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Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Violence, Crime, and Abuse: Results From the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: It is important to estimate the burden of and trends for violence, crime, and abuse in the lives of children. OBJECTIVE: To provide health care professionals, policy makers, and parents with current estimates of exposure to violence, crime, and abuse across childhood and at different developmental stages. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) includes a representative sample of US telephone numbers from August 28, 2013, to April 30, 2014. Via telephone interviews, information was obtained on 4000 children 0 to 17 years old, with information about exposure to violence, crime, and abuse provided by youth 10 to 17 years old and by caregivers for children 0 to 9 years old. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Exposure to violence, crime, and abuse using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. RESULTS: In total, 37.3% of youth experienced a physical assault in the study year, and 9.3% of youth experienced an assault-related injury. Two percent of girls experienced sexual assault or sexual abuse in the study year, while the rate was 4.6% for girls 14 to 17 years old. Overall, 15.2% of children and youth experienced maltreatment by a caregiver, including 5.0% who experienced physical abuse. In total, 5.8% witnessed an assault between parents. Only 2 significant rate changes could be detected compared with the last survey in 2011, namely, declines in past-year exposure to dating violence and lifetime exposure to household theft. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Children and youth are exposed to violence, abuse, and crime in varied and extensive ways, which justifies continued monitoring and prevention efforts.
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“Childhood adversities are widely prevalent and often co-occur in general populations (Kessler et al. 1997; Finkelhor et al. 2015).”
From Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis (2017) · cites this paper as Finkelhor et al. 2015
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“Because justice involved youth can experience a wide array of victimization and develop different responses (Abram et al., 2004; Finkelhor et al., 2015), assessing exposure to only one type of victimization can lead to an underestimation of outcomes (Butcher et al., 2016).”
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“Interviews lasted roughly 1 hr in length and were conducted in either English or Spanish (Finkelhor & Turner, 2016; Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
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“Family violence is a common occurrence, with 37.3% of youth endorsing physical assault by peers or siblings and 15.2% endorsing maltreatment within the past year (Finkelhor et al. 2015).”
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“Issues such as parent death, exposure to community violence, poverty, and racism are not captured in the ACE scale but are being explored in other scholarship (Evans & Kim, 2007; Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
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“Consistent with other findings (Finkelhor et al., 2014; Finkelhor, Turner, et al., 2015b), we found that higher rates of maltreatment in general were reported in middle childhood and adolescence.”
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“In terms of victimization specifically, this can come either in the form of being directly victimized or even experiencing vicarious victimization, like witnessed violence (Finkelhor et al., 2015; Kennedy et al., 2017; Wojciechowski, 2018b).”
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“The lifetime rate of child maltreatment (comprising physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect and custodial interference) for 14–17 year-olds in the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence conducted in the United States in 2013–14 was 38.1% (Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
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“Young children are also exposed to many different forms of neighborhood violence, including property crimes, assaults, and shootings (Taylor et al., 1994; Farver et al., 1999; Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
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“5% reported witnessing violence in the forms of family conflict and community-level violent crime in the past year (Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
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“Further, children and adolescents who have been involved in the child protective system (CPS) or are at high risk for entry into the CPS experience higher rates of abuse than those who are not at risk (Author Citation; Finkelhor et al., 2015; Pecora et al., 2009).”
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“example, home visitor recognition of these risks, when present, ranged between 11 % and 29 % in one large outcome study (Duggan, Fuddy, et al., 2004).”
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“It is estimated that 1 in 4 children will be exposed to family violence in their lifetime [29,47,60].”
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Gaston, S. A., McWhorter, K. L., Parks, C. G., D’Aloisio, A. A., Rojo‐Wissar, D. M., Sandler, D. P., & Jackson, C. L. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-020-09905-5 · Cited by 22
Predictors of motives for marijuana use in African American adolescents and emerging adults
King, V. L., Mrug, S., & Windle, M. T. (2020) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2020.1747038 · Cited by 25
“…stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms Adolescents and emerging adults are at higher risk for experiencing trauma than younger children, with some of these individuals experiencing significant reactions to trauma exposure, characterized by PTSD symptoms (Finkelhor et al., 2015; Kaminer et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDark, H. E., Harnett, N. G., Goodman, A. M., Wheelock, M. D., Mrug, S., Schuster, M. A., Elliott, M. N., Emery, S. T., & Knight, D. C. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00833-1 · Cited by 27
“, 2008; Mrug & Windle, 2010; Turner, Shattuck, Finkelhor, & Hamby, 2016) and includes witnessing and victimization in the form of threats and direct physical violence (Finkelhor et al., 2015; Mrug et al., 2008; Mrug & Windle, 2010).”
BackgroundYaroslavsky, I., Bush, A. H., & France, C. M. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000098x · Cited by 25
A Population-Based Examination of Suicide and Child Protection System Involvement
Palmer, L., Prindle, J., & Putnam‐Hornstein, E. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.02.006 · Cited by 22
Intergenerational Transmission of Childhood Maltreatment Mediated by Maternal Emotion Dysregulation
Rodriguez, V. J., Are, F. G., Madden, A. R., Shaffer, A. E., & Suveg, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02020-3 · Cited by 23
Smith, S. G., Chen, J., Lowe, A., & Basile, K. C. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211055151 · Cited by 25
“Other studies have shown that male SV victimization often happens at young ages (Merrick et al., 2018), but also occurs in adulthood (Coxell et al., 2000; Finkelhor et al., 2015; Merrick et al., 2018; Payne, 2010; Peterson et al., 2011; Ports et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPeer Support as a Mediator between Bullying Victimization and Depression
Du, C., DeGuisto, K., Albright, J., & Alrehaili, S. (2018) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v10n1p59 · Cited by 25
“For example, Flaspohler et al. (2009) investigated the impact of bullying on the school student’s quality of life, using a large sample of elementary and middle school children.”
BackgroundA Parent’s Perceptions of Physical and Emotional Sibling Violence
Perkins, N. H., & Shadik, J. A. (2018) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/1044389418756638 · Cited by 22
“Current estimates approximate that one in three children aged 0-17 will likely experience sibling assault sometime in their childhood (Finkelhor, Turner, Shattuck, & Hamby, 2015).”
BackgroundCross-Modal Peer Polyvictimization and Teen Dating Violence
Semenza, D. C. (2019) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1656743 · Cited by 22
Checknita, D., Bendre, M., Ekström, T. J., Comasco, E., Tiihonen, J., Hodgins, S., & Nilsson, K. W. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112476 · Cited by 24
Muzik, M., Umarji, R., Sexton, M. B., & Davis, M. T. (2016) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2197-4 · Cited by 23
“A recent national survey found 37% of youths acknowledged past year physical assault with 5% of young girls describing sexual abuse during childhood, and 15% indicating maltreatment was perpetrated by a caregiver (Finkelhor et al. 2015).”
BackgroundChild Users of Online and Mobile Technologies – Risks, Harms and Intervention
Smith, P. K., & Livingstone, S. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170235.ch17 · Cited by 24
Overcoming the 99mTc shortage: are options being overlooked?
Pillai, M. R. A., & Knapp, F. F. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 22
Rogers, M. M., Ali, P. A., Thompson, J., & Ifayomi, M. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116338 · Cited by 21
Ali, N. M. A., Qasem, I., & Al‐Dwaikat, T. N. (2025) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2025.2454997 · Cited by 39
“This section consists of 14 questions developed by the researcher based on previous literature (Olweus, 1991, Finkelhor et al., 2015; Ttofi & Farrington, 2011; Gaffney et al., 2019; Shao & Wang, 2019; J. Saibon et al., 2017, 2018; J. S. Saibon et al., 2012).”
Family adversity’s role in the onset and termination of childhood sibling victimization.
Tucker, C. J., Finkelhor, D., & Turner, H. A. (2016) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000087 · Cited by 23
“Although pervasive (Finkelhor et al., 2015), sibling aggression is generally unrecognized as concerning (Caspi, 2012; Khan & Rogers, 2015; Whipple & Finton, 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEarly childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and teen depression symptoms in the U.S.
Huang, C.-C., Chen, Y.-F., & Cheung, S. P. (2020) · Health and Social Care in the community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13240 · Cited by 19
School Crisis Management Planning
Elbedour, S., Alsubie, F., Al’Uqdah, S. N., & Bawalsah, J. A. (2020) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/cdaa021 · Cited by 26
Villodas, M. T., Morelli, N. M., Hong, K., Duong, J. B., Evans, M. C., Elson, D. M., Rose, E. J., Picci, G., & Fishbein, D. H. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105189 · Cited by 21
“To account for this overlap, summed indices of the number of CAN, and broader adversity and victimization types, an individual has experienced have become important tools for screening and identification (Evans et al., 2013; Finkelhor et al., 2015; McLaughlin & Sheridan, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodLangevin, R., Gagné, M., Brassard, A., & Fernet, M. (2022) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000409 · Cited by 23
Kim, H., Gundersen, C., & Windsor, L. C. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221080148 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham
- University of New Hampshire (US)
- Sewanee: The University of the South (US)
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2015-08-01
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 746
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- OpenAlex
- W1840653868
- Cited by
- 1,264
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 86.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- childhood exposure to violence, child abuse, physical assault, sexual assault, dating violence, witnessing domestic violence, prevalence trends, Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, child and adolescent health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Crime, Female, Humans, Infant, Interviews as Topic, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Offenses, United States, Violence, Domestic Violence
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