.
“Needs and preferences among autistic adults include the utilization of written communication, elimination of metaphors from treatment materials, reduction of sensory overload as well as a stronger focus on behavioral rather than cognitive mechanisms within the intervention (Hourston & Atchley, 2017; Nicolaidis et al., 2015; White et al., 2018).”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction for autistic adults: A feasibility study in an outpatient context. (2024) · cites this paper as White et al., 2018
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The experiential learning incorporated in MBSR, focusing on adaptive coping skills rather than the more cognitive focus of classical CBT, together with described adjustments in delivery may have contributed to the perceived treatment credibility.
“The experiential learning incorporated in MBSR, focusing on adaptive coping skills rather than the more cognitive focus of classical CBT (White et al., 2018), together with described adjustments in delivery may have contributed to the perceived treatment credibility.”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction for autistic adults: A feasibility study in an outpatient context. (2024) · cites this paper as White et al., 2018
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Metformin has been shown to limit weight gain from risperidone and aripiprazole, possibly broadening their safe use.
“The anti-diabetes drug metformin has been shown to limit weight gain from these medications, possibly broadening their safe use 203 .”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [203]
The ‘Mindfulness and Non-CBT Psychosocial Approaches’ section discusses psychotropic medication use in people with ASD, but not metformin or medication-related weight gain. Searches for metformin, risperidone, aripiprazole, and antipsychotic weight gain found no passage addressing the claimed effect or its possible implications for safe use. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Few randomized controlled trials have investigated the effectiveness of interventions for anxiety in autistic adults, although some trials report reduction in anxiety after Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based therapies.
“Few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the effectiveness of interventions for anxiety in autistic adults, although some trials report reduction in anxiety after Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based therapies [11,12].”
From Interoceptive training to target anxiety in autistic adults (ADIE): A single-center, superiority randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [11]

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Smith, I. C., Ollendick, T. H., & White, S. W. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.03.001 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citation
Changes in Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents with ASD Completing the PEERS® Social Skills Intervention
Schiltz, H. K., McVey, A. J., Dolan, B. K., Willar, K. S., Pleiss, S. S., Karst, J. S., Carson, A. M., Caiozzo, C. N., Vogt, E. M., Yund, B. D., et al. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3396-6 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Autism and Mind–Body Therapies: A Systematic Review
Hourston, S., & Atchley, R. (2017) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0336 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Desire for social interaction in children with autism spectrum disorders
Deckers, A., Roelofs, J., Muris, P., & Rinck, M. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.12.019 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Approach and avoidant emotion regulation prevent depressive symptoms in children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rieffe, C. J., de Bruine, M., de Rooij, M., & Stockmann, L. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Priorities for Advancing Research on Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-occurring Anxiety
Vasa, R. A., Keefer, A. J., Reaven, J., South, M., & White, S. W. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3320-0 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Depression symptom dimensions and asymmetrical frontal cortical activity while anticipating reward
Nelson, B. D., Kessel, E. M., Klein, D. N., & Shankman, S. A. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12892 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Defining behavioral components of social functioning in adults with autism spectrum disorder as targets for treatment
Pallathra, A. A., Calkins, M. E., Parish‐Morris, J., Maddox, B. B., Perez, L. S., Miller, J. S., Gur, R. C., Mandell, D. S., Schultz, R. T., & Brodkin, E. S. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1910 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Differences in the Prevalence, Severity and Symptom Profiles of Depression in Boys and Adolescents with an Autism Spectrum Disorder versus Normally Developing Controls
Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. F. (2015) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2014.998179 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Brief Report: Does Gender Matter in Intervention for ASD? Examining the Impact of the PEERS® Social Skills Intervention on Social Behavior Among Females with ASD
McVey, A. J., Schiltz, H. K., Haendel, A. D., Dolan, B. K., Willar, K. S., Pleiss, S. S., Karst, J. S., Carson, A. M., Caiozzo, C. N., Vogt, E. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3121-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Attentional Bias and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Hollocks, M. J., Ozsivadjian, A., Matthews, C. E., Howlin, P., & Simonoff, E. A. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1285 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Development of novel behavioral interventions in an experimental therapeutics world: Challenges, and directions for the future
Lewandowski, K. E., Öngür, D., & Keshavan, M. S. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.010 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
My Mind is a Web Browser: How People with Autism Think
Grandin, T. (2000) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Pupil response to social-emotional material is associated with rumination and depressive symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Gotham, K. O., Siegle, G. J., Han, G. T., Tomarken, A. J., Crist, R. N., Simon, D. M., & Bodfish, J. W. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200340 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Treatment utilization by adults with autism and co-occurring anxiety or depression
Maddox, B. B., Kang‐Yi, C. D., Brodkin, E. S., & Mandell, D. S. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.03.009 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Wanting it Too Much: An Inverse Relation Between Social Motivation and Facial Emotion Recognition in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Garman, H. D., Spaulding, C. J., Webb, S. J., Mikami, A. Y., Morris, J. P., & Lerner, M. D. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0620-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hooked on a Feeling: Repetitive Cognition and Internalizing Symptomatology in Relation to Autism Spectrum Symptomatology
Keenan, E., Gotham, K., & Lerner, M. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317709603 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adults with Autism and Adults with Depression Show Similar Attentional Biases to Social-Affective Images
Unruh, K. E., Bodfish, J. W., & Gotham, K. O. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3627-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effectiveness of self-management interventions for children with autism—A literature review
Aljadeff‐Abergel, E., Schenk, Y. A., Walmsley, C., Peterson, S. M. P., Frieder, J. E., & Acker, N. S. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.07.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Complex Psychiatric Comorbidity of Treatment-Seeking Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Anxiety Symptoms
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Psychotropic Medication Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Parent Views About Medication Use and Healthcare Services
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A Mindfulness Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hwang, Y., & Kearney, P. (2015) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18962-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Protocol for a Systematic Review: Interventions for Anxiety in School‐Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Mixed‐Methods Systematic Review
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Emotion Regulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Cultivating Mind: Mindfulness Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Problem Behaviours, and Their Mothers
Hwang, Y.-S., Kearney, P., Klieve, H., Lang, W., & Roberts, J. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0114-x

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Han G, Gotham K. Social reward profiles and their relation to loneliness and depressed mood in adults with autism spectrum disorder. (under review).

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Autism spectrum disorder
Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., Jones, E. J. H., Jones, R. M., Pickles, A., State, M. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4 · Cited by 1,859 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review
Hirota, T., & King, B. H. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.23661 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism
Lord, C., Charman, T., Havdahl, A., Carbone, P., Anagnostou, E., Boyd, B., Carr, T., de Vries, P. J., Dissanayake, C., Divan, G., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
“I wouldn’t know where to start”: Perspectives from clinicians, agency leaders, and autistic adults on improving community mental health services for autistic adults
Maddox, B. B., Crabbe, S., Beidas, R. S., Brookman-Frazee, L., Cannuscio, C. C., Miller, J. S., Nicolaidis, C., & Mandell, D. S. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319882227 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
ESCAP practice guidance for autism: a summary of evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment
Fuentes, J., Amaia Hervas, G., Howlin, P., & Party), (. A. W. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01587-4 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
A systematic review of the perceived barriers and facilitators to accessing psychological treatment for mental health problems in individuals on the autism spectrum
Adams, D., & Young, K. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00226-7 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Interoceptive training to target anxiety in autistic adults (ADIE): A single-center, superiority randomized controlled trial
Quadt, L., Garfinkel, S. N., Mulcahy, J. S., Larsson, D. E., Silva, M., Jones, A.-M., Strauss, C., & Critchley, H. D. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101042 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
'We have to try to find a way, a clinical bridge' – autistic adults’ experience of accessing and receiving support for mental health difficulties: a systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis
Brede, J., Cage, E., Trott, J., Palmer, L., Smith, A., Serpell, L., Mandy, W., & Russell, A. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102131 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
How do core autism traits and associated symptoms relate to quality of life? Findings from the Longitudinal European Autism Project
Oakley, B. F., Tillmann, J., Ahmad, J., Crawley, D., San José Cáceres, A., Holt, R., Charman, T., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Simonoff, E., et al. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320959959 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“…therapy (CBT) is the most widely supported intervention approach for managing anxiety symptoms in autism (Kreslins et al., 2015; Sukhodolsky et al., 2013; White et al., 2018), improvements in QoL following CBT are not consistently identified (Flygare et al., 2020; van Steensel & Bogels, 2015).”
Background
Alexithymia in autism: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with social-communication difficulties, anxiety and depression symptoms
Oakley, B. F. M., Jones, E. J. H., Crawley, D., Charman, T., Buitelaar, J., Tillmann, J., Murphy, D. G., Loth, E., & The EU-AIMS LEAP Group (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003244 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Improving Transition to Adulthood for Students with Autism: A Randomized Controlled Trial of STEPS
White, S., Smith, I. C., Miyazaki, Y., Conner, C. M., Elias, R., & Capriola-Hall, N. N. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1669157 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anxiety in young people with autism spectrum disorder: Common and autism-related anxiety experiences and their associations with individual characteristics
Lau, B. Y., Leong, R., Uljarevic, M., Lerh, J. W., Rodgers, J., Hollocks, M. J., South, M., McConachie, H., Ozsivadjian, A., Van Hecke, A., et al. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319886246 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Benefits and harms of interventions to improve anxiety, depression, and other mental health outcomes for autistic people: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Linden, A., Best, L., Elise, F., Roberts, D., Branagan, A., Tay, Y. B. E., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Davidson, B., Davidson, I., et al. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221117931 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mental health challenges faced by autistic people
Lai, M. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01718-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Serious Games in Alleviating Anxiety: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Abd-Alrazaq, A. A., Alajlani, M., Alhuwail, D., Schneider, J., Akhu‐Zaheya, L., Ahmed, A., & Househ, M. S. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/29137 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A cross-sectional study: family communication, anxiety, and depression in adolescents: the mediating role of family violence and problematic internet use
Huang, X.-C., Zhang, Y.-N., Wu, X., Jiang, Y., Cai, H., Deng, Y.-Q., Luo, Y., Zhao, L., Liu, Q.-L., Luo, S.-Y., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16637-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Autism and Mind–Body Therapies: A Systematic Review
Hourston, S., & Atchley, R. (2017) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0336 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Autism and mood disorders
Oakley, B. F. M., Loth, E., & Murphy, D. (2021) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2021.1872506 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Factors Influencing the Use of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Autistic Adults: A Survey of Community Mental Health Clinicians
Maddox, B., Crabbe, S. R., Fishman, J., Beidas, R., Brookman-Frazee, L., Miller, J. S., Nicolaidis, C., & Mandell, D. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04156-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mental Health Services for Autistic Individuals Across the Lifespan: Recent Advances and Current Gaps
Maddox, B. B., Dickson, K. S., Stadnick, N. A., Mandell, D. S., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01278-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Building Skills, Confidence, and Wellness: Psychosocial Effects of Soft Skills Training for Young Adults with Autism
Connor, A., Sung, C. Y. Y., Strain, A., Zeng, S., & Fabrizi, S. E. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03962-w · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The feasibility of low-intensity psychological therapy for depression co-occurring with autism in adults: The Autism Depression Trial (ADEPT) – a pilot randomised controlled trial
Russell, A., Gaunt, D. M., Cooper, K., Barton, S., Horwood, J., Kessler, D., Metcalfe, C., Ensum, I., Ingham, B., Parr, J. R., et al. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319889272 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Influence of Long Working Hours, Occupational Stress, and Well-Being on Depression Among Couriers in Zhejiang, China
Hong, Y., Zhang, Y., Xue, P., Fang, X., Zhou, L., Wei, F., Lou, X., & Zou, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.928928 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sensory Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty Influence Anxiety in Autistic Adults
Normansell-Mossa, K. M., Top, D. N., Russell, N., Freeston, M., Rodgers, J., & South, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731753 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mental Health Clinicians’ Screening and Intervention Practices to Reduce Suicide Risk in Autistic Adolescents and Adults
Jager‐Hyman, S., Maddox, B. B., Crabbe, S. R., & Mandell, D. S. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04441-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A pilot study of dialectical behaviour therapy skills training for autistic adults
Ritschel, L., Guy, L., & Maddox, B. (2021) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465821000370 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Practitioner Review: Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder – the importance of depression
Thapar, A., Livingston, L. A., Eyre, O., & Riglin, L. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13678 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan
Tafolla, M., Singer, H., & Lord, C. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-031110 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Parent, child, and family outcomes following Acceptance And Commitment Therapy for parents of autistic children: A randomized controlled trial
Maughan, A. L., Lunsky, Y., Lake, J., Mills, J. S., Fung, K., Steel, L., & Weiss, J. A. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231172241 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“The factors affecting mental health problems are complex and multifaceted, with many unrelated to parenting behavior or parent mental health, and require more direct management to result in improvement (White et al., 2018).”
Background
Women seeking an autism diagnosis in Australia: A qualitative exploration of factors that help and hinder
Murphy, S., Flower, R. L., & Jellett, R. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221117911 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Anxiety and Depression Reduction as Distal Outcomes of a College Transition Readiness Program for Adults with Autism
Capriola-Hall, N. N., Brewe, A. M., Golt, J., & White, S. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04549-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rethinking psychological interventions in autism: Toward a neurodiversity‐affirming approach.
Graf‐Kurtulus, S., & Gelo, O. C. G. (2025) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12874 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences
Mazurek, M. O., Pappagianopoulos, J., Brunt, S., Sadikova, E., Nevill, R., Menezes, M., & Harkins, C. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2835 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sluggish cognitive tempo: an examination of clinical correlates for adults with autism
Brewe, A. M., Simmons, G. L., Capriola-Hall, N. N., & White, S. W. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319900422 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Measuring Integrated Novel Dimensions in Neurodevelopmental and Stress-Related Mental Disorders (MIND-SET): Protocol for a Cross-sectional Comorbidity Study From a Research Domain Criteria Perspective
van Eijndhoven, P., Collard, R. M., Vrijsen, J. N., Geurts, D. E. M., Vásquez, A. A., Schellekens, A., van den Munckhof, E., Brolsma, S. C. A., Duyser, F. A., Bergman, M. A., et al. (2021) · JMIRx Med · doi:10.2196/31269 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Correction to: A Systematic Review of Mental Health Interventions for ASD: Characterizing Interventions, Intervention Adaptations, and Implementation Outcomes
Dickson, K. S., Lind, T., Jobin, A., Kinnear, M., Lok, H., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2021) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01144-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Mental Health Interventions for ASD: Characterizing Interventions, Intervention Adaptations, and Implementation Outcomes
Dickson, K. S., Lind, T., Jobin, A., Kinnear, M., Lok, H., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2021) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01133-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Prevention in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Lifelong Focused Approach
Francis, K., Karantanos, G., Al-Ozairi, A., & AlKhadhari, S. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020151 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Job loss predicts worsening depressive symptoms for young adults with autism: A COVID ‐19 natural experiment
Taylor, J. L., Adams, R. E., Pezzimenti, F., Zheng, S., & Bishop, S. L. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2621 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Improving Social Anxiety and Social Responsiveness in Autism Spectrum Disorder through PEERS®
Factor, R. S., Moody, C. T., Sung, K. Y., & Laugeson, E. A. (2022) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2021.2013138 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Treating anxiety in autistic adults: study protocol for the Personalised Anxiety Treatment–Autism (PAT-A©) pilot randomised controlled feasibility trial
Parr, J. R., Brice, S., Welsh, P., Ingham, B., Le Couteur, A., Evans, G., Monaco, A., Freeston, M., & Rodgers, J. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4161-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Toward Actionable Practice Parameters for “Dual Diagnosis”: Principles of Assessment and Management for Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Intellectual/Developmental Disability
Constantino, J. N., Strom, S., Bunis, M., Nadler, C. B., Rodgers, T. A., LePage, J., Cahalan, C., Stockreef, A., Evans, L., Jones, R., et al. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-1127-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Predictors of Satisfaction with Autism Treatment Services During COVID-19
Ferguson, E. F., Jimenez-Muñoz, M., Feerst, H., & Vernon, T. W. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05232-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Anxiety in adults with autism: Perspectives from practitioners
Ainsworth, K., Robertson, A. E., Welsh, H., Day, M., Watt, J., Barry, F., Stanfield, A., & Melville, C. (2020) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101457 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Treatment of anxiety in autistic adults: A systematic review
Menezes, M., Harkins, C., Robinson, M. F., Pappagianopoulos, J., Cross, R., Vasa, R. A., & Mazurek, M. O. (2022) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102068 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The World’s Really Not Set Up for the Neurodivergent Person”: Understanding Emotion Dysregulation from the Perspective of Autistic Adults
Beck, K. B., MacKenzie, K. T., Kumar, T., Breitenfeldt, K. E., Chang, J. C., Conner, C. M., Mandell, D. L., White, S. W., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2024) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0214 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mental Health Professionals’ Experiences of Adapting Mental Health Interventions for Autistic Adults: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis
Moore, L., Larkin, F., & Foley, S. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06006-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Depression and Employment Outcomes in Autistic Adults: A Systematic Review
Schwartzman, J. M., & Corbett, B. A. (2022) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-022-00331-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Health conditions in autism: Defining the trajectory from adolescence to early adulthood
Malow, B. A., Qian, Y., Ames, J., Alexeeff, S., & Croen, L. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2960 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Change in Behavioral Activation: Adapting Depression Treatment for Autistic People
Bal, V. H., Wilkinson, E., Glascock, V., Hastings, R. P., & Jahoda, A. (2023) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.03.006 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Psilocybin mitigates the cognitive deficits observed in a rat model of Fragile X syndrome
Buzzelli, V., Carbone, E., Manduca, A., Schiavi, S., Feo, A., Perederiy, J. V., Ambert, K. H., Hausman, M., & Trezza, V. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06286-3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Emotion dysregulation and cigarette dependence, perceptions of quitting, and problems during quit attempts among Spanish-speaking Latinx adult smokers
Zvolensky, M. J., Shepherd, J. M., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., & Peraza, N. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.002 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Effects of a 16-Week School-Based Exercise Program on Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Carey, M., Sheehan, D., Healy, S., Knott, F. J., & Kinsella, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095471 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Facilitators and barriers in psychotherapy from the perspective of autistic adults: an enhanced critical incident study
Jubenville, T. M., Nicholas, D. B., Weiss, J. A., & Cairns, S. L. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2023.2278858 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Therapeutic Riding or Mindfulness: Comparative Effectiveness of Two Recreational Therapy Interventions for Adolescents with Autism
Kemeny, B., Burk, S. V., Hutchins, D., & Gramlich, C. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05136-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Depression in young autistic people: A scoping review
Kim, S. Y., & Lecavalier, L. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101841 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Exploring Early Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnostic Approaches in Young Children
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Authors: White, S. W., Simmons, G. L., Gotham, K. O., Conner, C. M., Smith, I. C., Beck, K. B., & Mazefsky, C. A.
Affiliations: University of Alabama (US)
Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author: White, Susan W.
ORCID: White, Susan W.
Simmons, Grace Lee
Gotham, Katherine O.
Conner, Caitlin M.
Beck, Kelly B.
Mazefsky, Carla A.
Venue: Current Psychiatry Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-08-28
Volume: 20
Issue: 10
Pages: 82-82
ISSN: 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
1535-1645
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0949-0
PMC: PMC6421847
OpenAlex: W2889399987
Cited by: 157
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 1.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH113576, K01MH103500)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD079512)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, psychosocial interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy, comorbidities, adolescents, adults, mindfulness-based interventions, mechanisms of change, treatment adaptation
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness

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Psychosocial treatments targeting anxiety and depression in adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum: review of the latest research and recommended future directions

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