The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 17 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Fast-Food and Full-Service Restaurant Consumption Among Children and Adolescents: Effect on Energy, Beverage, and Nutrient Intake
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption on total energy intake, dietary indicators, and beverage consumption. DESIGN: Individual-level fixed-effects estimation based on 2 nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. SETTING: Nationally representative data from the 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 2 to 11 years (n = 4717) and adolescents aged 12 to 19 years (n = 4699). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily total energy intake in kilocalories; intake of grams of sugar, total fat, saturated fat, and protein and milligrams of sodium; and total grams of sugar-sweetened beverages, regular soda, and milk consumed. RESULTS: Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126.29 kcal and 160.49 kcal for children and 309.53 kcal and 267.30 kcal for adolescents and with higher intake of regular soda (73.77 g and 88.28 g for children and 163.67 g and 107.25 g for adolescents) and sugar-sweetened beverages generally. Fast-food consumption increased intake of total fat (7.03-14.36 g), saturated fat (1.99-4.64 g), and sugar (5.71-16.24 g) for both age groups and sodium (396.28 mg) and protein (7.94 g) for adolescents. Full-service restaurant consumption was associated with increases in all nutrients examined. Additional key findings were (1) adverse effects on diet were larger for lower-income children and adolescents and (2) among adolescents, increased soda intake was twice as large when fast food was consumed away from home than at home. CONCLUSION: Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption is associated with higher net total energy intake and poorer diet quality.
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48 Own result · 8 Not checked yet · 5 Own method · 1 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption was associated with an additional 16g and 7g of sugar intake, respectively.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption increased sodium intake by 396mg and 625mg, respectively.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to females, male children and adolescents consumed more additional total calories on days that they consumed fast food (157 versus 90 kcal for children and 389 versus 231 kcal for adolescents).”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, consumption AFH but not at home was significantly associated with less milk intake (−42g).”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126 kcal and 160 kcal for children and 310 kcal and 267 kcal for adolescents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Consuming from a full-service restaurant also was associated with higher energy intake among children (+160 kcal) and adolescents (+267 kcal).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Consuming from a full-service restaurant also was associated with higher energy intake among children (+160 kcal) and adolescents (+267 kcal).”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were generally few differences by race in intake patterns associated with fast-food consumption among children, although it was associated with higher additional intakes of soda and sodium among Hispanic children.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption similarly increased total fat (+14 g) and had similar effects on saturated fat (+4–5g) intake for adolescents.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“fast-food consumption among adolescents increased sugar, fat, saturated fat, and sodium intake by approximately 13%, 22%, 25% and 17% of the daily reference levels of these respective nutrients.12–14”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 7 Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office 2010 PMC3090168 22332062
- Not checked yetcites [13] Food and Drug Administration Food Labeling Guide: Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide 9 1994 Revised October 2009. Appendix F: Calculate the Percent Daily Value for the Appropriate Nutrients. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/FoodLabelingGuide/ucm064928.htm. 2009
- Not checked yetcites [14] National Academy of Science, Institute of Medicine Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids (macronutrients) Washington, D.C The National Academies Press 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas fast-food consumption AFH was not significantly associated with these nutrient measures.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents, fast-food consumption was associated with substantially higher intakes of soda for white compared to black and Hispanic teens (+196g compared to +89g and +95g)”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food consumption was associated with higher additional intake of SSBs, soda, protein, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium but not sugar for male compared to female teens.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast food consumption at home increased children’s total caloric intake by 147 kcal, compared to 77 kcal from consumption AFH.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both total and saturated fat and sodium were higher when fast food was consumed at home.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“higher intakes of regular soda (+74g and +88g for children and +163g and +107g for adolescents)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“regular soda (+74g and +88g for children and +163g and +107g for adolescents), in particular.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126 kcal and 160 kcal for children and 310 kcal and 267 kcal for adolescents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Fast-food restaurant consumption was associated with an increase in total daily energy intake of 126 kcal for children and 310 kcal for adolescents.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“consuming from a fast-food restaurant was associated with a net increase in total daily energy intake of 126 kcal for children and 310 kcal for adolescents.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“consumption has been associated with greater total energy intake and poorer nutrient intakes.5–9”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] French SA Story M Neumark-Sztainer D Fulkerson JA Hannan P Fast food restaurant use among adolescents: associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioral and psychosocial variables International Journal of Obesity 2001 25 12 1823 1833 11781764
- Not checked yetcites [6] Paeratakul S Ferdinand DP Champagne CM Ryan DH Bray GA Fast-food consumption among US adults and children: dietary and nutrient intake profile J Am Diet Assoc 2003 103 10 1332 1338 14520253
- Not checked yetcites [7] Bowman SA Gortmaker SL Ebbeling CB Pereira MA Ludwig DS Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household Survey Pediatrics 2004 113 1 112 118 14702458
- Not checked yetcites [8] Sebastian RS Wilkinson Enns C Goldman JD US Adolescents and MyPyramid: Associations between Fast-Food Consumption and Lower Likelihood of Meeting Recommendations J Am Diet Assoc 2009 109 2 226 235 19167949
- Not checked yetcites [9] Schmidt M Affenito SG Striegel-Moore R Fast-food intake and diet quality in black and white girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005 159 7 626 631 15996994
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From 1977–78 through 2003–06, among children aged 2 to 18, the contribution to total caloric intake from fast-food and full-service restaurant sources increased from 2% to 13% and from 1% to 5%, respectively.1, 2”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Guthrie JF Lin BH Frazao E Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977–78 versus 1994–96: Changes and consequences Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2002 34 3 140 150 12047838
- Not checked yetcites [2] Poti JM Popkin BM Trends in Energy Intake among US Children by Eating Location and Food Source, 1977–2006 J Am Diet Assoc 2011 111 8 1156 1164 21802561 PMC3148484
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NHANES is an ongoing survey based on a complex, multistage sampling design to be nationally representative of the civilian, non-institutionalized U.S. population.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Methods > Data
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data 2011 Hyattsville, MD U.S., Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimation was undertaken using STATA 11.1 and accounted for the NHANES complex, multistage probability sampling design.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Methods > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, the 24-hour dietary recall data were obtained via self-report and are subject to error; such data have been shown to under-report.17, 18”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Mertz W Tsui JC Judd JT What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake derived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991 54 2 291 295 1858692
- Not checked yetcites [18] Briefel RR Sempos CT McDowell MA Chien S Alaimo K Dietary methods research in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: underreporting of energy intake The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997 65 4 1203S 1209S 9094923
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“From 1999 to 2004, frequent (≥ 3 times/week) fast-food consumption among adolescents increased from 19% to 27% for females and 24% to 30% for males.4”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Bauer KW Larson NI Nelson MC Story M Neumark-Sztainer D Fast food intake among adolescents: Secular and longitudinal trends from 1999 to 2004 Preventive Medicine 2009 48 3 284 287 19166872
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the existing literature focused on the association of fast-food but not full-service restaurant consumption with energy intake and diet and used older and/or non-nationally representative data and/or cross-sectional methods and those studies that did use within-person comparisons did not control for other forms of FAFH intake or the day of the week on which it was consumed.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
“due to data limitations our analyses did not account other time-varying confounders such as physical activity or other unobserved factors that might affect food preferences day to day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
“First, the 24-hour dietary recall data were obtained via self-report and are subject to error; such data have been shown to under-report.17, 18”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children [2, 4–7].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Restaurant foods and beverages are second only to grocery store foods and beverages in their contribution to total energy intake of U.S. 4- to 11-year-olds [1–3].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“considering the quick-service sector alone, 1/3 of children eat food from these restaurants on a given day [1, 2]”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“consumption of foods from QSR and FSR has been associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality in nationally representative samples of children [4].”
From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children [2, 4–7].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Children frequently consume foods from restaurants”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dining outside of the home is associated with an increased consumption of SSBs (Powell and Nguyen, 2013).”
From Assessing restaurant staff perceptions of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States children's healthy default beverage ordinance: A qualitative study one year post-implementation (2025) · cites this paper as Powell and Nguyen, 2013
In the citing paper
“This is of concern because restaurant food and fast-food are common in children's diets, contributing approximately 84–191 kcal and 160–404 kcal to the mean daily intakes of children and adolescents, respectively, who reported being consumers [4].”
From Comparison of the nutrient content of children’s menu items at US restaurant chains, 2010–2014 (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Results
“Fast-food consumption increased intakes of total fat (+7–8g), saturated fat (+2–5g) and sugar (+6–16g) for both age groups”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption similarly increased total fat (+14 g)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
“sodium (134g)”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Main Outcome Measures
“milligrams of sodium”
Citations
Cites
(2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 27,577
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
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Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
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Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
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“sources increased from 2% to 13% and from 1% to 5%, respectively.(1,2) In particu-”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hersch, D., Perdue, L., Ambroz, T., & Boucher, J. L. (2014) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd11.140267 · Cited by 255
Nutrition status of children in Latin America
Corvalán, C., Garmendia, M. L., Jones‐Smith, J. C., Lutter, C. K., Miranda, J. J., Pedraza, L. S., Popkin, B. M., Ramírez‐Zea, M., Salvo, D., & Stein, A. D. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12571 · Cited by 269
“Fast-food consumption has been linked to higher energy consumption and poorer diet quality in US children and adolescents (56).”
BackgroundMore frequent cooking at home is associated with higher Healthy Eating Index-2015 score
Wolfson, J. A., Leung, C. W., & Richardson, C. R. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019003549 · Cited by 243
Poti, J. M., Duffey, K. J., & Popkin, B. M. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071928 · Cited by 175
“was associated with higher total energy intake and lower dietary quality (16, 20, 21, 29).”
BackgroundResultTrends in Food Sources and Diet Quality Among US Children and Adults, 2003-2018
Liu, J., Micha, R., Li, Y., & Mozaffarian, D. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.5262 · Cited by 171
Metadata
- Authors
- Powell, L. M., & Nguyen, B. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-01-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- PMC
- PMC3695401
- OpenAlex
- W2146353506
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 20.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- U.S. Public Health Service (11IPA1102973)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA138456)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- fast food consumption, children, adolescents, energy intake, diet quality, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium intake, saturated fat intake, sugar consumption, protein intake, low-income children, eating out
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Beverages, Energy Intake, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Diet Surveys, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Male, Poverty, Regression Analysis, Restaurants, Sodium, Dietary, United States, Models, Statistical, Multivariate Analysis, Dietary Sucrose, Young Adult, Fast Foods
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