The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 17 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Fast-Food and Full-Service Restaurant Consumption Among Children and Adolescents: Effect on Energy, Beverage, and Nutrient Intake
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption on total energy intake, dietary indicators, and beverage consumption. DESIGN: Individual-level fixed-effects estimation based on 2 nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. SETTING: Nationally representative data from the 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 2 to 11 years (n = 4717) and adolescents aged 12 to 19 years (n = 4699). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily total energy intake in kilocalories; intake of grams of sugar, total fat, saturated fat, and protein and milligrams of sodium; and total grams of sugar-sweetened beverages, regular soda, and milk consumed. RESULTS: Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126.29 kcal and 160.49 kcal for children and 309.53 kcal and 267.30 kcal for adolescents and with higher intake of regular soda (73.77 g and 88.28 g for children and 163.67 g and 107.25 g for adolescents) and sugar-sweetened beverages generally. Fast-food consumption increased intake of total fat (7.03-14.36 g), saturated fat (1.99-4.64 g), and sugar (5.71-16.24 g) for both age groups and sodium (396.28 mg) and protein (7.94 g) for adolescents. Full-service restaurant consumption was associated with increases in all nutrients examined. Additional key findings were (1) adverse effects on diet were larger for lower-income children and adolescents and (2) among adolescents, increased soda intake was twice as large when fast food was consumed away from home than at home. CONCLUSION: Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption is associated with higher net total energy intake and poorer diet quality.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption was associated with an additional 16g and 7g of sugar intake, respectively.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption increased sodium intake by 396mg and 625mg, respectively.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to females, male children and adolescents consumed more additional total calories on days that they consumed fast food (157 versus 90 kcal for children and 389 versus 231 kcal for adolescents).”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, consumption AFH but not at home was significantly associated with less milk intake (−42g).”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126 kcal and 160 kcal for children and 310 kcal and 267 kcal for adolescents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Consuming from a full-service restaurant also was associated with higher energy intake among children (+160 kcal) and adolescents (+267 kcal).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Consuming from a full-service restaurant also was associated with higher energy intake among children (+160 kcal) and adolescents (+267 kcal).”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were generally few differences by race in intake patterns associated with fast-food consumption among children, although it was associated with higher additional intakes of soda and sodium among Hispanic children.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption similarly increased total fat (+14 g) and had similar effects on saturated fat (+4–5g) intake for adolescents.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“fast-food consumption among adolescents increased sugar, fat, saturated fat, and sodium intake by approximately 13%, 22%, 25% and 17% of the daily reference levels of these respective nutrients.12–14”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 7 Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office 2010 PMC3090168 22332062
- Not checked yetcites [13] Food and Drug Administration Food Labeling Guide: Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide 9 1994 Revised October 2009. Appendix F: Calculate the Percent Daily Value for the Appropriate Nutrients. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/FoodLabelingGuide/ucm064928.htm. 2009
- Not checked yetcites [14] National Academy of Science, Institute of Medicine Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids (macronutrients) Washington, D.C The National Academies Press 2005
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas fast-food consumption AFH was not significantly associated with these nutrient measures.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents, fast-food consumption was associated with substantially higher intakes of soda for white compared to black and Hispanic teens (+196g compared to +89g and +95g)”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food consumption was associated with higher additional intake of SSBs, soda, protein, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium but not sugar for male compared to female teens.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast food consumption at home increased children’s total caloric intake by 147 kcal, compared to 77 kcal from consumption AFH.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both total and saturated fat and sodium were higher when fast food was consumed at home.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“higher intakes of regular soda (+74g and +88g for children and +163g and +107g for adolescents)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“regular soda (+74g and +88g for children and +163g and +107g for adolescents), in particular.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126 kcal and 160 kcal for children and 310 kcal and 267 kcal for adolescents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Fast-food restaurant consumption was associated with an increase in total daily energy intake of 126 kcal for children and 310 kcal for adolescents.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“consuming from a fast-food restaurant was associated with a net increase in total daily energy intake of 126 kcal for children and 310 kcal for adolescents.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“consumption has been associated with greater total energy intake and poorer nutrient intakes.5–9”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] French SA Story M Neumark-Sztainer D Fulkerson JA Hannan P Fast food restaurant use among adolescents: associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioral and psychosocial variables International Journal of Obesity 2001 25 12 1823 1833 11781764
- Not checked yetcites [6] Paeratakul S Ferdinand DP Champagne CM Ryan DH Bray GA Fast-food consumption among US adults and children: dietary and nutrient intake profile J Am Diet Assoc 2003 103 10 1332 1338 14520253
- Not checked yetcites [7] Bowman SA Gortmaker SL Ebbeling CB Pereira MA Ludwig DS Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household Survey Pediatrics 2004 113 1 112 118 14702458
- Not checked yetcites [8] Sebastian RS Wilkinson Enns C Goldman JD US Adolescents and MyPyramid: Associations between Fast-Food Consumption and Lower Likelihood of Meeting Recommendations J Am Diet Assoc 2009 109 2 226 235 19167949
- Not checked yetcites [9] Schmidt M Affenito SG Striegel-Moore R Fast-food intake and diet quality in black and white girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005 159 7 626 631 15996994
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From 1977–78 through 2003–06, among children aged 2 to 18, the contribution to total caloric intake from fast-food and full-service restaurant sources increased from 2% to 13% and from 1% to 5%, respectively.1, 2”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Guthrie JF Lin BH Frazao E Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977–78 versus 1994–96: Changes and consequences Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2002 34 3 140 150 12047838
- Not checked yetcites [2] Poti JM Popkin BM Trends in Energy Intake among US Children by Eating Location and Food Source, 1977–2006 J Am Diet Assoc 2011 111 8 1156 1164 21802561 PMC3148484
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NHANES is an ongoing survey based on a complex, multistage sampling design to be nationally representative of the civilian, non-institutionalized U.S. population.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Methods > Data
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data 2011 Hyattsville, MD U.S., Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimation was undertaken using STATA 11.1 and accounted for the NHANES complex, multistage probability sampling design.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Methods > Statistical Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, the 24-hour dietary recall data were obtained via self-report and are subject to error; such data have been shown to under-report.17, 18”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Mertz W Tsui JC Judd JT What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake derived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991 54 2 291 295 1858692
- Not checked yetcites [18] Briefel RR Sempos CT McDowell MA Chien S Alaimo K Dietary methods research in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: underreporting of energy intake The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997 65 4 1203S 1209S 9094923
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“From 1999 to 2004, frequent (≥ 3 times/week) fast-food consumption among adolescents increased from 19% to 27% for females and 24% to 30% for males.4”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Bauer KW Larson NI Nelson MC Story M Neumark-Sztainer D Fast food intake among adolescents: Secular and longitudinal trends from 1999 to 2004 Preventive Medicine 2009 48 3 284 287 19166872
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the existing literature focused on the association of fast-food but not full-service restaurant consumption with energy intake and diet and used older and/or non-nationally representative data and/or cross-sectional methods and those studies that did use within-person comparisons did not control for other forms of FAFH intake or the day of the week on which it was consumed.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
“due to data limitations our analyses did not account other time-varying confounders such as physical activity or other unobserved factors that might affect food preferences day to day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
“First, the 24-hour dietary recall data were obtained via self-report and are subject to error; such data have been shown to under-report.17, 18”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children [2, 4–7].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Restaurant foods and beverages are second only to grocery store foods and beverages in their contribution to total energy intake of U.S. 4- to 11-year-olds [1–3].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“considering the quick-service sector alone, 1/3 of children eat food from these restaurants on a given day [1, 2]”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“consumption of foods from QSR and FSR has been associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality in nationally representative samples of children [4].”
From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children [2, 4–7].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Children frequently consume foods from restaurants”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dining outside of the home is associated with an increased consumption of SSBs (Powell and Nguyen, 2013).”
From Assessing restaurant staff perceptions of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States children's healthy default beverage ordinance: A qualitative study one year post-implementation (2025) · cites this paper as Powell and Nguyen, 2013
In the citing paper
“This is of concern because restaurant food and fast-food are common in children's diets, contributing approximately 84–191 kcal and 160–404 kcal to the mean daily intakes of children and adolescents, respectively, who reported being consumers [4].”
From Comparison of the nutrient content of children’s menu items at US restaurant chains, 2010–2014 (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Abstract understates adolescents' added fat intake
MajorThe abstract reports a 7-8 g increase in total fat from fast food for both age groups, but the results report a 14 g increase for adolescents.
“Fast-food consumption increased intakes of total fat (+7–8g), saturated fat (+2–5g) and sugar (+6–16g) for both age groups”
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption similarly increased total fat (+14 g)”
Children's sodium increase uses the wrong reported unit
MinorThe results give a sodium increase in grams, although the paper defines sodium intake as measured in milligrams.
“sodium (134g)”
“milligrams of sodium”
Citations
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“sources increased from 2% to 13% and from 1% to 5%, respectively.(1,2) In particu-”
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3 of the 35 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Sorted by citations
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Nutrition status of children in Latin America
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“Fast-food consumption has been linked to higher energy consumption and poorer diet quality in US children and adolescents (56).”
BackgroundMore frequent cooking at home is associated with higher Healthy Eating Index-2015 score
Wolfson, J. A., Leung, C. W., & Richardson, C. R. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019003549 · Cited by 243
Poti, J. M., Duffey, K. J., & Popkin, B. M. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071928 · Cited by 175
“was associated with higher total energy intake and lower dietary quality (16, 20, 21, 29).”
BackgroundResultTrends in Food Sources and Diet Quality Among US Children and Adults, 2003-2018
Liu, J., Micha, R., Li, Y., & Mozaffarian, D. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.5262 · Cited by 171
Adolescents’ engagement with unhealthy food and beverage brands on social media
Fleming‐Milici, F., & Harris, J. L. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104501 · Cited by 152
“Greater social media engagement with unhealthy food brands by non-Hispanic Black and less-acculturated Hispanic adolescents also raises concerns due to diet-related health disparities affecting communities of color (Kumanyika & Grier, 2006; Ramirez et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSeguin‐Fowler, R. A., Aggarwal, A., Vermeylen, F., & Drewnowski, A. (2016) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2016/3074241 · Cited by 150
“Most studies have found eating out to be associated with poor diet quality, including lower consumption of fruits and vegetables [10, 14–19].”
BackgroundOgata, B., & Hayes, D. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.06.001 · Cited by 136
“Foods available outside the home tend to be higher in energy and fat compared with foods eaten at home.(45,46) Fast foods contribute few servings of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and dairy foods to the diets of children.”
BackgroundLi, L., Sun, N., Zhang, L., Xu, G., Liu, J., Hu, J., Zhang, Z., Lou, J., Deng, H., Shen, Z., et al. (2020) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2020.1795438 · Cited by 135
Nasreddine, L., Naja, F., Akl, C., Chamieh, M. C., Karam, S., Sibai, A. M., & Hwalla, N. C. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6031038 · Cited by 136
“Previous studies have shown that compared with non-consumers, children who consume fast food were found to have higher total energy, total fat, and saturated fat intakes [53] and higher obesity risk, while having lower intakes of fiber, milk, fruit, vegetables and fiber [48,49,53,54].”
ResultThe impact of restaurant consumption among US adults: effects on energy and nutrient intakes
Nguyen, B. T., & Powell, L. M. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014001153 · Cited by 131
“and beverages should apply to both full-service and fastfood restaurants((13)).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPowell, L. M., Wada, R., & Kumanyika, S. (2014) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.06.006 · Cited by 129
“Further, recent evidence finds that there is a greater adverse effect on diet quality from fast-food consumption among low- versus high-income children and adolescents and among black versus white adolescents (Powell and Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPoti, J. M., Slining, M. M., & Popkin, B. M. (2013) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.08.012 · Cited by 129
El‐Behadli, A. F., Sharp, C., Hughes, S. O., Obasi, E. M., & Nicklas, T. A. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451400333x · Cited by 137
“Children consuming fast foods were found to have higher intakes of energy, total fat, SFA and sugar than those who did not((131,132)).”
BackgroundEnergy intakes of US children and adults by food purchase location and by specific food source
Drewnowski, A., & Rehm, C. D. (2013) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-59 · Cited by 127
“Typically, FAFH have been equated with foods obtained from or consumed in restaurants, including both fast food and full-service restaurants [7].”
BackgroundThe Response of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Obesity Epidemic
Dietz, W. H. (2015) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122415 · Cited by 124
Kraak, V. I., Englund, T. R., Misyak, S. A., & Serrano, E. L. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12553 · Cited by 121
Parental Perceptions and Childhood Dietary Quality
Adamo, K. B., & Brett, K. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1326-6 · Cited by 113
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Reduction Policies: Progress and Promise
Krieger, J. W., Bleich, S. N., Scarmo, S., & Ng, S. W. (2020) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-103005 · Cited by 115
Nutritional composition of takeaway food in the UK
Jaworowska, A., Blackham, T., Long, R., Taylor, C. A., Ashton, M., Stevenson, L., & Davies, I. G. (2014) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-08-2013-0093 · Cited by 107
The diets of children: Overview of available data for children and adolescents
Kupka, R., Siekmans, K., & Beal, T. (2020) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100442 · Cited by 120
Goffe, L., Rushton, S. P., White, M. J., Adamson, A., & Adams, J. M. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0589-5 · Cited by 102
“Comparable modelling studies that explored the association between fast-food consumption and diet quality in the US [29, 30, 32] also found significant positive associations between frequency of fast-food consumption and energy intake.”
BackgroundLittlewood, J. A., Lourenço, S., Iversen, C. L., & Hansen, G. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015003468 · Cited by 102
“The present review also included studies conducted in table-service restaurants, given their increasing contribution to total energy intake((74,75)) and that their meals are high in energy, even compared with fast food((76,77)).”
BackgroundDiet quality of US adolescents during the transition to adulthood: changes and predictors ,
Lipsky, L. M., Nansel, T. R., Haynie, D. L., Liu, D., Li, K., PRATT, C. A., Iannotti, R. J., Dempster, K. W., & Simons‐Morton, B. G. (2017) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.150029 · Cited by 102
“Findings largely confirm those from previous studies showing associations of aspects of better diet quality with more frequent breakfast (8, 18) and family meals (40) and with less frequent television viewing during meals (41, 42), eating at fast-food restaurants (17, 43), and overall television viewing (11, 42, 44, 4…”
ResultAnzman-Frasca, S., Mueller, M. P., Sliwa, S., Dolan, P. R., Harelick, L., Roberts, S. B., Washburn, K., & Economos, C. D. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21061 · Cited by 99
“Restaurant meals tend to be higher in calories and lower in nutritional quality than foods prepared at home (4-7), with many children’s menus disproportionately featuring”
BackgroundFluid intake from beverages across age groups: a systematic review
Özen, A. E., Bibiloni, M. D. M., Pons, A., & Tur, J. A. (2014) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12250 · Cited by 99
Calorie labeling, Fast food purchasing and restaurant visits
Elbel, B. D., Mijanovich, T., Dixon, L. B., Abrams, C. B., Weitzman, B. C., Kersh, R., Auchincloss, A. H., & Ogedegbe, G. G. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20550 · Cited by 91
“Related, while research indicates that the proportion of meals purchased away from home has dramatically increased in recent years, there is little recent information on the prevalence of eating out at fast food chain restaurants, per se (11,12).”
BackgroundLipsky, L. M., Haynie, D. L., Liu, D., Chaurasia, A. K., Gee, B. T., Li, K., Iannotti, R. J., & Simons‐Morton, B. G. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0298-x · Cited by 95
“Similar associations have been observed of diet quality with TV meals [39, 40], breakfast [41, 42], fast food [43, 44] and family meals [12, 37] .”
BackgroundUsing Healthy Defaults in Walt Disney World Restaurants to Improve Nutritional Choices
Peters, J., Beck, J., Lande, J., Pan, Z., Cardel, M., Ayoob, K., & Hill, J. O. (2016) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/684364 · Cited by 90
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Медицина (2011) · Betascript Publishing eBooks · Cited by 78
Liu, J., Rehm, C. D., Micha, R., & Mozaffarian, D. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz299 · Cited by 77
“Two prior reports (11, 13) using NHANES 2003– 2010 identified disparities by race/ethnicity, education, and income in restaurant consumption of daily energy and certain individual nutrients.”
BackgroundZiauddeen, N., Page, P., Penney, T. L., Nicholson, S. K., Kirk, S., & Almiron‐Roig, E. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy057 · Cited by 77
“The consumption of SSBs in these settings, together with fast food, is associated with net increases in daily energy intake (of≤310 kcal in children aged 12–19 y) (4).”
BackgroundCaloric Intake From Fast Food Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2011-2012.
Vikraman, S., Fryar, C. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 74
Lucan, S. C., & DiNicolantonio, J. J. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014002559 · Cited by 76
Dalton, M. A., Longacre, M. R., Drake, K. M., Cleveland, L. P., Harris, J. L., Hendricks, K. M., & Titus, L. J. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017000520 · Cited by 72
“Children’s consumption of FF is associated with increased intakes of total energy, fat and sugar, making FF consumption an important risk factor for obesity((3,10,11)).”
Boylan, S. M., Hardy, L. L., Drayton, B., Grunseit, A. C., & Mihrshahi, S. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4207-x · Cited by 69
“Frequent consumption of fast food is also of concern as these foods are typically high in kilojoules, fat, saturated fat, sugar, and salt and regular fast food consumption is associated with higher caloric intake, and poorer diet quality, characterised by a diet higher in fat, carbohydrate, and sugar [43].”
BackgroundMultilevel Interventions Targeting Obesity: Research Recommendations for Vulnerable Populations
Stevens, J., PRATT, C. A., Boyington, J., Nelson, C. R., Truesdale, K. P., Ward, D. S., Lytle, L. A., Sherwood, N. E., Robinson, T. N., Moore, S. M., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.011 · Cited by 70
Diet quality and physical activity in relation to childhood obesity
An, R. (2017) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2015-0045 · Cited by 67
Appelhans, B. M., Waring, M. E., Schneider, K. L., & Pagoto, S. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.008 · Cited by 64
“This is problematic because intake of away-from-home meals is associated with greater overall intake of energy, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar in children and adolescents, with the strongest associations observed in those from lower-income households (Powell & Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundShier, V., Nicosia, N., & Datar, A. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.043 · Cited by 60
“…and restaurant meals and child dietary behaviors and BMI Consistent with the existing literature (Bauer, et al., 2009; Bowman, et al., 2004; Lisa M Powell & Nguyen, 2013), we also found evidence of significant relationships between fast food and restaurant consumption and children’s diet…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA review of nutrition labeling and food choice in the United States
Dumoitier, A., Abbo, V., Neuhofer, Z. T., & McFadden, B. R. (2019) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.374 · Cited by 60
Drewnowski, A., & Rehm, C. D. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5061840 · Cited by 59
“For those reasons, many efforts to reduce the amount of sodium in the American diet have primarily focused on foods purchased and consumed away from home, particularly in restaurants [11,21].”
BackgroundReceptivity to Television Fast-Food Restaurant Marketing and Obesity Among U.S. Youth
McClure, A. C., Tanski, S. E., Gilbert‐Diamond, D., Adachi‐Mejia, A. M., Li, Z., Li, Z., & Sargent, J. D. (2013) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.011 · Cited by 56
Public perceptions of cooking and the implications for cooking behaviour in the USA
Wolfson, J. A., Smith, K. C., Frattaroli, S., & Bleich, S. N. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015003778 · Cited by 54
Fast-Food Consumption, Dietary Quality, and Dietary Intake of Adolescents in Saudi Arabia
Mumena, W. A., Ateek, A. A., Alamri, R. K., Alobaid, S. A., Alshallali, S. H., Afifi, S. Y., Aljohani, G. A., & Kutbi, H. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192215083 · Cited by 54
Schneider, E. P., McGovern, E. E., Lynch, C., & Brown, L. S. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2013.07.002 · Cited by 54
Father Involvement in Feeding Interactions with Their Young Children
Guerrero, A. D., Chu, L., Franke, T. M., & Kuo, A. A. (2016) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.40.2.7 · Cited by 53
Beyond Supermarkets: Food Outlet Location Selection in Four U.S. Cities Over Time
Rummo, P. E., Guilkey, D. K., Ng, S. W., Popkin, B. M., Evenson, K. R., & Gordon‐Larsen, P. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.042 · Cited by 51
Mazidi, M., & Speakman, J. R. (2017) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.151407 · Cited by 53
“Portion sizes in both FFRs and FSRs have similarly increased over time (15), as has the proportion of income spent on eating out of the home (16, 17).”
BackgroundTrends in Nutrient Content of Children’s Menu Items in U.S. Chain Restaurants
Moran, A. J., Block, J. P., Goshev, S., Bleich, S. N., & Roberto, C. A. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.11.007 · Cited by 51
“Among children, greater consumption of restaurant food is associated with higher intake of calories from added sugar and solid fats, as well as poorer diet quality.(3,4) National data indicate that 35% of added sugars and solid fats consumed by children aged 42 years come from fast-food restaurants.”
Secular Trends in Meal and Snack Patterns among Adolescents from 1999 to 2010
Larson, N., Story, M. T., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.09.013 · Cited by 50
Altman, M., Holland, J. C., Lundeen, D., Kolko, R. P., Stein, R. I., Saelens, B. E., Welch, R. R., Perri, M. G., Schechtman, K. B., Epstein, L. H., et al. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.03.009 · Cited by 48
Anzman-Frasca, S., Dawes, F., Sliwa, S., Dolan, P. R., Nelson, M. E., Washburn, K., & Economos, C. D. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-11-81 · Cited by 48
“Restaurant-prepared foods tend to be higher in energy and fat and lower in nutritional quality compared to foods prepared at home [3], and accordingly, consumption of foods from QSR and FSR has been associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality in nationally representative samples of children [4].”
BackgroundCutumisu, N., Traoré, I., Paquette, M.-C., Cazale, L., Camirand, H., Lalonde, B., & Robitaille, É. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001600286x · Cited by 47
“Therefore, Canadian children not only have more access to food in general, but they also increasingly tend to eat out, which is associated with greater energy intake((11)) and with larger portion sizes((12)).”
Lundeen, E. A., Park, S., Onufrak, S. J., Cunningham, S. A., & Blanck, H. M. (2018) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117118763008 · Cited by 47
Robson, S. M., Stough, C. C. O., & Stark, L. J. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.021 · Cited by 54
Wickham, C., & Carbone, E. T. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.001 · Cited by 46
Household food insecurity and breakfast skipping: Their association with depressive symptoms
Lee, Y. S., & Kim, T. H. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.031 · Cited by 45
Sociodemographic Disparities in Proximity of Schools to Tobacco Outlets and Fast-Food Restaurants
D’Angelo, H., Ammerman, A. S., Gordon‐Larsen, P., Linnan, L. A., Lytle, L. A., & Ribisl, K. M. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303259 · Cited by 44
Anzman‐Frasca, S., Folta, S. C., Glenn, M. E., Jones-Mueller, A., Lynskey, V. M., Patel, A. A., Tse, L. L., & Lopez, N. V. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2016.11.009 · Cited by 44
Eating dinner away from home: Perspectives of middle-to high-income parents
Robson, S. M., Crosby, L. E., & Stark, L. J. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.019 · Cited by 43
“Foods consumed away from home may not only contribute excess caloric intake, but perpetuate comorbid chronic health conditions such as obesity (Nago, Lachat, Dossa, & Kolsteren, 2014; Powell & Nguyen, 2013).”
InfluentialChild-Directed Marketing Inside and on the Exterior of Fast Food Restaurants
Ohri‐Vachaspati, P., Isgor, Z., Rimkus, L., Powell, L. M., Barker, D. C., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2014) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.011 · Cited by 43
Self-citationSaunders, P., Saunders, A., & Middleton, J. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515001063 · Cited by 42
“Chicken tikka masala/ pilau rice (meal) 60((32)) 23·2((32)) 5·5((32)) 61((13)) 26·4((13)) 6·3((13)) Sweet/sour chicken/ fried rice (meal) 70((32)) 20((32)) 6((32)) 55((13)) 26·4((13)) 6·3((13)) 13((32)) 24((46)) Generic meals 67((46)) 6·4((28)) 4·7–8·07((45)) 71 (children) and 76 (adults)((47)) 26 (children) and 26 (a…”
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Dietary Intake among California Children
Guerrero, A. D., & Chung, P. J. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.08.019 · Cited by 42
Dietary quality differs by consumption of meals prepared at home vs. outside in Korean adults
Lee, K. W., Song, W. O., & Cho, M. S. (2016) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2016.10.3.294 · Cited by 41
“Many studies have examined the relationship between eating out and nutritional quality according to these lifestyle changes [6-8].”
BackgroundEmond, J. A., Longacre, M. R., Drake, K. M., Titus, L. J., Hendricks, K. M., MacKenzie, T. A., Harris, J. L., Carroll, J. E., Cleveland, L. P., Gaynor, K., et al. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.012 · Cited by 41
Powell, L. M., Wada, R., Khan, T., & Emery, S. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/caje.12261 · Cited by 44
“Indeed, fast-food and SSB consumption are complements, and previous research using individual-level FE models found that fast-food consumption among adolescents is significantly related to higher SSB consumption (Powell and Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRehm, C. D., & Drewnowski, A. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8120804 · Cited by 39
“This descriptive study extends and complements upon prior studies of children’s food consumption away from home, including foods from fast food and full‐service restaurants [6].”
ResultMcClain, A. C., Ayala, G. X., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., Siega‐Riz, A. M., Kaplan, R. C., Gellman, M. D., Gallo, L. C., Horn, L. V., Daviglus, M. L., Perera, M. J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxx067 · Cited by 39
“Most previous studies examining the relation between AFHFs and diet and overweight or obesity in Hispanics/Latinos were in children and adolescents (16, 17).”
BackgroundMazidi, M., & Speakman, J. R. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.007651 · Cited by 42
Behavioral Correlates of Empirically-Derived Dietary Patterns among University Students
Mueller, M. P., Blondin, S. A., Korn, A. R., Bakun, P. J., Tucker, K. L., & Economos, C. D. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10060716 · Cited by 45
“Frequently eating out at restaurants has been associated with overall diets that are higher in total energy, saturated fat, and added sugars and lower in quality in both children and adults [63,64].”
BackgroundParenting practices toward food and children's behavior: Eating away from home versus at home
Kasparian, M. M., Mann, G. R., Serrano, E. L., & Farris, A. R. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.045 · Cited by 38
“…been linked with higher consumption of energy, sugar-sweetened beverages, fat, sugar, sodium and protein, and higher weight status among children (Bowman, Gortmaker, Ebbeling, Pereira, & Ludwig, 2004; Larson, Neumark-Sztainer, Laska, & Story, 2011; Powell & Nguyen, 2013; Sonneville et al., 2005).”
Sliwa, S., Anzman-Frasca, S., Lynskey, V., Washburn, K., & Economos, C. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2016.01.004 · Cited by 35
Nazzaro, C., Lerro, M., & Marotta, G. (2018) · Agricultural and Food Economics · doi:10.1186/s40100-018-0119-z · Cited by 36
“related to a poor diet quality and a greater energy intake (Nago et al. 2014; Powell and Nguyen 2013).”
BackgroundFactors Related to the Number of Fast Food Meals Obtained by College Meal Plan Students
Dingman, D. A., Schulz, M. R., Wyrick, D. L., Bibeau, D. L., & Gupta, S. (2014) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.945456 · Cited by 36
“sugar compared with days that they did not eat fast food meals.(14) Gerend(6) found that both male and female college”
BackgroundAnzman‐Frasca, S., Braun, A. C., Ehrenberg, S., Epstein, L. H., Gampp, A., Leone, L. A., Singh, A. P., & Tauriello, S. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.01.022 · Cited by 33
Liu, Y., Desmond, N. E., Wright, B. N., Bailey, R. L., Dong, T., Craig, B. Α., & Eicher‐Miller, H. A. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520003372 · Cited by 33
Child care choices, food intake, and children's obesity status in the United States
Mandal, B., & Powell, L. M. (2014) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2014.04.001 · Cited by 33
Self-citationDisparities in food access around homes and schools for New York City children
Elbel, B. D., Tamura, K., McDermott, Z. T., Duncan, D. T., Athens, J. K., Wu, E., Mijanovich, T., & Schwartz, A. E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217341 · Cited by 32
“We consider fast food restaurants to be less healthy as they often offer calorie dense food, and wait-service restaurants more so as there are relatively a wider range of options[33].”
BackgroundFast food in the diet: Implications and solutions for families
Fulkerson, J. A. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.005 · Cited by 32
Gustafson, A., Pitts, S. J., McQuerry, K., Babtunde, O., & Mullins, J. T. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030593 · Cited by 32
“Research has found that adolescents who frequent fast-food restaurants consume more added sugars and more calories from sugar-sweetened beverages [5], while those who frequently shop at gas stations and convenience stores consume more energy and servings of sweets and snack items [6].”
BackgroundAssociation of a Sweetened Beverage Tax With Soda Consumption in High School Students
Edmondson, E. K., Roberto, C. A., Gregory, E. F., Mitra, N., & Virudachalam, S. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.3991 · Cited by 32
Kraak, V. I., Englund, T. R., Misyak, S. A., & Serrano, E. L. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14070760 · Cited by 31
“) is a significant driver of poor diet quality, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) [3,4].”
BackgroundRahamat, S., Jeong, E., Arendt, S. W., & Xu, Y. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.105967 · Cited by 31
Food Away from Home and Childhood Obesity
Mancino, L., Todd, J. E., Guthrie, J., & Lin, B. (2014) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-014-0121-z · Cited by 34
Prepared Food Availability in U.S. Food Stores
Zenk, S. N., Powell, L. M., Isgor, Z., Rimkus, L., Barker, D. C., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.025 · Cited by 31
Self-citationAyala, G. X., Castro, I. A., Pickrel, J. L., Williams, C. B., Lin, S., Madanat, H. N., Jun, H., & ZIVE, M. M. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2892-5 · Cited by 30
“SEF acknowledges the importance of organizational and structural models to inform intervention efforts to improve access to, and availability and promotion of, healthy foods and beverages [8, 39].”
BackgroundOhri‐Vachaspati, P., Acciai, F., Lloyd, K., Tulloch, D. L., DeWeese, R. S., DeLia, D., Todd, M. W., & Yedidia, M. J. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2020.10.016 · Cited by 30
Elbel, B. D., Tamura, K., McDermott, Z. T., Wu, E., & Schwartz, A. E. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22663 · Cited by 29
The New school food standards and nutrition of school children: Direct and Indirect Effect Analysis
Valizadeh, P., & Ng, S. W. (2020) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100918 · Cited by 30
Durão, C., Severo, M., Oliveira, A., Moreira, P. A. M., Guerra, A., Barros, H., & Lopes, C. M. M. (2014) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0762-4 · Cited by 39
Energy and Nutrient Intake From Pizza in the United States
Powell, L. M., Nguyen, B. T., & Dietz, W. H. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1844 · Cited by 29
Self-citationMoran, A. J., Ramirez, M., & Block, J. P. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.028 · Cited by 29
“In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, consumption of restaurant foods is associated with significantly higher average daily sodium intake among adolescents and adults (An, 2016, Nguyen & Powell, 2014, Powell & Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundHome Cooking and Child Obesity in Japan: Results from the A-CHILD Study
Tani, Y., Fujiwara, T., Doi, S. K., & Isumi, A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122859 · Cited by 28
Trajectories of Eating Behaviour Changes during Adolescence
Doggui, R., Ward, S. A., Johnson, C., & Bélanger, M. F. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041313 · Cited by 28
“Fast food consumption has also been shown to be associated with a greater intake of sugary beverages [10].”
BackgroundOverweight and obesity in childhood: Dietary, biochemical, inflammatory and lifestyle risk factors
Albataineh, S. R., Badran, E., & Tayyem, R. (2019) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100112 · Cited by 28
Shonkoff, E. T., Anzman-Frasca, S., Lynskey, V. M., Chan, G., Glenn, M. E., & Economos, C. D. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4610-3 · Cited by 25
“Background Children frequently consume foods from restaurants; considering the quick-service sector alone, 1/3 of children eat food from these restaurants on a given day [1, 2], and among these consumers, 1/3 of their daily calories come from fast food [3].”
BackgroundLoureiro, M. L., & Rahmani, D. (2016) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2016.03.001 · Cited by 26
Fast food intake and excess weight gain over a 1‐year period among preschool‐age children
Emond, J. A., Longacre, M. R., Titus, L. J., Hendricks, K. M., Drake, K. M., Carroll, J. E., Cleveland, L. P., & Dalton, M. A. (2020) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12602 · Cited by 30
“Fast food is typically energy-dense and nutritionally poor, and serving sizes often exceed recommended meal and snack caloric limits.(15,31,32) Fast food intake has been prospectively associated with excess weight gain among adults.”
BackgroundAlbalawi, A. A., Hambly, C., & Speakman, J. R. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac078 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Powell, L. M., & Nguyen, B. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-01-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- PMC
- PMC3695401
- OpenAlex
- W2146353506
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 20.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- U.S. Public Health Service (11IPA1102973)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA138456)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- fast food consumption, children, adolescents, energy intake, diet quality, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium intake, saturated fat intake, sugar consumption, protein intake, low-income children, eating out
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Beverages, Energy Intake, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Diet Surveys, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Male, Poverty, Regression Analysis, Restaurants, Sodium, Dietary, United States, Models, Statistical, Multivariate Analysis, Dietary Sucrose, Young Adult, Fast Foods
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