The importance of the family environment in pediatric chronic pain
Open accessAbstract
The impact of chronic pain during childhood and adolescence has been well described (e.g., 1 ).A subset of youth with chronic pain has high levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, poor quality of life, and impairment in school and activity participation ( 2-4 ).Moreover, pain impacts the entire family.Parents of children with chronic pain report increased parenting stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms, financial strain, and family dysfunction ( 5-6 ).Parents also play a critical role in their child's ability to adapt to living with chronic pain, both in terms of their child's emotional functioning as well as their child's ability to participate in activities of daily life.For example increased parent psychological distress is recognized as a risk factor for poorer outcomes in youth with chronic pain ( 5,7 ).A bidirectional relationship between parent and family factors (e.g., parental responses to pain behavior; family environment) and children's pain experience has been described where parent and family factors may increase risk for pain and disability, and in turn, pain and disability may impact parent and family life ( 8 ).Contemporary research in pediatric pain has focused on the identification of risk factors associated with presence and development of chronic pain as well as longitudinal risk.Such investigations have explored a range of biological, social, and psychological risk factors (e.g., [9][10] ).Findings from the study by Hoftun and colleagues published in this issue of Archives contribute to this body of literature.Using an innovative family linkage study design, their findings revealed that maternal and paternal chronic pain increased the odds of chronic pain in adolescents.Associations were even stronger when both parents reported chronic pain.Several family and psychosocial correlates were examined including the structure of the family living situation.Associations in chronic pain status were strongest among adolescents living exclusively with their mother, or their mother and her new partner.These findings raise important questions about the role of the family environment in pediatric pain.The family environment encompasses a range of variables including individual parent behaviors, dyadic interactions between family members, and the broader family system including socioeconomic conditions, family structure, family functioning, and culture.In their integrative model describing parent and family factors in pediatric pain, Palermo and Chambers 8 highlight the association between different levels of the family system and child pain and disability.For example, at the level of the individual parent, parental emotions, behaviors, and health may play a role in the child's pain experience with overly protective behaviors, increased distress, and history of chronic pain being important
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Parental distress is associated with functional disability in children with chronic pain.
“There is also mounting evidence concerning the association between parental distress, such as anxiety, fear, catastrophizing, and depression, and functional disability in children with chronic pain [12,13,14], even at subclinical levels of parental distress [15].”
Reinterpreting pain sensations shows weak correlations with functional variables such as pain interference and physical disability.
“it shows weak correlations with functional variables such as pain interference and physical disability 281, 284–287.”
From Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [285]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Pain Among Children and Adolescents: Restrictions in Daily Living and Triggering Factors
Roth-Isigkeit, A., Thyen, U., Stöven, H., Schwarzenberger, J. C., & Schmucker, P. (2005) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0682 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
The severity of chronic pediatric pain: an epidemiological study
Huguet, A., & Miró, J. (2008) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.10.015 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
PALERMO, T. M. (2000) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200002000-00011 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Self-citationPalermo, T. M., Eccleston, C., Lewandowski, A. S., de C. Williams, A. C., & Morley, S. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.10.004 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Self-citationParent and family factors in pediatric chronic pain and disability: An integrative approach
Palermo, T. M., & Chambers, C. T. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.10.027 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological interventions for parents of children and adolescents with chronic illness
Eccleston, C., Palermo, T. M., Fisher, E., & Law, E. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009660.pub2 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Self-citationSystematic review of family functioning in families of children and adolescents with chronic pain
Lewandowski, A. S., Palermo, T. M., Stinson, J., Handley, S., & Chambers, C. T. (2010) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.04.005 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence-based Assessment in Pediatric Psychology: Family Measures
Alderfer, M. A., Fiese, B. H., Gold, J. I., Cutuli, J. J., Holmbeck, G. N., Goldbeck, L., Chambers, C. T., Abad, M., Spetter, D. S., & Patterson, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm083 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Functional abdominal pain in childhood and adolescence increases risk for chronic pain in adulthood
Walker, L. S., Crish, S. D., Rippel, S., & Bruehl, S. P. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.018 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Gauntlett-Gilbert, J., & Eccleston, C. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.021 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
El-Metwally, A., Salminen, J. J., Auvinen, A., Kautiainen, H., & Mikkelsson, M. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.03.021 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Psychological interventions for parents of children and adolescents with chronic illness
Law, E., Fisher, E., Eccleston, C., & Palermo, T. M. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009660.pub4 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationLogan, D. E., & Scharff, L. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj060 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Logan, D. E., Simons, L. E., & Kaczynski, K. J. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn143 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Hoftun, G. B., Romundstad, P. R., & Rygg, M. (2013) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.422 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Impaired Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With Recurrent Pain
Petersen, S., Hägglöf, B., & Bergström, E. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1546 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Adolescent Autonomy and Family Functioning Are Associated With Headache-related Disability
Palermo, T. M., Putnam, J., Armstrong, G. H., & Daily, S. (2007) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31805f70e2 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional abdominal pain in childhood and adolescence increases risk for chronic pain in adulthood
Panagariya, A. (2011) · Yearbook of Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.yneu.2010.12.025 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gatt, M.-T. (2005) · Douleurs Évaluation - Diagnostic - Traitement · doi:10.1016/s1624-5687(05)80225-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Handbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain
Edwards, R. R., Dworkin, R. H., Sullivan, M. D., Turk, D. C., & Wasan, A. D. (2016) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.001 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes
Meints, S. M., & Edwards, R. R. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.017 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Transmission of risk from parents with chronic pain to offspring: An integrative conceptual model
Stone, A. L., & Wilson, A. C. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000637 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Ali, A., Weiss, T. R., Dutton, A., McKee, D., Jones, K. D., Kashikar-Zuck, S., Silverman, W. K., & Shapiro, E. D. (2017) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.12.053 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Friedrichsdorf, S. J., Postier, A. C., Andrews, G., Hamre, K., Steele, R., & Siden, H. B. (2017) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s138153 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Vetter, T. R., McGwin, G., Bridgewater, C. L., Madan‐Swain, A., & Ascherman, L. I. (2013) · Pain Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2013/143292 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Parental Psychosocial Distress in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease and Chronic Pain
Sil, S., Woodward, K. E., Johnson, Y. L., Dampier, C., & Cohen, L. L. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa130 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stensland, S. Ø., Thoresen, S., Jensen, T. K., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Dyb, G. A. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22562 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Parenting in the Context of Children’s Chronic Pain: Balancing Care and Burden
Guite, J. W., Russell, B. S., Homan, K. J., Tepe, R. M., & Williams, S. E. (2018) · Children · doi:10.3390/children5120161 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Martin, S. R., & Zeltzer, L. K. (2018) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2017-0072 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wiwe Lipsker, C., Kanstrup, M., Holmström, L., Kemani, M., & Wicksell, R. (2016) · Children · doi:10.3390/children3040032 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fischer, J. T., Bickart, K. C., Giza, C. C., & Babikian, T. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.08.012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Guite, J. W., Russell, B. S., Pantaleao, A., Thompson Heller, A., Donohue, E., Galica, V., Zempsky, W. T., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2018) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000244 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Russell, B. S., & Guite, J. W. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01635-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Consecuencias del dolor crónico en la infancia y la adolescencia
Cáceres‐Matos, R., Gil‐García, E., Barrientos‐Trigo, S., Molina, E., & Pórcel‐Gálvez, A. M. (2018) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.11.007 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Calvano, C., Groß, M., & Warschburger, P. (2017) · Children · doi:10.3390/children4020013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Predictors and Consequences of Pediatric Pain Symptom Trajectories: A 14-Year Longitudinal Study
Mun, C. J., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., Wilson, M. N., & Shaw, D. S. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab173 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ceniza-Bordallo, G., Guerra-Armas, J., Flores-Cortés, M., & Bermúdez-Ramirez, S. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14113629 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Interaction Between Psychosocial Factors and Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia in Pain-Free Nurses
Johnsen, K., Owen, P. J., Tagliaferri, S. D., Oosterwijck, J. V., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Ford, J. J., Belavý, D. L., & Miller, C. T. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s386440 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Role of Parents in Promoting Children’s Adjustment to Chronic Illness
Hoehn, J., Foxen-Craft, E. C., Pinder, W. M., & Dahlquist, L. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32223-0_6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Salari, S., Shaygan, M., & Setoodeh, G. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00496-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Digital tools for assessing chronic pain in children (5–11 years): Systematic review
Brigden, A., Garg, M., Deighan, M. T., Rai, M., Leveret, J., & Crawley, E. M. (2023) · Paediatric and Neonatal Pain · doi:10.1002/pne2.12106 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Psychologische Interventionen bei chronischen Schmerzen
Hechler, T., Dobe, M., & Rohr, U. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45057-4_10 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
(2013) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Developmental Dimensions in Understanding Interpersonal Features of Pain
Riddell, R. P., & Craig, K. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78340-6_3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chronischer Schmerz bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Hechler, T., & Christiansen, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45995-9_36-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Understanding the Religion, Mental, and Social Health Relationship
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0016 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ohanian, D. M., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2023) · Families Systems & Health · doi:10.1037/fsh0000822 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychological Well-Being and Positive Emotions
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Coventry, J., Welch, J. J., Pacey, V., Ta, B. T., Sturgiss, E. A., Smith, M., & Williams, C. (2025) · Journal of Foot and Ankle Research · doi:10.1002/jfa2.70032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Navasardyan, N., Bernardes, S. F., Henriques, A. R., Gomes, C. F., Pires, C., Talih, M., & Lucas, R. (2025) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2025.1608929 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0027 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Public Health and Human Flourishing
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding the Religion–Physical Health Relationship
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Attrition, Translation, and Failure in Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation
Mintz, L. J. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ricart, B., & Carter, J. S. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsae019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Joffe, A. (2012) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/pa201212120000004
Mind-Body Medicine in Children and Adolescents
McClafferty, H. H. (2017) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03842-529-8
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0034
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0021
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0007
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0005
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0029
Levin, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0007
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0033
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0009
Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0023
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0024
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0020
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0026
Disease Prevention, Detection, and Treatment
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0030
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0019
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0004
Personality Traits and Disorders
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0011
Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0009
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0004
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0018
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0003
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0013
Koh, H. K. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0006
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0028
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0022
Studies on Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.005.0001
Lassner, A., Ahnert, R., Dahringer, J., Papazova, I., Frühwald, M. C., Hasan, A., & Greiner, S.-K. (2025) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112448
Kowalska, A., Nowak, P., & Zielinska, M. J. (2021) · International Journal of Social and Psychological Aspects of Healthcare · doi:10.51847/lcuxchkmta
- Authors
- Palermo, T. M., & Holley, A. L.
- Affiliations
- Seattle Children's Hospital (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-01-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 93
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- PMC
- PMC4036094
- OpenAlex
- W2036898238
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD071946, R21HD065180, K24HD060068)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Family Support in Illness
- Keywords
- pediatric chronic pain, family environment, family structure, adolescents, parental distress, risk factors for chronic pain, family functioning
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Chronic Pain
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
