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Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [ 18 F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Positron emission tomography (PET) may increase the diagnostic accuracy and confirm the underlying neuropathologic changes of Alzheimer disease (AD). Objective: To determine the accuracy of antemortem [ 18 F]flortaucipir PET images for predicting the presence of AD-type tau pathology at autopsy. Design, Setting, and Participants: This diagnostic study (A16 primary cohort) was conducted from October 2015 to June 2018 at 28 study sites (27 in US sites and 1 in Australia). Individuals with a terminal illness who were older than 50 years and had a projected life expectancy of less than 6 months were enrolled. All participants underwent [ 18 F]flortaucipir PET imaging, and scans were interpreted by 5 independent nuclear medicine physicians or radiologists. Supplemental autopsy [ 18 F]flortaucipir images and pathological samples were also collected from 16 historically collected cases. A second study (FR01 validation study) was conducted from March 26 to April 26, 2019, in which 5 new readers assessed the original PET images for comparison to autopsy. Main Outcomes and Measures: [ 18 F]flortaucipir PET images were visually assessed and compared with immunohistochemical tau pathology. An AD tau pattern of flortaucipir retention was assessed for correspondence with a postmortem B3-level (Braak stage V or VI) pathological pattern of tau accumulation and to the presence of amyloid-β plaques sufficient to meet the criteria for high levels of AD neuropathological change. Success was defined as having at least 3 of the 5 readers above the lower bounds of the 95% CI for both sensitivity and specificity of 50% or greater. Results: A total of 156 patients were enrolled in the A16 study and underwent [ 18 F]flortaucipir PET imaging. Of these, 73 died during the study, and valid autopsies were performed for 67 of these patients. Three autopsies were evaluated as test cases and removed from the primary cohort (n = 64). Of the 64 primary cohort patients, 34 (53%) were women and 62 (97%) were white; mean (SD) age was 82.5 (9.6) years; and 49 (77%) had dementia, 1 (2%) had mild cognitive impairment, and 14 (22%) had normal cognition. Prespecified success criteria were met for the A16 primary cohort. The flortaucipir PET scans predicted a B3 level of tau pathology, with sensitivity ranging from 92.3% (95% CI, 79.7%-97.3%) to 100.0% (95% CI, 91.0%-100.0%) and specificity ranging from 52.0% (95% CI, 33.5%-70.0%) to 92.0% (95% CI, 75.0%-97.8%). A high level of AD neuropathological change was predicted with sensitivity of 94.7% (95% CI, 82.7%-98.5%) to 100.0% (95% CI, 90.8%-100.0%) and specificity of 50.0% (95% CI, 32.1%-67.9%) to 92.3% (95% CI, 75.9%-97.9%). The FR01 validation study also met prespecified success criteria. Addition of the supplemental autopsy data set and 3 test cases, which comprised a total of 82 patients and autopsies for both the A16 and FR01 studies, resulted in improved specificity and comparable overall accuracy. Among the 156 enrolled participants, 14 (9%) experienced at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event. Conclusions and Relevance: This study’s findings suggest that PET imaging with [ 18 F]flortaucipir could be used to identify the density and distribution of AD-type tau pathology and the presence of high levels of AD neuropathological change, supporting a neuropathological diagnosis of AD.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a prospective autopsy-validated diagnostic study, [18F]flortaucipir PET visual reads detected B3-level tau neurofibrillary tangles and high Alzheimer disease neuropathologic change with high sensitivity and moderate-to-high specificity. A second independent reader validation study confirmed the findings, and quantitative SUVR analysis also showed high specificity.
Key findings
In the A16 primary cohort (n = 64), flortaucipir PET met prespecified success criteria for detecting B3 NFT score: sensitivity ranged from 92.3% (95% CI, 79.7%-97.3%) to 100.0% (95% CI, 91.0%-100.0%) and specificity from 52.0% (95% CI, 33.5%-70.0%) to 92.0% (95% CI, 75.0%-97.8%) across 5 readers; majority read sensitivity was 92.3% and specificity 80.0%. For high ADNC, sensitivity ranged from 94.7% (95% CI, 82.7%-98.5%) to 100.0% (95% CI, 90.8%-100.0%) and specificity from 50.0% (95% CI, 32.1%-67.9%) to 92.3% (95% CI, 75.9%-97.9%); majority read sensitivity was 94.7% and specificity 80.8%.
- In the full autopsy data set (n = 82), B3 sensitivity ranged from 89.1% (95% CI, 77.0%-95.3%) to 93.5% (95% CI, 82.5%-97.8%) and specificity from 66.7% (95% CI, 50.3%-79.8%) to 94.4% (95% CI, 81.9%-98.5%); high ADNC sensitivity ranged from 95.1% (95% CI, 83.9%-98.7%) to 97.6% (95% CI, 87.4%-99.6%) and specificity from 65.9% (95% CI, 50.5%-78.4%) to 90.2% (95% CI, 77.5%-96.1%). Majority read results were B3 sensitivity 89.1% and specificity 86.1%, and high ADNC sensitivity 95.1% and specificity 82.9%.
- The FR01 validation study also met prespecified success criteria. Interrater reliability was high: A16 all read scans (n = 105) showed 89.9% agreement (Fleiss κ, 0.80; P < .001), A16 primary cohort scans (n = 64) showed 88.4% agreement (Fleiss κ, 0.74; P < .001), and FR01 (n = 82) had Fleiss κ 0.82 (P < .001).
- Quantitative SUVR analysis in 60 of 67 scans meeting quality criteria established an optimal cut point greater than 1.113, yielding sensitivity of 84.2% for B3 NFT score and 86.5% for high ADNC, with 100% specificity for both. Safety: 14 of 156 enrolled participants (9%) had at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event; agitation (n = 3) and headache (n = 2) were most common, and 3 participants (2%) had serious adverse events within 48 hours, including 2 deaths reported as not associated with study drug or procedure.
Methods
This multicenter diagnostic study (A16 primary cohort; NCT02516046) enrolled participants older than 50 years with terminal illness and projected life expectancy less than 6 months, ranging from clinically normal cognition to dementia, at 28 sites (27 US, 1 Australia) from October 2015 through June 2018. The A16 primary cohort included 64 participants with valid evaluable flortaucipir images and autopsy; the full autopsy data set included 82 cases (64 primary cohort, 2 evaluable test cases, 16 supplemental historically collected autopsy cases), and a separate FR01 validation study (NCT03901092) reinterpreted 82 images.
- PET imaging was acquired for 20 minutes (4 × 5-minute frames) beginning approximately 80 minutes after intravenous 370 (±10%) MBq [18F]flortaucipir; scans were visually rated by 5 blinded nuclear medicine physicians or radiologists as negative, moderate, or advanced AD tau pattern, and quantitative SUVRs used a PERSI white matter reference region and a weighted neocortical target.
- Neuropathological assessment was performed by 2 blinded authors using NIA–AA guidelines, with AT8 immunohistochemistry for Braak NFT staging and 6E10 for amyloid plaque; primary comparisons were flortaucipir PET classification against B3 NFT score (Braak V-VI) and high ADNC level. Analyses calculated sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive values, and likelihood ratios per reader and for majority read, with Wilson 95% CIs, Fleiss and simple κ statistics, and ROC analysis for the SUVR cut point.
Limitations
The paper states that the A16 cohort was older than typical symptomatic AD trial populations, had more advanced clinical disease with only 1 case of mild cognitive impairment, and lacked racial/ethnic diversity; visual reads showed best accuracy for the most advanced NFT tau load and ADNC, and earlier AD stages may meet intermediate pathological criteria or have neuritic plaque without substantial tau. The paper also states that up to 2 of 5 readers did not meet statistical specificity criteria for primary outcomes, largely from overcalling small noncontiguous temporal lobe activity, and that read errors may relate to imprecise cerebellar reference region drawing; subcortical [18F]flortaucipir retention appeared to represent off-target binding of unknown source.
- The paper states that larger sample sizes are needed to confirm high specificity for distinguishing AD from non-AD tau pathologies.
- Evident from the text: the primary cohort lacked structural imaging and used PET-to-PET registration; the full autopsy data set combined primary, test-case, and historically collected supplemental cases, and cognitively normal participants could remain eligible for autopsy regardless of time from scan to autopsy, which may introduce heterogeneity.
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Statistics
Figures
![Figure 1. Positron Emission Tomography With [18F]flortaucipir Visual Read Categories and Comparative Histologic Structure Three cases representing the 3 levels of visual reads and corresponding histologic sections from the superior or middle temporal (sup/middle temp) gyrus (Braak region of interest [ROI] 7) and middle frontal gyrus (Braak ROI 6) stained for neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) with AT8 antibodies and for amyloid plaque with 6E10 antibodies. Images presented in a blue-green-red-yellow color scale, with cortical counts scaled to 1.65 × the mean cerebellar counts (eAppendix in the Supplement). A indicates anterior; AD, Alzheimer disease; L, left; P, posterior; R, right.](/paper-figures/f08302203af2455d92c524ed6dbf06ae/positron-emission-tomography-imaging-with-sup-18-sup-f-flortaucipir-and-figure-1.jpg)
Verification
Claims the paper makes
40 Own result · 27 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 4 No basis given · 2 Supported · 2 Supported so far
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Flortaucipir is being developed as a PET tracer for detection of the aggregated tau of AD.19,21,22,23,24”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Chien DT, Bahri S, Szardenings AK,. Early clinical PET imaging results with the novel PHF-tau radioligand [F-18]-T807. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013; 34(2): 457- 468. doi: 10.3233/JAD-122059 23234879 source
- Not matchedcites [21] Pontecorvo MJ, Fleisher AS, Devous MD,. Baseline tau accumulation, as evidenced by visual interpretation of flortaucipir PET, and longitudinal cognitive change in three trials with MCI and AD dementia subjects. Paper presented at: 14th International Conference on Alzheimer’s & Parkinson’s Diseases; March 27, 2019; Lisbon, Portugal.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [22] Southekal S, Devous MD Sr, Kennedy I,. Flortaucipir F 18 quantitation using parametric estimation of reference signal intensity. J Nucl Med. 2018; 59(6): 944- 951. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.117.200006 29191858 source
The Abstract describes flortaucipir F 18 PET imaging in people with Alzheimer disease and frames it as imaging tau pathology. It also discusses measuring changes in tau burden, supporting the claim that flortaucipir is being developed to detect Alzheimer-related tau. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [23] Pontecorvo MJ, Devous MD Sr, Navitsky M,; 18F-AV-1451-A05 investigators. Relationships between flortaucipir PET tau binding and amyloid burden, clinical diagnosis, age and cognition. Brain. 2017; 140(3): 748- 763. doi: 10.1093/brain/aww334 28077397 PMC5382945 source
The Introduction describes flortaucipir as a potential PET tracer for detecting tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. The Discussion states that it is designed to assess aggregated tau in living patients. These passages support the claim that it is being developed for that purpose. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [24] Devous MD Sr, Joshi AD, Navitsky M,. Test-retest reproducibility for the tau PET imaging agent flortaucipir F 18. J Nucl Med. 2018; 59(6): 937- 943. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.117.200691 29284675 source
The Discussion describes flortaucipir F 18 as a PET radiopharmaceutical designed to image tau neuropathology. The Abstract identifies Alzheimer disease as a tauopathy and says flortaucipir is a tracer for tau neurofibrillary tangles, supporting the attributed purpose. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Positron emission tomography (PET) ligands have been shown to provide a minimally invasive estimate of the neuropathological features of AD, such as Aβ neuritic plaque deposition.15,16,17,18”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] Wong DF, Rosenberg PB, Zhou Y,. In vivo imaging of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease using the radioligand 18F-AV-45 (florbetapir [corrected] F 18). J Nucl Med. 2010; 51(6): 913- 920. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.109.069088 20501908 PMC3101877 source
The Introduction (page not specified) describes PET tracers as noninvasive markers that bind aggregated Aβ in amyloid plaques and can assess relative brain amyloid pathology. The Results (page not specified) report greater cortical tracer uptake in patients with Alzheimer disease than in healthy controls, supporting the claim that PET ligands provide an estimate of this pathological feature. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [16] Clark CM, Pontecorvo MJ, Beach TG,; AV-45-A16 Study Group. Cerebral PET with florbetapir compared with neuropathology at autopsy for detection of neuritic amyloid-β plaques: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2012; 11(8): 669- 678. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70142-4 22749065 source
- Supportedcites [17] Curtis C, Gamez JE, Singh U,. Phase 3 trial of flutemetamol labeled with radioactive fluorine 18 imaging and neuritic plaque density. JAMA Neurol. 2015; 72(3): 287- 294. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4144 25622185 source
The Abstract reports that PET imaging with flutemetamol detected brain β-amyloid in vivo and was assessed against neuritic plaque levels determined at autopsy. It reports high sensitivity and specificity in the study’s end-of-life population, supporting the claim that a PET ligand can provide an in-vivo estimate of this neuropathological feature. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [18] Sabri O, Sabbagh MN, Seibyl J,; Florbetaben Phase 3 Study Group. Florbetaben PET imaging to detect amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer’s disease: phase 3 study. Alzheimers Dement. 2015; 11(8): 964- 974. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.02.004 25824567 source
The Additional information section reports high diagnostic efficacy for florbetaben PET in detecting neuritic plaques and confirms its efficacy for in vivo detection of β-amyloid deposits. The study compared PET findings with post-mortem histopathology, supporting the description of PET as a minimally invasive estimate of this neuropathological feature. (LLM, conf=0.92)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These results are consistent with previously observed correspondence between elevated flortaucipir PET signal and elevated signal on amyloid PET.23,45”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] Pontecorvo MJ, Devous MD Sr, Navitsky M,; 18F-AV-1451-A05 investigators. Relationships between flortaucipir PET tau binding and amyloid burden, clinical diagnosis, age and cognition. Brain. 2017; 140(3): 748- 763. doi: 10.1093/brain/aww334 28077397 PMC5382945 source
The Results section reports a significant correlation between flortaucipir and florbetapir PET signals (r = 0.64, P < 0.0001). It also says the probability of elevated flortaucipir signal increased with florbetapir signal, while noting that amyloid-positive scans did not always have elevated flortaucipir signal. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [45] Johnson KA, Schultz A, Betensky RA,. Tau positron emission tomographic imaging in aging and early Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 2016; 79(1): 110- 119. doi: 10.1002/ana.24546 26505746 PMC4738026 source
The Results section reports that higher inferior temporal 18F T807 (flortaucipir) binding was associated with higher cortical PiB amyloid PET retention. The Discussion adds that neocortical 18F T807 binding above SUVR 1.3 occurred only in individuals with elevated amyloid PET signal, while cautioning that larger samples are needed to establish how robust that finding is. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In support of this finding and the quantitative data presented herein, a recent study of 26 cases comparing flortaucipir PET image and autopsy findings demonstrated a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 82% for identifying AD-spectrum pathological diagnoses, using quantitative analysis of a mesial, inferior, or middle temporal lobe region of interest.25”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] Lowe VJ, Lundt ES, Albertson SM,. Tau-positron emission tomography correlates with neuropathology findings. Alzheimers Dement. 2020; 16(3): 561- 571. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.09.079 31784374 PMC7067654 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boostedcorrelationaln = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The A16 primary cohort analysis of 64 patients met prespecified success criteria, with flortaucipir PET imaging demonstrating statistically significant sensitivity and specificity for detecting both NFT score of B3 and high level of ADNC, as determined by the interpretations of at least 3 of the 5 physican readers of the PET scans (Table 2; Figure 2).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
boostedcorrelationaln = 64- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tau pathology does not change substantially between antemortem flortaucipir positron emission tomography imaging and postmortem assessment.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the 156 enrolled participants, 14 (9%) experienced at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event (eTable 2 in the Supplement).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Safety Assessment
plainn = 156- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The A16 primary cohort analysis of 64 patients met prespecified success criteria, with flortaucipir PET imaging demonstrating statistically significant sensitivity and specificity for detecting both NFT score of B3 and high level of ADNC, as determined by the interpretations of at least 3 of the 5 physican readers of the PET scans (Table 2; Figure 2).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plainn = 64- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tau pathology does not change substantially between antemortem flortaucipir positron emission tomography imaging and postmortem assessment.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The A16 primary cohort analysis of 64 patients met prespecified success criteria, with flortaucipir PET imaging demonstrating statistically significant sensitivity and specificity for detecting both NFT score of B3 and high level of ADNC, as determined by the interpretations of at least 3 of the 5 physican readers of the PET scans (Table 2; Figure 2).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
boostedcorrelationaln = 64- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tau pathology does not change substantially between antemortem flortaucipir positron emission tomography imaging and postmortem assessment.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the FR01 study (n = 82), the Fleiss κ value was 0.82 (P < .001).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plainn = 82 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, 19 had less than high levels of ADNC at autopsy.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plainn = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After removal of the 3 test cases, the remaining 64 participants were included in the A16 primary cohort, with autopsy occurring a mean (SD) 16.2 (15.0) hours from the recorded time of death and 2.6 (2.14) months after [18F]flortaucipir imaging.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Clinical Demographics
plainn = 64- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before study completion, 73 participants died within 9 months of imaging, of whom 67 (92%) had a valid study autopsy (eFigure 2 in the Supplement).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Clinical Demographics
plainn = 73- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority read analysis for the A16 primary cohort showed similar results for B3 level sensitivity (92.3%; 95% CI, 79.7%-97.3%) and specificity (80.0%; 95% CI, 60.9%-91.1%), and for high ADNC level sensitivity (94.7%; 95% CI, 82.7%-98.5%) and specificity (80.8%; 95% CI, 62.1%-91.5%) (Table 2).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plainn = 64- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Tau pathology does not change substantially between antemortem flortaucipir positron emission tomography imaging and postmortem assessment.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 156 participants were enrolled in this diagnostic study, underwent flortaucipir imaging, and were included in a safety assessment (Table 1).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Clinical Demographics
plainn = 156- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three participants (2%) experienced serious adverse events within 48 hours of the flortaucipir scan: death from acute kidney failure, death from malignant neoplasm, and nonfatal myocardial infarction during hemodialysis.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Safety Assessment
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the B3 level, sensitivity ranged from 92.3% (95% CI, 79.7%-97.3%) to 100.0% (95% CI, 91.0%-100.0%), and specificity ranged from 52.0% (95% CI, 33.5%-70.0%) to 92.0% (95% CI, 75.0%-97.8%).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plainn = 64- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Tau pathology does not change substantially between antemortem flortaucipir positron emission tomography imaging and postmortem assessment.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Agitation (n = 3) and headache (n = 2) were the most common of these events.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Safety Assessment
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 64 primary cohort patients, 49 (77%) had dementia, 1 (2%) had mild cognitive impairment, and 14 (22%) had normal cognition.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Clinical Demographics
plainn = 64- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 49 patients with dementia, 33 had a clinical diagnosis of AD based on medical history and 16 had non-AD clinical diagnosis at baseline (eTable 1 in the Supplement).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Clinical Demographics
plainn = 49- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the high ADNC level, sensitivity was 94.7% (95% CI, 82.7%-98.5%) to 100.0% (95% CI, 90.8%-100.0%) and specificity was 50.0% (95% CI, 32.1%-67.9%) to 92.3% (95% CI, 75.9%-97.9%) (Table 2).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plaincorrelationaln = 64- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Tau pathology does not change substantially between antemortem flortaucipir positron emission tomography imaging and postmortem assessment.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both death events were reported by the investigator as severe adverse events that were not associated with the study drug or procedure.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Safety Assessment
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For quantitative analysis, 60 (90%) of 67 scans (primary cohort plus test cases) met the scan quality criteria for SUVR calculation; 6 scans (9%) had severe inter- and within-frame motion, and 1 scan (2%) was acquired outside of the allowable postinjection acquisition time window.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Success criteria were also met for high level of ADNC with sensitivity ranging from 95.1% (95% CI, 83.9%-98.7%) to 97.6% (95% CI 87.4%-99.6%) and specificity ranging from 65.9% (95% CI, 50.5%-78.4%) to 90.2% (95% CI, 77.5%-96.1%) (Table 2).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plaincorrelationaln = 82- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The FR01 validation study also met the prespecified success criteria for both the FR01 primary cohort (n = 64) and full autopsy data set (n = 82) analyses, demonstrating statistically significant sensitivity and specificity (above 95% CI lower limits >50%) of flortaucipir PET imaging for detecting both the NFT score of B3 NFT and high ADNC level by at least 3 of the 5 readers.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
boostedcorrelationaln = 82- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority read analysis for the A16 full autopsy data set showed similar results for B3 level sensitivity (89.1%; 95% CI, 77.0%-95.3%) and specificity (86.1%; 95% CI, 71.3%-93.9%), and for high ADNC level sensitivity (95.1%; 95% CI, 83.9%-98.7%) and specificity (82.9%; 95% CI, 68.7%-91.5%) (Table 2).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plainn = 82- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the A16 study, all read scans (n = 105 of enrolled patients) showed 89.9% agreement (Fleiss κ, 0.80; P < .001); the primary cohort scans (n = 64) showed 88.4% agreement (Fleiss κ, 0.74; P < .001).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plainn = 105 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the full autopsy data set (n = 82), all 5 readers met success criteria with lower confidence limits of sensitivity and specificity greater than 50% for the NFT score of B3 with sensitivity ranging from 89.1% (95% CI, 77.0%-95.3%) to 93.5% (95% CI, 82.5%-97.8%) and specificity ranging from 66.7% (95% CI, 50.3%-79.8%) to 94.4% (95% CI, 81.9%-98.5%).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plainn = 82- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This quantitative cut point yielded a sensitivity of 84.2% for an NFT score of B3 and 86.5% for a high level of ADNC, with 100% specificity for both autopsy measures (eFigure 3 in the Supplement).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Results > Primary Cohort Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although [18F]flortaucipir retention in the neocortex appeared to match the distribution of aggregated tau in AD at autopsy, [18F]flortaucipir retention in subcortical structures also appeared to represent off-target binding.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of AD were established by the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer Association (NIA–AA)4 and were updated in 2012 to reflect the current thinking on AD pathological assessment.5,6”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Hyman BT. The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: clinical-pathological studies. Neurobiol Aging. 1997; 18(4)(suppl): S27- S32. doi: 10.1016/S0197-4580(97)00066-3 9330982
- Not checked yetcites [5] Hyman BT, Phelps CH, Beach TG,. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2012; 8(1): 1- 13. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.10.007 22265587 PMC3266529 source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K,; Contributors. NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018; 14(4): 535- 562. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018 29653606 PMC5958625 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pathological accumulation of aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurons and glia underlies a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders.11”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362(4): 329- 344. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0909142 20107219 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With the advent of biomarkers that enable in vivo identification of underlying AD pathological conditions, and the acceptance that AD begins years before the emergence of cognitive impairment, AD is now commonly accepted as a clinicopathological entity7,8 that can be diagnosed without histopathological examination, in the presence of appropriate biomarker evidence of an underlying condition.6,8,9”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C,. Revising the definition of Alzheimer’s disease: a new lexicon. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9(11): 1118- 1127. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70223-4 20934914
- Not checked yetcites [8] McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H,. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011; 7(3): 263- 269. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005 21514250 PMC3312024 source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K,; Contributors. NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018; 14(4): 535- 562. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018 29653606 PMC5958625 source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr. A brief history of “Alzheimer disease”: multiple meanings separated by a common name. Neurology. 2019; 92(22): 1053- 1059. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007583 31028129 PMC6556090
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Tau is an intracellular protein that binds to and stabilizes axonal microtubules in neurons, thereby regulating intracellular transport.10”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Avila J, Lucas JJ, Perez M, Hernandez F. Role of tau protein in both physiological and pathological conditions. Physiol Rev. 2004; 84(2): 361- 384. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2003 15044677
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by aggregated tau–containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)1 and by amyloid plaque composed largely of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) fragments.2,3”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Goedert M, Jakes R. Mutations causing neurodegenerative tauopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005; 1739(2-3): 240- 250. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.08.007 15615642
- Not checked yetcites [2] Kidd M. Paired helical filaments in electron microscopy of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 1963; 197: 192- 193. doi: 10.1038/197192b0 14032480
- Not checked yetcites [3] Masters CL, Multhaup G, Simms G, Pottgiesser J, Martins RN, Beyreuther K. Neuronal origin of a cerebral amyloid: neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer’s disease contain the same protein as the amyloid of plaque cores and blood vessels. EMBO J. 1985; 4(11): 2757- 2763. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04000.x 4065091 PMC554575
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, large autopsy studies have demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity for amyloid PET to distinguish individuals with subsequent autopsy findings of no or sparse neuritic plaque from individuals with moderate to frequent plaque.16,17,18”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Clark CM, Pontecorvo MJ, Beach TG,; AV-45-A16 Study Group. Cerebral PET with florbetapir compared with neuropathology at autopsy for detection of neuritic amyloid-β plaques: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2012; 11(8): 669- 678. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70142-4 22749065 source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Curtis C, Gamez JE, Singh U,. Phase 3 trial of flutemetamol labeled with radioactive fluorine 18 imaging and neuritic plaque density. JAMA Neurol. 2015; 72(3): 287- 294. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4144 25622185 source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Sabri O, Sabbagh MN, Seibyl J,; Florbetaben Phase 3 Study Group. Florbetaben PET imaging to detect amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer’s disease: phase 3 study. Alzheimers Dement. 2015; 11(8): 964- 974. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.02.004 25824567 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neuropathological assessment was performed by 2 authors (T.G.B. and T.J.M.) blinded to clinical and imaging results and using NIA–AA diagnostic scoring guidelines.5,40”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Methods > Neuropathological Assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In vitro autoradiography studies of brain tissue from symptomatic patients with AD have found that [18F]flortaucipir signal correlates with the level of paired helical filament tau by immunohistochemistry and binds with a dissociation constant in the approximately 0.5 nM range.20”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Xia CF, Arteaga J, Chen G,. [(18)F]T807, a novel tau positron emission tomography imaging agent for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2013; 9(6): 666- 676. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.11.008 23411393
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies comparing antemortem tau PET imaging with autopsy have begun assessing the ability of flortaucipir to detect underlying NFTs in AD and non-AD dementias.25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Lowe VJ, Lundt ES, Albertson SM,. Tau-positron emission tomography correlates with neuropathology findings. Alzheimers Dement. 2020; 16(3): 561- 571. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.09.079 31784374 PMC7067654 source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Josephs KA, Whitwell JL, Tacik P,. [18F]AV-1451 tau-PET uptake does correlate with quantitatively measured 4R-tau burden in autopsy-confirmed corticobasal degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 2016; 132(6): 931- 933. doi: 10.1007/s00401-016-1618-1 27645292 PMC5107140 source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Marquié M, Normandin MD, Meltzer AC,. Pathological correlations of [F-18]-AV-1451 imaging in non-Alzheimer tauopathies. Ann Neurol. 2017; 81(1): 117- 128. doi: 10.1002/ana.24844 27997036 PMC5319193 source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Marquié M, Verwer EE, Meltzer AC,. Lessons learned about [F-18]-AV-1451 off-target binding from an autopsy-confirmed Parkinson’s case. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2017; 5(1): 75. doi: 10.1186/s40478-017-0482-0 29047416 PMC5648451 source
- Not checked yetcites [29] McMillan CT, Irwin DJ, Nasrallah I,. Multimodal evaluation demonstrates in vivo 18F-AV-1451 uptake in autopsy-confirmed corticobasal degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 2016; 132(6): 935- 937. doi: 10.1007/s00401-016-1640-3 27815633 PMC5154298 source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Smith R, Puschmann A, Schöll M,. 18F-AV-1451 tau PET imaging correlates strongly with tau neuropathology in MAPT mutation carriers. Brain. 2016; 139(pt 9): 2372- 2379. doi: 10.1093/brain/aww163 27357347 PMC4995360 source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Smith R, Schöll M, Honer M, Nilsson CF, Englund E, Hansson O. Tau neuropathology correlates with FDG-PET, but not AV-1451-PET, in progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta Neuropathol. 2017; 133(1): 149- 151. doi: 10.1007/s00401-016-1650-1 27900460 PMC5209394 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Day GS, Gordon BA, Perrin RJ,. In vivo [18F]-AV-1451 tau-PET imaging in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology. 2018; 90(10): e896- e906. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005064 29438042 PMC5863493 source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Smith R, Wibom M, Pawlik D, Englund E, Hansson O. Correlation of in vivo [18F]flortaucipir with postmortem Alzheimer disease tau pathology. JAMA Neurol. 2019; 76(3): 310- 317. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3692 30508025 PMC6439731 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The flortaucipir PET scans were evaluated by 5 readers who were blinded to clinical and neuropathological results.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Methods > Imaging Visual Interpretation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neuropathological assessment was performed by 2 authors (T.G.B. and T.J.M.) blinded to clinical and imaging results and using NIA–AA diagnostic scoring guidelines.5,40”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Methods > Neuropathological Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Hyman BT, Phelps CH, Beach TG,. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2012; 8(1): 1- 13. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.10.007 22265587 PMC3266529 source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Montine TJ, Phelps CH, Beach TG,; National Institute on Aging; Alzheimer’s Association. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol. 2012; 123(1): 1- 11. doi: 10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3 22101365 PMC3268003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assess overall interreader agreement, Fleiss κ statistics were calculated.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Methods > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scans that were considered unevaluable (eg, head out of field of view, severe motion, acquisition start time offsets, and low counts) by at least 3 of the 5 readers were not used in any analyses.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Methods > Imaging Visual Interpretation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Success was defined as having at least 3 of the 5 readers above the lower bounds of the 95% CI for both sensitivity and specificity of 50% or greater.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Methods > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a subsequent validation study (18F-AV-1415-FR01; NCT03901092), hereafter referred to as the FR01 validation study, a second set of 5 nuclear medicine physicians or radiologists reinterpreted all available scan data.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Methods > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The preplanned A16 primary cohort included all enrolled participants who had valid and evaluable flortaucipir images and who had an autopsy (n = 64), and excluded the 3 test cases and 16 supplemental historically collected autopsy cases.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Methods > Statistical Analysis
plainn = 64- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A preplanned exploratory analysis was performed on the full autopsy data set (n = 82), which included the 64 patients in the primary cohort, 2 evaluable autopsies from the 3 test cases, and the 16 supplemental autopsy cases.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Methods > Statistical Analysis
plainn = 82- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Five board-certified nuclear medicine physicians or radiologists (eAppendix in the Supplement) independently visually rated flortaucipir PET scans as either having or not having a pattern of flortaucipir retention consistent with AD (Figure 1).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Methods > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Amyloid and tau pathologies may begin independently6,43 but are highly associated with each other in symptomatic stages of AD.44”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K,; Contributors. NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018; 14(4): 535- 562. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018 29653606 PMC5958625 source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Mungas D, Tractenberg R, Schneider JA, Crane PK, Bennett DA. A 2-process model for neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2014; 35(2): 301- 308. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.007 24080173 PMC3977862
- Not checked yetcites [44] Monsell SE, Mock C, Roe CM,. Comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic persons with Alzheimer disease neuropathology. Neurology. 2013; 80(23): 2121- 2129. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318295d7a1 23645594 PMC3716351
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The primary study results were further strengthened in secondary exploratory analyses that included 16 supplemental autopsy cases, establishing a high specificity for detecting AD tau.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion
boostedcorrelationaln = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The A16 study demonstrated statistically significant sensitivity and specificity of PET imaging with [18F]flortaucipir for detecting tau neurofibrillary pathology (NFT score of B3 corresponding with Braak stages V and VI) and high levels of ADNC neuropathologic changes (according to NIA–AA criteria).”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Analyses from the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center pathological database have indicated that individuals with a B2 score had clinically normal result at a rate of 25.3% (34 of 134), and 41 (37.6%) of 109 people with Aβ at autopsy had a B2 score.5”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Hyman BT, Phelps CH, Beach TG,. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2012; 8(1): 1- 13. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.10.007 22265587 PMC3266529 source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 109- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although the presence of B3 score may predict the presence of substantial amyloid plaque, amyloid plaque is often present in the absence of B3-level NFTs, particularly in earlier stages of AD.6,48,49”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K,; Contributors. NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018; 14(4): 535- 562. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018 29653606 PMC5958625 source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Arnold SE. Neurofibrillary tangles mediate the association of amyloid load with clinical Alzheimer disease and level of cognitive function. Arch Neurol. 2004; 61(3): 378- 384. doi: 10.1001/archneur.61.3.378 15023815 source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Bienias JL, Evans DA, Wilson RS. Mild cognitive impairment is related to Alzheimer disease pathology and cerebral infarctions. Neurology. 2005; 64(5): 834- 841. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000152982.47274.9E 15753419 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further method improvements, including quantitative analysis of mesial temporal structures,25,54,55 may alter the sensitivity of [18F]flortaucipir to detect earlier pathological stages of NFTs.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Lowe VJ, Lundt ES, Albertson SM,. Tau-positron emission tomography correlates with neuropathology findings. Alzheimers Dement. 2020; 16(3): 561- 571. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.09.079 31784374 PMC7067654
- Not checked yetcites [54] Southekal S, Kotari V, Devous MD Sr,. Temporal lobe quantitation of flortaucipir PET images may improve detection of intermediate neurofibrillary tangle pathology in autopsy-validated cases. Alzheimers Dement. 2019; 15(7): P1486- P1487. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.08.008
- Not checked yetcites [55] Kotari V, Navitsky M, Southekal S,. Early tau detection and implications for disease progression. Alzheimers Dement. 2019; 15(7):P 1614- P1615. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4839 PMC9972744 36855201
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These characteristics may have implications for the visual and quantitative interpretation of PET scans and for the associations with underlying pathological features.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cortical [18F]flortaucipir PET signal in patients with non-AD dementias is generally lower than expected than that seen in typical patients with AD and, when present, tends to be greatest in anterior temporal lobes, frontal lobe and striatum/globus pallidus, and in some reports of white matter foci.27,28,30,31,32”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Marquié M, Normandin MD, Meltzer AC,. Pathological correlations of [F-18]-AV-1451 imaging in non-Alzheimer tauopathies. Ann Neurol. 2017; 81(1): 117- 128. doi: 10.1002/ana.24844 27997036 PMC5319193
- Not checked yetcites [28] Marquié M, Verwer EE, Meltzer AC,. Lessons learned about [F-18]-AV-1451 off-target binding from an autopsy-confirmed Parkinson’s case. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2017; 5(1): 75. doi: 10.1186/s40478-017-0482-0 29047416 PMC5648451
- Not checked yetcites [30] Smith R, Puschmann A, Schöll M,. 18F-AV-1451 tau PET imaging correlates strongly with tau neuropathology in MAPT mutation carriers. Brain. 2016; 139(pt 9): 2372- 2379. doi: 10.1093/brain/aww163 27357347 PMC4995360
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The A16 study cohort was older than the typical symptomatic patients with AD recruited into clinical trials, had more advanced clinical disease with only 1 case of mild cognitive impairment, and lacked racial/ethnic diversity.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion > Limitations
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This level of activity may represent noise or early spread of tau.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Earlier stages of AD may meet intermediate pathological diagnostic criteria or have neuritic plaque with moderate or frequent CERAD scores in the absence of substantial tau.6”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K,; Contributors. NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018; 14(4): 535- 562. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018 29653606 PMC5958625 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PET scan read errors may also have been associated with imprecise drawing of the cerebellar reference region, resulting in reduced mean cerebellar counts and relatively increased cortical signal above the threshold.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The source of this binding is unknown, but given these locations, it can typically be distinguished from neocortical binding in regions associated with AD pathology.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion > Limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These types of scan read errors are potentially mitigated through improved reader training or procedural automation.”
§ Positron Emission Tomography Imaging With [18F]flortaucipir and Postmortem Assessment of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Tau pathology does not change substantially between antemortem flortaucipir positron emission tomography imaging and postmortem assessment.
“Participants with cognitive impairment who did not come to autopsy within 9 months after the flortaucipir scan were either removed from the study or required to undergo a repeat flortaucipir scan for comparison with the neuropathological result. Cognitively normal patients remained eligible for autopsy, regardless of the time from scan to autopsy.”
“After removal of the 3 test cases, the remaining 64 participants were included in the A16 primary cohort, with autopsy occurring a mean (SD) 16.2 (15.0) hours from the recorded time of death and 2.6 (2.14) months after [18F]flortaucipir imaging.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studies combining antemortem imaging with neuropathological validation have shown that 18F-flortaucipir PET is highly sensitive for presence of high levels of AD neuropathological change with visual rating positivity corresponding to Braak levels IV or greater [184, 185].”
From The use of neuroimaging techniques in the early and differential diagnosis of dementia (2023) · cites this paper as [184]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The current in-vivo detection of tau positivity using 18F-flortaucipir PET seems to correspond only to widespread tau pathology in the brain (ie, Braak stages ≥IV),69 whereas CSF phosphorylated tau elevation can reflect earlier stages of tauopathy.70”
From Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations of the International Working Group (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
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“Case-to-autopsy studies have suggested that [ 18 F]Flortaucipir PET cannot reliably detect the presence of tau neurofibrillary tangles in early Braak regions at autopsy 41,42 .”
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“…(Su arez-Calvet et al, 2020), also in individuals who are tau-negative as determined by positron emission tomography (PET) (Barth elemy et al, 2020b; Mattsson-Carlgren et al, 2020) (but note that tau PET has limited sensitivity to detect very sparse tau aggregation (Fleisher et al, 2020)).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCSF MTBR-tau243 is a specific biomarker of tau tangle pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
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Donanemab: Appropriate use recommendations
Rabinovici, G. D., Selkoe, D. J., Schindler, S. E., Aisen, P., Apostolova, L. G., Atri, A., Greenberg, S. M., Hendrix, S. B., Petersen, R. C., Weiner, M., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100150 · Cited by 278
“In settings where amyloid PET is not available to monitor treatment response, clinicians may choose to limit the duration of treatment, for example limit treatment to 18 months based on the knowledge that over 75 % of patients in TRAILBLAZER-ALZ2 achieved amyloid clearance on PET in that timeframe.”
Self-citationShcherbinin, S., Evans, C. D., Lu, M., Andersen, S. W., Pontecorvo, M. J., Willis, B. A., Gueorguieva, I., Hauck, P. M., Brooks, D. A., Mintun, M. A., et al. (2022) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.2793 · Cited by 210
Self-citationThe use of neuroimaging techniques in the early and differential diagnosis of dementia
Chouliaras, L., & O’Brien, J. T. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02215-8 · Cited by 221
“Studies combining antemortem imaging with neuropathological validation have shown that 18 F-fl ortaucipir PET is highly sensitive for presence of high levels of AD neuropathological change with visual rating positivity corresponding to Braak levels IV or greater [184, 185].”
MethodSoleimani‐Meigooni, D. N., Iaccarino, L., Joie, R. L., Baker, S. L., Bourakova, V., Boxer, A. L., Edwards, L., Eser, R. A., Gorno‐Tempini, M., Jagust, W. J., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa276 · Cited by 186
Self-citationBiel, D., Brendel, M., Rubinski, A., Büerger, K., Janowitz, D., Dichgans, M., Franzmeier, N., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2021) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00880-x · Cited by 169
Dissecting the clinical heterogeneity of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease
Sirkis, D. W., Bonham, L. W., Johnson, T. P., La Joie, R., & Yokoyama, J. S. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01531-9 · Cited by 151
“PET-toautopsy studies [89, 110, 111] have shown that tau-PET can reliably detect advanced levels of tau pathology that are believed to account for cognitive impairment and dementia (Braak stages IV–VI).”
Predicting amyloid PET and tau PET stages with plasma biomarkers
Jack, C. R., Wiste, H. J., Algeciras‐Schimnich, A., Figdore, D. J., Schwarz, C. G., Lowe, V. J., Ramanan, V. K., Vemuri, P., Mielke, M. M., Knopman, D. S., et al. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad042 · Cited by 154
Self-citationRecent update on the heterogeneity of the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum
Jellinger, K. A. (2021) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02449-2 · Cited by 155
Chalcone and its analogs: Therapeutic and diagnostic applications in Alzheimer’s disease
Thapa, P., Upadhyay, S. P., Suo, W. Z., Singh, V., Gurung, P., Lee, E. S., Sharma, R., & Sharma, M. (2021) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104681 · Cited by 151
Rabinovici, G. D., Knopman, D. S., Arbizu, J., Benzinger, T. L. S., Donohoe, K. J., Hansson, O., Herscovitch, P., Kuo, P. H., Lingler, J. H., Minoshima, S., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14338 · Cited by 163
Self-citationTauvid™: The First FDA-Approved PET Tracer for Imaging Tau Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease
Jie, C. V. M. L., Treyer, V., Schibli, R., & Mu, L. (2021) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph14020110 · Cited by 146
“The PET scans of previously acquired studies (Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, NCT02516046 and NCT02016560) were used to evaluate the interpretation of the scans by independent, blinded readers [40].”
MethodWeiner, M. W., Veitch, D. P., Miller, M. J., Aisen, P. S., Albala, B., Beckett, L. A., Green, R. C., Harvey, D., Jack, C. R., Jagust, W., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12797 · Cited by 126
Tau PET Imaging in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Groot, C., Villeneuve, S., Smith, R., Hansson, O., & Ossenkoppele, R. (2022) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.121.263196 · Cited by 137
Ossenkoppele, R., Reimand, J., Smith, R. A., Leuzy, A., Strandberg, O. T., Palmqvist, S., Stomrud, E., Zetterberg, H., Initiative, T. A. D. N., Scheltens, P., et al. (2021) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202114398 · Cited by 130
“Additionally, in light of the recent FDA approval of one of the tau PET tracers (i.e. [18F]flortaucipir, Fleisher et al, 2020), and the rapid development of blood-based p-tau biomarkers, clinicians in specialized care settings may soon have multiple tau biomarker options at their disposal.”
BackgroundBinette, A. P., Gaiteri, C., Wennström, M., Kumar, A., Hristovska, I., Spotorno, N., Salvadó, G., Strandberg, O. T., Mathys, H., Tsai, L., et al. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01737-w · Cited by 146
Research Criteria for the Behavioral Variant of Alzheimer Disease
Ossenkoppele, R., Singleton, E. H., Groot, C., Dijkstra, A. A., Eikelboom, W. S., Seeley, W. W., Miller, B. L., Laforce, R. J., Scheltens, P., Papma, J. M., et al. (2021) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.4417 · Cited by 134
Self-citationPET Neuroimaging of Alzheimer's Disease: Radiotracers and Their Utility in Clinical Research
Bao, W., Xie, F., Zuo, C., Guan, Y., & Huang, Y. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.624330 · Cited by 102
“…brain regions, starting from the medial temporal lobe, i.e., hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (Braak stage I–II), to the adjacent neocortices (Braak stage III–IV), and finally to the entire brain (Braak stage V–VI) (Cho et al., 2019; Leuzy et al., 2019; Baek et al., 2020; Fleisher et al., 2020).”
BackgroundOssenkoppele, R., Salvadó, G., Janelidze, S., Binette, A. P., Bali, D., Karlsson, L., Palmqvist, S., Mattsson, N., Stomrud, E., Therriault, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-00835-z · Cited by 144
Pyroglutamate Aβ cascade as drug target in Alzheimer’s disease
Bayer, T. A. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01409-2 · Cited by 102
Direct Comparison of the Tau PET Tracers18F-Flortaucipir and18F-MK-6240 in Human Subjects
Gogola, A., Minhas, D. S., Villemagne, V. L., Cohen, A. D., Mountz, J. M., Pascoal, T. A., Laymon, C. M., Mason, N. S., Ikonomović, M. D., Mathis, C. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.120.254961 · Cited by 104
“Flortaucipir shows high in vitro binding affinity and selectivity for paired helical filament tau (PHF-tau) constituting NFT pathology, and in vivo indices of tau load correlate well with postmortem AD-related tau pathology (10).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationThe Longitudinal Early‐onset Alzheimer's Disease Study (LEADS): Framework and methodology
Apostolova, L. G., Aisen, P. S. S., Eloyan, A., Fagan, A. M., Fargo, K. N., Foroud, T., Gatsonis, C. A., Grinberg, L. T., Jack, C. R., Kramer, J. H., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12350 · Cited by 93
“75 Scans will be quantitatively classified as tau-positive or tau-negative based on an SUVR threshold of 1.27 76 using a temporal “meta region-of-interest.””
InfluentialSelf-citationAlosco, M. L., Mariani, M. L., Adler, C. H., Balcer, L. J., Bernick, C. B., Au, R., Banks, S. J., Barr, W., Sylvain Bouix, A., Cantu, R. C., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00872-x · Cited by 97
“For instance, the PET radiotracer flortaucipir (AV1451; T807) demonstrates high affinity binding to the mixed 3R/4R tau isoforms in AD [92].”
Network structure and transcriptomic vulnerability shape atrophy in frontotemporal dementia
Shafiei, G., Bazinet, V., Dadar, M., Manera, A. L., Collins, D. L., Dagher, A., Borroni, B., Sánchez‐Valle, R., Moreno, F., Laforce, R. J., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac069 · Cited by 88
Self-citationAmyloid, tau and metabolic PET correlates of cognition in early and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease
Tanner, J. A., Iaccarino, L., Edwards, L., Asken, B. M., Gorno‐Tempini, M. L., Kramer, J. H., Pham, J. Q., Perry, D. C., Possin, K. L., Malpetti, M., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac229 · Cited by 91
Young, C. B., Winer, J. R., Younes, K., Cody, K. A., Betthauser, T. J., Johnson, S. C., Schultz, A., Sperling, R. A., Greicius, M. D., Cobos, I., et al. (2022) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0676 · Cited by 79
Self-citationThal, D. R., & Tomé, S. O. (2022) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.006 · Cited by 92
Neuropathological assessment of the Alzheimer spectrum
Jellinger, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-020-02232-9 · Cited by 85
Leuzy, A., Pascoal, T. A., Strandberg, O. T., Insel, P. S., Smith, R. A., Mattsson, N., Benedet, A. L., Cho, H., Lyoo, C. H., Joie, R. L., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-021-05401-4 · Cited by 89
Boccalini, C., Ribaldi, F., Hristovska, I., Arnone, A., Peretti, D. E., Mu, L., Scheffler, M., Perani, D., Frisoni, G. B., & Garibotto, V. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13355 · Cited by 82
“31 A Centiloid value of 19 was used as the cut-off point to define A + versus A. 32 T : Tau distribution was visually assessed by two expert nuclear medicine physicians (V.G., D.P.), according to published recommendations, 33 describing regions of increased [ 18 F]flortaucipir uptake.”
MethodCurrent directions in tau research: Highlights from Tau 2020
Sexton, C. E., Snyder, H. M., Beher, D., Boxer, A. L., Brannelly, P., Brion, J., Buée, L., Cacace, A. M., Chételat, G., Citron, M., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12452 · Cited by 89
Diagnostic Accuracy of Amyloid versus FDG PET in Patients with Cognitive Impairment and Autopsy
Lesman‐Segev, O. H., Joie, R. L., Iaccarino, L., Lobach, I. V., Rosen, H. J., Seo, S. W., Janabi, M., Baker, S. L., Edwards, L., Pham, J. Q., et al. (2019) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25968 · Cited by 82
Self-citationOverview of tau PET molecular imaging
Petersen, G. C., Roytman, M., Chiang, G. C.-Y., Li, Y., Gordon, M. L., & Franceschi, A. M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001035 · Cited by 87
Peet, B. T., Spina, S., Mundada, N., & La Joie, R. (2021) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-021-01101-x · Cited by 74
Iaccarino, L., Burnham, S. C., Dell’Agnello, G., Dowsett, S. A., & Epelbaum, S. (2023) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2023.43 · Cited by 87
“More recently, given the high predictive value of amyloid- and tau-PET techniques versus the respective pathologies at autopsy (12-15), fluidbased biomarkers are also being validated using PETbased findings as the surrogate SoT.”
BackgroundMethodRabinovici, G. D., Knopman, D. S., Arbizu, J., Benzinger, T. L. S., Donohoe, K. J., Hansson, O., Herscovitch, P., Kuo, P. H., Lingler, J. H., Minoshima, S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.124.268756 · Cited by 87
Self-citationStructural mechanism for specific binding of chemical compounds to amyloid fibrils
Tao, Y., Xia, W., Zhao, Q., Xiang, H., Han, C., Zhang, S., Gu, W., Tang, W., Li, Y., Tan, L., et al. (2023) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-023-01370-x · Cited by 74
CenTauR: Toward a universal scale and masks for standardizing tau imaging studies
Villemagne, V. L., Leuzy, A., Bohorquez, S. M. S., Bullich, S., Shimada, H., Rowe, C. C., Bourgeat, P., Lopresti, B. J., Huang, K., Krishnadas, N., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12454 · Cited by 72
Leuzy, A., Ashton, N. J., Mattsson, N., Dodich, A., Boccardi, M., Corre, J., Drzezga, A. E., Nordberg, A. K., Ossenkoppele, R., Zetterberg, H., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-021-05258-7 · Cited by 73
“Overall, these studies suggest that CSF Aβ42 and P-tau reflect the intensity of the AD process (stage markers) with amyloid and Tau PET, by contrast, reflecting how the density and distribution of AD pathology [124, 125] (i.”
BackgroundPositronium image of the human brain in vivo
Moskal, P., Baran, J., Bass, S. D., Choiński, J., Chug, N., Curceanu, C., Czerwiński, E., Dadgar, M., Das, M., Dulski, K., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adp2840 · Cited by 67
Pathobiological Subtypes of Alzheimer Disease
Jellinger, K. A. (2020) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000508625 · Cited by 69
Current and evolving treatment strategies for the Alzheimer disease continuum
Marasco, R. (2020) · The American Journal of Managed Care · doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.88481 · Cited by 67
Clinical Spectrum of Tauopathies
Olfati, N., Shoeibi, A., & Litvan, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.944806 · Cited by 66
“Despite having high sensitivity and specificity for higher stages of AD pathology (230), flortaucipir showed much lower, but still significant, affinity to non-AD tau fibrils and, in this regard, significant off-target binding that is seen with this tracer (231) is a greater challenge in non-AD tau imaging.”
BackgroundFrequency and Clinical Outcomes Associated With Tau Positron Emission Tomography Positivity
Moscoso, A., Heeman, F., Raghavan, S., Costoya‐Sánchez, A., van Essen, M., Mainta, I., Camacho, V., Fonseca, O. D. R., Silva‐Rodríguez, J., Perissinotti, A., et al. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.7817 · Cited by 74
Self-citationTau PET imaging with 18F-PI-2620 in aging and neurodegenerative diseases
Mormino, E. C., Toueg, T. N., Azevedo, E. C., Castillo, J. B., Guo, W., Nadiadwala, A., Corso, N. K., Hall, J. N., Fan, A. P., Trelle, A. N., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-020-04923-7 · Cited by 67
“(18)F-Flortaucipir (previously known as (18)F-T807 and (18)F-AV-1451) was the first promising tau PET ligand with initial publications beginning in 2013 [2], with recent work showing correspondence between in vivo imaging and postmortem tau aggregations within the same participants [3].”
BackgroundGroot, C., Smith, R. A., Collij, L. E., Mastenbroek, S. E., Stomrud, E., Binette, A. P., Leuzy, A., Palmqvist, S., Mattsson, N., Strandberg, O. T., et al. (2024) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1612 · Cited by 70
Towards clinical application of tau PET tracers for diagnosing dementia due to Alzheimer's disease
Ossenkoppele, R., & Hansson, O. (2021) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12356 · Cited by 62
Plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: a field-test in a memory clinic
Altomare, D., Stampacchia, S., Ribaldi, F., Tomczyk, S., Chevalier, C., Poulain, G., Asadi, S., Bancila, B., Marizzoni, M., Martins, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2022-330619 · Cited by 65
“…in each patient by the same expert in nuclear medicine (VG), who visually analysed images in agreement with recently published recommendations, 26 describing regions of increased 18F-flortaucipir uptake in the regions corresponding to the pathologically defined Braak stages: medial temporal…”
MethodInternational consensus on the use of tau PET imaging agent 18F-flortaucipir in Alzheimer’s disease
Tian, M., Civelek, A. C., Carrió, I., Watanabe, Y., Kang, K. W., Murakami, K., Garibotto, V., Prior, J. O., Barthel, H., Zhou, R., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-021-05673-w · Cited by 62
“The intensity scales, contrast, and background subtraction should be adjusted in order to obtain a predefined ratio with the cerebellar cortex used as reference [38].”
MethodAmyloid and Tau Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Tauopathies
Maschio, C., & Ni, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.838034 · Cited by 68
Tau‐PET is superior to phospho‐tau when predicting cognitive decline in symptomatic AD patients
Smith, R., Cullen, N. C., Pichet Binette, A., Leuzy, A., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Klein, G., Borroni, E., Ossenkoppele, R., Janelidze, S., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12875 · Cited by 60
Alzheimer’s disease and drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier: approaches and challenges
Iqbal, I., Saqib, F., Mubarak, Z., Latif, M. F., Wahid, M., Nasir, B., Shahzad, H., Sharifi-Rad, J., & Mubarak, M. S. (2024) · European Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40001-024-01915-3 · Cited by 60
“It had a sensitivity of 92–100% and a specificity of 52–92% for predicting tau pathology in a phase 3 postmortem validation investigation [64].”
BackgroundCummings, J. L., & Kinney, J. W. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58070952 · Cited by 61
“Tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles is measured with tau PET [75], and p-tau monomers are measured in CSF and plasma [76].”
MethodAgüero, C., Dhaynaut, M., Amaral, A. C. S., Moon, S., Neelamegam, R., Scapellato, M., Carazo-Casas, C., Kumar, S., Fakhri, G. E., Johnson, K. A., et al. (2024) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-023-02672-z · Cited by 55
“…tauopathies who underwent [ 18 F]-Flortaucipir PET scans while alive and came to autopsy have further shown the lack of a consistent and robust correlation between levels of in vivo tracer retention and the topographical distribution and burdens of tau lesions quantified at postmortem [15, 26, 32].”
BackgroundDeterminants of cognitive and brain resilience to tau pathology: a longitudinal analysis
Bocancea, D. I., Svenningsson, A. L., van Loenhoud, A. C., Groot, C., Barkhof, F., Strandberg, O. T., Smith, R. A., Initiative, A. D. N., Weiner, M. W., Aisen, P., et al. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad100 · Cited by 59
Self-citationBischof, G. N., Dodich, A., Boccardi, M., van Eimeren, T., Festari, C., Barthel, H., Hansson, O., Nordberg, A. K., Ossenkoppele, R., Sabri, O., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-020-05156-4 · Cited by 54
“This gold standard has recently been provided for (18)F-AV1451 [43], which addressed some challenges associated with the translation of neuropathological staging to measurement of continuous in vivo tau pathology into an accurate visual reading protocol.”
BackgroundMethodLu, M., Pontecorvo, M. J., Devous, M. D., Arora, A. K., Galante, N., McGeehan, A., Devadanam, C., Salloway, S. P., Doraiswamy, P. M., Curtis, C., et al. (2021) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.5505 · Cited by 56
Self-citationSong, M., Beyer, L., Kaiser, L., Barthel, H., van Eimeren, T., MAREK, K. L., Nitschmann, A., Scheifele, M., Palleis, C., Respondek, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x211018904 · Cited by 55
Appleton, J., Finn, Q., Zanotti-Fregonara, P., Yu, M., Faridar, A., Nakawah, M. O., Zarate, C., Carrillo, M. C., Dickerson, B. C., Rabinovici, G. D., et al. (2025) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae234 · Cited by 58
Self-citationDickerson, B. C., Atri, A., Clevenger, C. K., Karlawish, J. H., Knopman, D. S., Lin, P., Norman, M., Onyike, C. U., Sano, M., Scanland, S., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14337 · Cited by 62
“The workgroup appreciates that imaging biomarkers, including tau PET (approved by the FDA in 2020 151 ) and plasma biomarkers 21,102 as well as digital biomarkers (e.g., wearables to monitor aspects of physiology, behavior, or sensorimotor functions 152 and self-administered remote computerized…”
Ossenkoppele, R., Coomans, E. M., Apostolova, L. G., Baker, S. L., Barthel, H., Beach, T. G., Benzinger, T. L. S., Betthauser, T. J., Bischof, G. N., Bottlaender, M., et al. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-02000-6 · Cited by 60
“[ 18 F]Flortaucipir was used in most patients ( n = 6,480, 25 cohorts), followed by [ 18 F]MK6240 ( n = 3,156, 11 cohorts), [ 18 F]RO948 ( n = 1,984, 3 cohorts) and [ 18 F]PI2620 ( n = 428, 4 cohorts).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMoscoso, A., Karikari, T. K., Grothe, M. J., Ashton, N. J., Lantero‐Rodriguez, J., Snellman, A., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., & Schöll, M. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12570 · Cited by 50
Quantification of amyloid beta and tau PET without a structural MRI
Landau, S. M., Ward, T. J., Murphy, A., Iaccarino, L., Harrison, T. M., Joie, R. L., Baker, S. L., Koeppe, R. A., Jagust, W. J., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12668 · Cited by 54
Leuzy, A., Rakêt, L. L., Villemagne, V. L., Klein, G., Tonietto, M., Olafson, E., Baker, S. L., Saad, Z. S., Bullich, S., Lopresti, B. J., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13908 · Cited by 53
Self-citationTimsina, J., Ali, M., Do, A. N., Wang, L., Western, D., Sung, Y. J., & Cruchaga, C. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106373 · Cited by 48
“…Tau PET tracers (i.e., 18 F-flortaucipir, 18 F-MK6240, 18 F-RO948, and 18 F-PI2620) bind amyloid and tau aggregates, respectively, formed in AD in the more advanced pathologic state (i.e., Braak stage ≥ IV) (Fleisher et al., 2020; Klunk et al., 2004; Groot et al., 2022; Ville-magne et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe impact of demographic, clinical, genetic, and imaging variables on tau PET status
Ossenkoppele, R., Leuzy, A., Cho, H., Sudre, C. H., Strandberg, O. T., Smith, R. A., Palmqvist, S., Mattsson, N., Olsson, T., Jögi, J., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-020-05099-w · Cited by 53
“The greater rates of tau PET–negative statuswith higher MMSE scores may be explained by the restricted sensitivity of both tau PET tracers [5, 6] that requires a significant pathological tau burden in order to cross the quantitative threshold [44], or by an inherent limitation of PET that requires a certain density of…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAbnormal tau in amyloid PET negative individuals
Yoon, B., Guo, T., Provost, K., Korman, D., Ward, T. J., Landau, S. M., & Jagust, W. J. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.09.019 · Cited by 52
Groot, C., Smith, R. A., Stomrud, E., Binette, A. P., Leuzy, A., Wuestefeld, A., Wisse, L. E. M., Palmqvist, S., Mattsson, N., Janelidze, S., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac329 · Cited by 53
“12 On the other hand, tau-PET ligands bind aggregated, insoluble paired helical filaments of tau 13,14 reflecting the pathological accumulation of tau aggregates, 15 and tau-PET shows particular sensitivity to tau pathology in later stages of Alzheimer’s disease.”
Long, J. M., Coble, D. W., Xiong, C., Schindler, S. E., Perrin, R. J., Gordon, B. A., Benzinger, T. L. S., Grant, E., Fagan, A. M., Harari, O., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac250 · Cited by 49
Erickson, P., Simrén, J., Brum, W. S., Ennis, G. E., Kollmorgen, G., Suridjan, I., Langhough, R. E., Jonaitis, E. M., Hulle, C. A. V., Betthauser, T. J., et al. (2023) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.2338 · Cited by 48
Self-citationCostoya‐Sánchez, A., Moscoso, A., Silva‐Rodríguez, J., Pontecorvo, M. J., Devous, M. D., Aguiar, P., Schöll, M., Grothe, M. J., Initiative, A. D. N., Weiner, M. W., et al. (2023) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.2560 · Cited by 52
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“only available for [(18)F]AV1451 at the moment [20].”
BackgroundSex differences in off-target binding using tau positron emission tomography
Smith, R. A., Strandberg, O. T., Leuzy, A., Betthauser, T. J., Johnson, S. C., Pereira, J. B., & Hansson, O. (2021) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102708 · Cited by 46
Assessment of Efficacy and Safety of Zagotenemab
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Koychev, I. G., Hofer, M., & FRIEDMAN, N. C. (2020) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.119.230458 · Cited by 52
“From a clinical perspective, a recent study showed a high degree of concordance between visually rated tau PET scans and the subsequent extent and topography of NFTs (55).”
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“[(18)F]Flortaucipir binds predominantly to paired helical filaments (PHFs) typically observed in AD [29, 68, 75, 126] and was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for detection of aggregated tau pathology by visual read in persons with suspected AD dementia [27].”
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Evaluation of a visual interpretation method for tau‐PET with 18 F‐flortaucipir
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“The 2020 update formally included the possibility to admit clinical progression as a reference standard also for Phase 2 (very few studies with pathology could be performed for tau imaging to date) [34].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Fleisher, A. S., Pontecorvo, M. J., Devous, M. D., Lu, M., Arora, A. K., Truocchio, S. P., Aldea, P., Flitter, M., Locascio, T., Devine, M., Siderowf, A., Beach, T. G., Montine, T. J., Serrano, G. E., Curtis, C., Perrin, A., Salloway, S., Daniel, M., Wellman, C., Joshi, A. D., Irwin, D. J., Lowe, V. J., Seeley, W. W., Ikonomovic, M. D., Masdeu, J. C., Kennedy, I., Harris, T., Navitsky, M., Southekal, S., Mintun, M. A., & A16 Study Investigators
- Affiliations
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (United States) (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Waypoint Research, Windermere, Florida
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute (US)
- Butler Hospital (US)
- Pacific Research Network, San Diego, California
- Hospice of the Western Reserve (US)
- ImaginAb (United States) (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh
- Houston Methodist (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fleisher, Adam S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-07-01
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 829
- ISSN
- 2168-6149 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7186920
- OpenAlex
- W3019122005
- Semantic Scholar
- 7bf74768a675a4bcb10a44e43a6c38000a6a1bea
- Cited by
- 448
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 30
- FWCI
- 42.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- JAMA Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG034676, U01AG006786, P01AG066597, R01AG054449, R01AG011378, P30AG019610, R01AG041851, P01AG019724, P30AG062422, P50AG023501, P50AG016574)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS089544, R21NS094489, R01NS089757, R01NS097495)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- 18F-flortaucipir, Alzheimer's disease, tau PET imaging, postmortem neuropathology, Braak stages, amyloid plaques, diagnostic accuracy, immunohistochemistry, terminal illness, dementia, neurodegeneration biomarkers, amyloid PET, FDG-PET, neuroimaging validation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Autopsy, Brain, Carbolines, Contrast Media, Female, Humans, Male, Sensitivity and Specificity, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Neurofibrillary Tangles, tau Proteins, Radiopharmaceuticals, Positron-Emission Tomography, Plaque, Amyloid, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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